Chapter 1 and 2 Confiled Data

8/12/2019 Chapter 1 and 2 Confiled Data

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Many years ago, scientists and inventors had contributed to discoveries

and studies on pressure and how it is being measured. Some great names

floated like Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, and Blaise Pascal but they were

able to define and prove the existence of pressure on earth only but not exactly

identified its components and processes. Robert Boyle, Joseph Louis Gay-

Lussac and William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) studied deeper the behaviors,

relationships and characteristics of pressure. As the modern era begins,

mechanical devices like bourdon tubes and barometer have been developed and

were enhanced in terms of capabilities. The sensors and transducers have been

widely spread out and contributed to the development on human lives; pressure

sensor began to contribute when Keller Company introduces it on detection

equipment. Pressure sensors are very important devices in many industrial

applications. Some of these were flow measurement of chemical substances,

closed tank pressure monitoring, biological and maritime applications and also in

beverage manufacturing industries.

Currently, many pressure sensors mostly use in oil and gas pipelines to

maintain its pressure and some of existing pressure sensors are too fragile to

penetrate the water flow continuously inside the water pipelines. Through the

years, pressure sensors have been used to make dangerous task safe. Most


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European and American countries have been finding solutions regarding leak on

pipelines that were typically buried underground. In our case, almost 80% of the

type of water transporting ways is through pipelines. The problem is that almost

95% of the waterworks is for drinking purposes.Specifically, Manila Waterworks

and Sewerage Services Inc. (MWSS) with its two concessionaires: Maynilad and

Manila Water have been trying hard to maintain efficient water transportation to

their clients. Leak is the problem that all pipeline owner company faces the most.

Moreover, it may cause contamination of microorganisms if leaks were not

determined as early as possible. Another problem is illegal connections on the

water pipelines which water Services Company most needed to determine.

Through Initial investigation, we had seen that pressure sensor may be

use to detect the leakages on the pipelines without causing disturbances on the

operations. One of the concessionaires of Manila Waterworks and Sewerages

Services (MWSS) acquired a state of the art devices from a foreign company

which very expensive and lots of disadvantages if compared to pressure sensor.

Since the current way of detecting leak pipelines in water pipes, the researcher

intends to design a pressure sensor that may deploy in water pipelines to sense

minimal disturbances in pipes which may be water leaks.


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Background of the study

The locale of this study is the company named Maynilad Water services

Inc. The companys main objective was to operate, maintain and investing an

efficient water and sewerage system of the 17 cities and municipalities that

comprises the West Zone.

Based on our Interview with Jennifer Rufo, Head of the Stakeholder

Communications of the said company, they experiencing water leaks from when

MWSS after privatization to its two concessionaire. Behalf of Maynilad operation

said that Leaks in pipelines are due to constant wear-and-tear, aging, and illegal

tapping. Often, it is difficult to detect leaks especially if it is located underground

and is not visible. We only start to suspect the existence of a leak when meter

gauges in a specific area register low water pressure even if the supply line

registers high pressure. The assessment that she said that company do was that

they call water losses Non-Revenue Water (NRW). Reducing NRW is among

Maynilads top priorities. In fact, we have a dedicated team of engineers under

our Central NRW Division, whose primary task is to address the problem of water

losses in the West Zone of Metro Manilaour concession area.

Maynilad has an NRW Reduction Program that is chiefly focused on the

reduction of water losses. Around 80% of Maynilad's water losses are due to

leaks and illegal connections (physical losses) while the rest are losses due to

inaccurate water metering (commercial losses). Components of the NRW

Reduction Program include pipe replacements, meter management projects,

establishment of District Metered Areas, leak repairs and diagnostic activities.


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Leakages affect the company because these represent lost supply that could

have been delivered to customers. Note that Maynilads performance is under

constant review by government regulators, and reducing water losses is one of

our service obligations to our over 8 million customers in the West Zone of Metro

Manila.

The company has been at the forefront of using advanced technologies to

reduce water losses. We use several state-of-the-art leak detection technologies

to identify leaks in the distribution system. Among these are the Sahara mobile

leak detection system, Aquascan Trunk Main (TM) leak noise correlator, and JD7

LDS2010 Investigator tethered leak detection system with audio and video

capability. Maynilad is the first water company in the Philippines and even in Asia

to tap these technologies.

