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Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts and Hardware
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Transcript of Chapter 1 - Computer Concepts and Hardware
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Computer Fundamentals
An Introduction
Salina Mohmad
KDU College
(EIF 1323)
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Why This Course is Relevant?
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Motivation
Computers have moved into every nookand cranny of our daily lives.
Education, Finance, Government, Health Care,
Science, Publishing, Travel and Manufacturing,Home and Entertainment.
Facebook, youtube, e-mail, movies, blogs, games!
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Motivation (cont)
Computers are engineers most importanttool.
Numerical computations, design of digital
systems, writing reports, CAD etc You might be involved in creating exciting
digital devices in the future.
Advanced computer architectures,electronic consumer devices, embeddedsystems.
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In Short
We must have the knowledge andunderstanding of computers and their
uses.
This is known as Computer Literacy.
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Computer Literate
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Course Structure
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Topics Covered
Components
of a computer Software and
theOperating
System
Computer
Networks
Computer
Security
ComputerFundamentals
The Internet
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Course Structure (cont)
Assessment:
Assignment (10%)
Labs (20%)
Mid Term Exam (20%) and
Final Exam (50%)
Text books:- Discovering Computers 2007, Shelly, G.B.,
Cashman, T. J., Vermaat, M. E., Thomson
Course Technology, USA.
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What is a Computer
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So What is a Computer?
An electronic device which operatesunder the control ofinstructions stored
in its own memory (computers brain).
It can accept data, and process the data
according to specific rules, produce
results (information), and store the
results for future use.
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So What is a Computer? (cont)
So, as long as it contains electronicdevices that operates with instructions
stored in its memory, and is able to
accept, process and store data, it is acomputer. Even if it looks like
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Data & Information
Data is a collection of unprocessed items.In computers, data are stored as 1 or
0.
Information conveys meaning, and is
useful to people. E.g., a digital picture.
Instructions are steps to tell thecomputer how to perform a particular
tasks.
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The information processing cycle consistsof the following steps:-
Information Processing Cycle
Text, Numbers,
Images, Audio,Video
Data fed into a
computer (input)
To be processed
by a computer ProducingInformation
(output)
Stored for further use
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Components of a Computer
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Components of a Computer
A computer contains many electrical,electronic, and mechanical devicesknown as hardware.
Hardware can be subdivided into: Input and Output (IO) devices
A System Unit
Storage devices and storage media
Communication devices
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(1) Input and Output Devices
Input devices hardware componentsfor entering data and instructions into a
computer.
E.g., Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone,
Scanner and Digital Camera.
Output devices hardware components
that conveys information to people.
E.g., Printer, Monitor, Speakers.
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Input Devices
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Output Devices
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(2) The System Unit
System unit a case that containselectronic components of a computer
used for processing data.
The components are all
connected a circuit board
known as a Motherboard.
A system unit
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The System Unit (cont)
The two main components connected tothe motherboard are the processor and
memory.
Motherboard Intel Processor Memory
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The System Unit (cont)
Processor A component that interpretsand carries out instructions that operate
the computer. It is also known as the
Central Processing Unit or CPU.
Memory A component that stores data
and also instructions for later execution.
Some data stored in memory arepermanent, while some are temporary.
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The British library holds:-
14 million books (weight about 2000
elephants)
920,000 journals and
newspaper titles
3 million sound
recordings(> 90 years to
finish listening).
Food for Thought
All these info. can be
stored in the portable
drive above
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(3a) Storage Media
Storage media hardware that storesdata, instructions and information for
future use.
E.g., USB flash drives,internal hard disks,
CDs and portable
(external) drives.
USB
Flash Drive
InternalHard Disk
Compact Disc
(CD)
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Storage Media (cont)
USB flash drive a portable storagedevice that is small, lightweight andrewritable. Could store anywherebetween 128 million to 4 billioncharacters.
Hard Disk drive provides greaterstorage space than USB flash drives andis rewritable. In todays standard, onecould store at least 120 billion characters.
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Storage Media (cont)
Compact Disc (CD) a flat, round andportable thin metal disc sandwiched
between 2 plastic coating. Some CDs
could only be written once, and is knownas CD-ROM (ROM = Read Only Memory),
while some are rewritable (CD-RW). A
CD could store around 650 millioncharacters.