She added that the company uses several different technologies because

each piece of equipment is appropriate for use only under specific conditions or

circumstances. For instance, we can only use the Sahara in primary pipelines,

and we use the JD7 for smaller diameter pipes. Also, some of these equipment

use acoustic sensors, so they cannot be used in high-traffic areas where noise

can disrupt leak detection efforts. Often, our leak detection teams work late at

night when ambient noise is limited.

Lastly, the company opens to improve the already acquired leak detectors

that they determine the unique strengths of each piece of equipment so we can

use the ones that are most appropriate to the specific characteristics of the area


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where it is supposed to be used. For instance, when there is low water velocity in

a pipeline, we use the Aquascan because unlike the Sahara, it is not dependent

on flow velocity of water inside the pipe. In that way, we are able to address the

limitations of each technology while utilizing its strengths.

Objectives of the Study

General Objective

The general objective of this research is to design a pressure sensor that

has a capability to detect leak in the pipelines with high accuracy for locating the

specific part of the pipeline that has a leak. The design includes having a

practical radius of the pipelineit can be used on.

Specific Objectives

The main objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To design a pressure sensor that has practical radius and parameters for

detection compared to existing pressure sensor.

2. To design a pressure sensor with high speed transmission data and low

inaccuracy in pressure measurement.

3. A water-proof pressure sensor that can detect and locate pipeline leaks

throughout its radius.

4. To design a pressure sensor that can detect leaks in even in high

disturbances and/or noise on the surface area.


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Scope and Delimitations

The study is focused on designing a difference pressure sensor that has a

practical range of radii that it can be used in. The study includes the developing

of the said system that has acceptable accuracy of measurement.

The study include the measurement of leak flow rate since difference of

the initial pressure at the releasing point to the end pressure found at the end of

each pipes according to the range of radius. The device is appropriately

designed only for water pipelines and cannot be used in oil, gas and other

hazardous chemicals because of the composition of the device that will be

exposed on the said chemicals. The study limits its range of 4mm to 10mm

thickness that the design pressure sensor may read off.

Significance of the Study

The people who will be benefit from this study are:

Government

The Philippine government will benefit from this research project in the sense

that they may be able to find many solutions regarding any related problems

about pipelines.


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Definition of terms

There are terms that cannot be understood so that the researchers define

the following technical terms used in the study:

Concessionaire refers to the company that the results of privatization of a

governmental office to prolong its services and operations to the nation.

Non-Revenue Water (NRW) refers to the water losses due of illegal

connections, leaks and tapping on the water pipes.

Pipeline networksrefers to strategically designed connection of pipelines to

transport the goods (oil, water and gas) through the pipes.

Pressure Sensorrefers to a device which can measure pressure and compare

its reading to detect leak.

Sensora device that can detects or measures the physical property and

records.

Transducer- a device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such as

pressure or brightness, into an electrical signal, or vice versa.


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CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter provides enough information about pipeline leak detection

and pressure sensors obtained from past studies, existing systems, experience

and book readings.

Conceptual Literature

According to Kissel, T. (2009), Pressure Sensor can also be used to

measure flow by calculating the pressure drop across an orifice plate. The author

also stated that the rate of a fluid as it flows through a pipe can be calculated by

the formula:

eqn.(1.)

and calculating the flow from a presence-drop measurement is denoted by the

equation

eqn.(2.)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Press on 1996

published a book namely The Engineering Handbook, it was stated that water

pressure is due to its weight and the depth of water above the point of

measurement. The book also revealed that water pressure does not affect liquid

density.

According to Geiger, G. (2008) in his work entitled Principles of Leak Detection,

pipeline technology is a field where Leak Detection Systems (LDSs) are very


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important. It is the most economic and safest way to transport mineral oils, gases

and the likes to long-distance destinations in which it has to meet high demands

that it is safe, reliable and efficient.

Modern LDSs such as the PipePatrol family from KROHNE Oil and Gas

keeps tract of the pipeline status by testing continuously if a leak has occurred or

not. If presence of a leak has been detected, they will calculate the leak flow and

track the position of the leak (Geiger, 2008).

According to Geiger, G. (2008), American Petroleum Institute (API) is an

institution that governs the pipeline technology and provides rules and

regulations regarding pipeline safety in USA. [API1155] Evaluation Methodology

for Software Based Leak Detection Systems defines that a LDSs has important

requirements such as:

Sensitivity

Sensitivity is the combined measure of how much should the leak be for

the system to detect it and how long will it take the system to detect the

specific amount of leak and provide a warning signal that a leak has

occurred. PipePatrolE-RTTM typically detects leakage below 1% (relating

to nominal flow rate) in less than one minute, resultingin a leak volume

that is typically less than 50 litres (Geiger, 2008).

Reliability


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Reliability is the measure of the capability of the LDS to give correct

reports regarding whether a leak has occurred within a specific field where

the LDS is installed or not. It follows that reliability is the probability that

the LDS will detect a leak given that a leak indeed exist and the probability

that the LDS will mistakenly report a leak given that a leak does not exist.

Accuracy

Accuracy refers to the LDSs estimation of leak parameters such as leak

flow rate, total volume lost, type of fluid lost and leak location within the

pipeline network. The LDSs declaration of these leak parameters should

be as accurate as possible (Geiger, 2008).

Robustness

Robustness refers to the capability of the LDS to keep on functioning and

generating correct reports given that operating conditions of the pipeline

was changed or that a data was lost. A system is said to be robust if in

non-ideal conditions, it keeps on functioning and providing correct

information.


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According to Geiger, G. (2008), when a leak is present in a pipeline, it

changes the mechanical properties of the liquid present in the pipeline. It is

therefore possible to detect leak just by monitoring the pressure or flow of the

liquid at one point at some time and comparing it to the normal or ideal pressure

or flow of the liquid in the pipeline because if a leak is present, the monitored

pressure or flow of the liquid will not be the same with the ideal measurements.

However, it is useful only in steady state conditions and its application to gas

pipelines is extremely limited. With these methods, a good sensitivity is hard to

achieve and leak localization is not possible.

: According to Geiger, G. (2008), pressure point analysis is the process of

measuring the pressure in the pipeline and then comparing it against a lower limit

and when the pressure falls below the lower limit, a warning signal that reports

occurrence of a leak is raised.

The location of the leak determines the sensitivity of the pressure

monitoring. That is, if the leak is located near the inlet or the outlet of the pipeline,

it will lead to a small or no change at all in the pressure. Flow monitoring can be

used to compensate the problem caused by the location of the leak where it

measures the change in flow of the liquid. Pressure monitoring and flow

monitoring can be combined (Geiger, 2008).


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Table 1Functionality and instrumentation of Pressure and Flow Monitoring

Source:http://malaysiaflow.com/pdf/KOG_PipePatrol/PipePatrol%20-

%20Principles%20of%20Leak%20Detection%20EN.pdf

LD = Leak detection, P = Pressure sensor, Q = Flow sensor

Table 1 suggests that both methods provide leak detection but not leak

localization and that the pressure monitoring only requires one pressure sensor

while the flow monitoring requires only one flow meter. The demands for

instrumentation for both methods are both low.

When a leak is detected, it is important to locate the position of the leak. If

the exact location of the leak it obtained, it minimizes the harm that can be

brought to the people and the environment.


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Related Literatures

According to Shen, S. et al. (2013), he stated that Static pressure method

and dynamic pressure method were commonly used in pipeline leak detection.

Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were analyzed and a

dynamic pressure sensor was designed for long-range oil and gas transmission

pipeline. In order to improve its performance, experiments of circuit simulation

was carried out on the main part of the sensor. Application experiments show

that the dynamic pressure sensor is more suitable for pipeline leak detection on

occasion that internal pressure changes rapidly, and contribute to increase

positioning accuracy. The words were published by the conference publication of

IEEE.

Figure 1. Dynamic Pressure SensorSource: www.ieeexplore.org


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According to long Kang, A. (2011) proposes a surface acoustic wave

(SAW) pressure sensor is usually composed of a clamped circular quartz

membrane, where a one-port Rayleigh wave mode resonator is fabricated. In

order to improve the reliability and the accuracy of the wireless pressure sensor,

a wireless pressure sensor based on surface transverse wave (STW) is the

primary source of data. He combined with the perturbation theory proposed by

Tiersten and the Green's function simulator; the pressure-induced frequency

shifts for STW on quartz are calculated. The calculated results demonstrate that

the cut orientation in vicinity of BT cut membrane has simultaneously both

high pressure sensitivity and delay temperature stability of STW. The pressure

sensitivity is over three times that of the ST-cut quartz for SAW. In order to

further improve the sensitivity of the sensor, a novel cantilever package is

proposed. The geometry of the sensor is determined by using FEM software. The

experimental data show that the pressure sensitivity is sufficiently high and the

relative frequency shift varies linearly.