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A storage device can record (write) andretrieve (read) data to and from astorage media respectively.
E.g., a CD rewrite capabledrive (a storage device),could accept CDs (astorage media) to
retrieve andwrite new dataon blank CDs.
(3b) Storage Device
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Communication Devices
Communication device a hardware thatenables computers to send (transmit)and receive data, instructions andinformation from one or morecomputers.
Data can be transmitted via telephonelines or fibre optic links (physical links), orvia mobile radio networks (wirelesslinks).
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A Fibre Optic Cable
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Communication Devices (cont)
A widely used communication device is amodem. It has several ports to connect
cables to link computers.
Most modemsnowadays are capable
of linking computers
wirelessly usingradio waves.
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Pros and Cons of using Computers
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Advantages of using Computers
Speed Capable of processing millions toeven trillions ofoperations a second.
Basic operations include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division;encoding and decoding data; data
comparison; and counting.
Reliable Modern, well built computersrarely break or fail.
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Food for Thought: Deep Blue
A computer developed to beat man atthe game of chess.
Defeated world
champion,
Gary Kasparov on
11 May, 1997.
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Food for Thought: Deep Blue (cont)
It could compute 200 million moves persecond.
Thats back in 1997. It is 2010 now. Deep
blues technology can be considered
antique. Supercomputers now are much
more powerful, and could easily compute
up to 1x109 moves per second. (1000million moves/second)
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Advantages of using Computers
Consistency Once correctinstructionsare given, results generated will alwaysconform to certain rules and are errorfree.
Storage Data amounting to an entirelibrary could be stored or transferred in afew minutes.
Communication You could link tocomputers around the globe!
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Disadvantages of using Computers
Environmental impact many toxicmaterials are used for producing
computers. Improper disposal of
computers will lead to environmentalpollution. It is also resource hungry, as
resources needed for producing a
personal computer (PC) equals to that ofa small car!
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Disadvantages of using Computers
Health risk the adoption ofinappropriate postures while using a
computer will lead to injuries to hands,
wrists, neck and the back.
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Computer Network and the Internet
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Computer Network
Computer network is a collection ofcomputers and devices connectedtogether via communication devices.
It allows computers to share resources,such as hardware, software, data andinformation (this saves time andmoney!).
When a computer is connected to anetwork, it is considered online.
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Computer Network (cont)
Access to resources on a network iscontrolled by computers called servers,while computers using networkresources are called clients orworkstations.
Compared to other computers, servershave more computing power, storagespace and extended communicationcapabilities.
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Computer Networks (cont)
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Computer Network (cont)
Networks can be formed at: Home, school or small businesses (small
sized networks, usually connected
wirelessly) Large corporations and universities
(medium sized or widespread, usually
connected across city, country or even theglobe).
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The Internet
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The Internet
The Internet is the worlds largest network; itconnects millions of computers used by
businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals.
> 1 billion people uses the internet to:
communicate with other people, access
information, shop for goods and services,
perform banking and investment activities and
for entertainment (games, videos, books).
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The Internet!!
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The Internet (cont)
Not all contents in the Internet isaccessible to the public (e.g., governmentnetworks and research institutions). Theones that are, are grouped under aservice called the world wide web (theWeb for short).
The Web contains billions of documentscalled web pages. A web page cancontain texts, graphics, audio and video.
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Categories of a Computer
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Categories of a Computer
Category Physical Size No. ofusers
Price range
Personal
Computer
Fits on a desk Usually 1 < RM 10k
MobileComputers
Fits on your lapor hands
Usually 1 < RM 10k
Game Consoles A small box or
hand held
1-8
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Categories of a Computer (cont)
Category Physical Size No. of users Price range
Mainframes A small room
to a large
room
Hundreds to
thousands
Several million
RM
Supercomputers A large room Hundreds to
thousands
Several million
to several
billion RM
Embeddedcomputers
Miniature Usually 1 Embedded inthe price of
the product
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Personal Computers
Personal computers (PC) can perform allinputs, processing, outputs, and storageactivities by itself.
It contains, among many other components, a
processor, memory, several input and output(IO) devices, and also storage devices.
The majority of PCs uses processors with verysimilar architectures. Examples include
computers produced by Dell, HP and Applewhich uses the so called x86 compatibleprocessors by Intel and AMD.
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Personal Computers (cont)
There are broadly two types of PCs:desktops and notebooks.
A desktop is designed with its system
unit, inputs and outputs, and otherdevices to fit on or under a desk.
A more powerful version of a desktop is
called a workstation. It is intended forgraphics and/or computational intensivetasks.
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Desktops
PC and compatiblesuse the Windows
operating system
Apple Macintosh
uses the Macintosh
operating system
(Mac OS)
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Mobile Computers
A mobile computer is a PC that is small enoughto be carried around. Its system unit, IOs
(including its monitor) and other peripherals
are all packaged as a single unit.
Examples of mobile computers include:
Notebooks, Tablet PCs, and Smart Phones.
Notebooks (or laptops), have comparable
performance to an average desktop, but they
are more expensive.
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Mobile Computers (cont)
A tablet PC comes in all form of shapes andsizes. It differs from notebooks due to its touch
sensitive monitor, which allows users to write
and draw on screen, or interface with
programs using a digital pen and/or using their
hands.
Nowadays, even notebooks have touch screen
capabilities, which blurs the boundarybetween notebooks and tablet PCs.
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Tablet and Notebook
Notebook Tablet
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Mobile Computers (cont)
Smart phones and hand held computersare other examples of computers that
come in small form factors, but are
capable of audio and video playbacks,simple document editing, capturing
digital photographs, accessing the Web,
and other less demanding computingtasks. Examples include the iPhone 4
smart phone and Sonys micro PC.
l
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Game Consoles
A well known mobile computer segmentdesigned for video games (e.g., SonyPlaystation 3). Its inputs device include handheld controllers (aka game pads) and motion
sensitive devices for user interface (e.g.,Nintendo Wii Nunchuck).
Game consoles can also communicate withother consoles via the internet (online
gaming), and be used for watching movies andfor accessing the web.
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Servers
Servers controls access to hardware, softwareand other resources on a network (including itsown resources). It also provides centralizedstorage for programs, data and information.
Servers can support up to several thousandcomputers connected to it simultaneously.Users can also use a terminal to access servers.A terminal is a device with a monitor, memoryand a keyboard.
Servers also access information, data andprograms from other servers.
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A Server
M i f
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Mainframes
A mainframe is a large, expensive andpowerful computer capable of handling
thousands of connected users simultaneously.
Mainframes store tremendous amount ofdata, instructions and information. This is why
major corporations use mainframes for
business activities such as:
Billing millions of customers, prepare payroll for
thousands of employees, and manage millions of
items it their inventory.
M i f ( )
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Mainframes (cont)
Mainframes are also used as servers.They can be accessed by servers and
other mainframes for resource sharing
(data, information and programexecution). Like a server, mainframes
can also be accessed by PCs and
terminals.
A M i f
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A Mainframe
S t
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Supercomputer
Supercomputers are the most powerfulcomputers in the planet. Some of the fastestare capable of processing > 100 trillioninstructions a second.
Weighing more than 100,000 KGs, they areused for solving complex and repetitivemathematical computations. Large scalesimulation software used in medicine,
aerospace and weather forecasting are someareas requiring the use of supercomputers.
A S t
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A Supercomputer
E b dd d C t
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Embedded Computers
An embedded computer (EC) is anelectronic component found in a largerproduct. They can be found everywhereincluding:
The fridge, microwave oven and thewashing machine,
Digital TV and cameras, mobile phones,
Car engine control module, airbag controllerand antilock brakes just to name a few.
E b dd d C t ( t)
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Embedded Computers (cont)
They are usually small and have limitedhardware.
These computers perform various
functions for products they wereintended for. For example, an EC in aprinter serve to monitor the amount ofpaper in respective trays, check toner
level, prompt users if a paper jam hasoccurred, and so on.
El t f I f ti S t
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Elements of an Information System
An information system combines hardware,software, data, people and procedures toproduce timely and useful information.
People working in the information technology
(IT) sector, develop procedures for processingdata, which in turn determines how usersenter data into a computer using varioushardware and software.
Software processes the data and directs thecomputer hardware to store changes in astorage media, and/or produce information forusers via output devices.