Figure 2. The Surface Acoustic wave Pressure SensorSource:www.commons.wikimedia.org/File:Surface_Acoustic_Wave_Sens

or_Interdigitated_Transducer_Diagram.png


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According to Tan, E. (2010), a wireless sensor based on the magneto

elastic, magnetically soft ferromagnetic alloy was constructed for remote

measurement of pressure in flowing fluids. The pressure sensor was a

rectangular strip of ferromagnetic alloy Fe40Ni38Mo4B18adhered on a solid

polycarbonate substrate and protected by a thin polycarbonate film. Upon

excitation of a time-varying magnetic field through an excitation coil, the

magnetically soft sensor magnetized and produced higher order harmonic fields,

which were detected through a detection coil. Under varying pressures,

the sensor's magneto elastic property caused a change in its magnetization,

altering the amplitudes of the higher order harmonic fields. A theoretical model

was developed to describe the effect of pressure on the sensor's higher order

harmonic fields. He also stated that experimental observations showed the

second-order harmonic field generated by the pressure sensor was correlated to

the surrounding fluid pressure, consistent with the theoretical results.

Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the sensor exhibited good repeatability

and stability with minimal drift. Sensors with smaller dimensions were shown in

figure 3 below to have greater sensitivity but lower pressure range as compared

to their larger counterparts. Since the sensor signal was also dependent on the

location of the sensor with respect to the excitation/detection coil, a calibration

algorithm was developed to eliminate signal variations due to the

changing sensor location because of its wireless and passive nature,

these sensors useful for continuous and long-term monitoring of pressure at

inaccessible areas. For example, sensors with these capabilities are suitable to


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be used in biomedical applications where permanent implantation and long-term

monitoring are needed.

Figure 3. Wireless pressure sensor using magneto elasticSource:www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=616

7233&queryText%3Dpressure+sensor

According to Avelino, A. et al. (2009), on the conference on the thirty-fifth

annual conference of IEEE on industrial electronics, entitled Real time leak

detection system applied to oil pipelines using sonic technology and neural

networks stated that the work proposes a leak detection system using sonic

technology, wavelet transform and neural networks to decompose and analyze

pressure signals from oil pipelines in real time. The similarity between pressure

and sound signals makes it possible to treat the first through digital filtering and

wavelet decomposition together with a neural network to characterize and

classify leak profiles. The leak detection system logic is embedded on 32 bit/150

MHz floating point DSPs.


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They also stated that the propose system uses piezoresistive sensors,

converters to the communication interface (Ethernet) and GPS devices, which

are responsible for synchronizing reports and leak alarms. The DSPs code was

written using ANSI C language.

Figure 4. Leak detection systemSource: www.ieeexplore.org/engineering journals.html


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According to Sung, L. et al (2010), a research entitled Research of Leak

Detection and Exclusion System Based on Pressure Differential Discrimination

Method. The said research was main goal at the detection problem of beverage

bottle leak existing in beverage producing industry, beverage

bottle leak detection and exclusion system is researched. With the

using of thermal plastic seal PET beverage bottle as testing object,

the detection scheme and the feature recognition method for squeezing

deformation value of beverage bottle are introduced, and

the pressure differentialdetection and discrimination method with dual sensors is

created. They also had a relevant hardware circuits and software

for leak bottle detection, squeezing device adjustment, leak bottle exclusion and

data display etc. are designed. The results indicate that the system performance

meets the practical function requirements. They were also successfully tackled

the leaks using a pressure sensor in beverages.

Figure 5. Pressure Differential Discrimination Method

Source: www.ieeexplore.org/sensors%journals.html


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According to Qi, W.(2008), that he shows his new prototype of self-

validating pressure sensor. The elastic body of the transducer is based on

circular-flat diaphragm structure. Eight groups of strain gauges are distributed on

the diaphragm. One group of metal strain gauge with little temperature drift is

used as primary pressures sensor, the other seven groups of semiconductor

strain gauges with high sensitivity are used as calibration references.

Consistency checking is used to detect sensor fault.

He added that the outputs of self-validating pressure sensor including

validated measurement value (VMV) of pressure, validated uncertainty (VU)

of pressure and measurement value status (MVS) of pressure are calculated

using the high consistency data. A new fault diagnosis method based on wavelet

packet decomposition feature extraction and support vector machine multi-

classification is used to identify six sensor fault status. A double DSPs system is

implemented to acquire the output signal and complete self-validating methods.

The experiment results show that the designed pressure sensor prototype

implements the self-validating function. It can detect fault in real-time and

identify sensor status with high accuracy.


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Figure 6. Self-validating Pressure sensorSource: www.dynamicsystems.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?

According to Philippine National Standard for Drinking water of 2007

(PNSDW), the water distribution companies should secure its drinking water

coming from a water reservoir that free from any contamination and existences of

any microorganisms and bacterial species. The standard water pressure stated

that not be less than or greater than to 20 pound square inches (20 psi) or

equivalent measurement standards. It stated that all leaky pipes and

unpressurized must be repair, clean, and replace immediately to avoid

contamination of any microorganisms. The department of health issued a

monthly water sampling to all water services providing companies in the

Philippines. The act also stated that leak and probable leak pipes must be

avoided in order to preserve the cleanliness of the drinking water.


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The PNSDW of 2007 strictly follows standard monthly sampling

examination to avoid health problems cause by drinking water distributing

companies. Here is a table showing how the Department of Health or DOH

sampling method. This method of sampling may obligate water Distribution

Company to maintain its water pipelines and free from any hazardous objects

and/or bacterial that may render the health of the people.

Table 1. Minimum frequency of sampling for drinking water supply systems for

Microbiological examination

Based on the table, the level I, II and III are those companies supplying

drinking water to its customers. Maynilad and Manila Water are both belongs

Level III need to maintain standard regulation regarding water distribution of

drinking water to all of its customers.


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Related Studies

According to Yang, B. et al (2013), on their device which they entitled their

works as integrated acoustic leak detection system using intrusive and non-

intrusive sensors, US 8346492 B2. They invented a system for detecting and

locating leaks includes a pipeline, strain sensors positioned on the external

surface of the pipeline, acoustic pressure sensors positioned at intervals along

the pipeline, local processors connected to the strain sensors and acoustic

pressure sensors, and a central processor connected to the local processors.

The strain sensors measure a strain on the external surface of the pipeline

indicative of changes in the pressure of the fluid within the pipeline. The acoustic

pressure sensors sense acoustic signals within the pipeline. Sensed acoustic

pressure signals and sensed strain measurements are compared to each other

and to stored profiles to detect and locate leaks.

They also stated that their invention explained that in pressurized

systems, such as pipelines, the pressure boundary is maintained by the pipe

wall. The pipe wall has a yield stress greater than the stress exerted from the

system pressure. At the instant of a breakdown of the pressure boundary of the

pipe wall, the release of the elastic force couples with the system fluid to create a

transient pressure wave. Since pressure is relieved (due to the break in the pipe

wall) from the containment system, the transient pressure wave takes the form of

an expansion wave. This expansion waves travel outward in all directions from

the source at the speed of sound for that fluid. When the fluid is contained in a


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pipeline, the expansion waves are guided through the fluid by the walls of the

pipe in either direction from the source of the break.

Figure 7. Leak detection systemSource: www.google.com/patents/US8346492

On the figure 7, the inventors show a schematic view of the present

preferred embodiment of the invention.


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On FIG. 2A the inventors show a schematic view that may be an

alternative embodiment of the system of the present invention wherein a single

non-intrusive sensor is substituted for one of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors.

On FIG. 2B it shows a second configuration of the alternative embodiment of the

system of the present invention wherein a single non-intrusive sensor is

substituted for one of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors.

And also on FIG. 3A is a schematic view showing another alternative

embodiment of the system of the present invention wherein a single non-intrusive

sensor is substituted for one of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors. On FIG. 3B

shows a second configuration of another alternative embodiment of the system of

the present invention wherein a single non-intrusive sensor is substituted for one

of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors.

On FIG. 4A, shows yet another alternative embodiment of the system of

the present invention wherein single non-intrusive sensors are substituted for

both of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors. FIG. 4B is a schematic view showing a

second configuration of the alternative embodiment of the system of the present

invention wherein single non-intrusive sensors are substituted for both of the

pairs of non-intrusive sensors different from FIG. 4A. On FIG. 4C shows a third

configuration of the alternative embodiment of the system of the present

invention wherein single non-intrusive sensors are substituted for both of the

pairs of non-intrusive sensors different from FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4D is a

schematic view showing a fourth configuration of the alternative embodiment of


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the system of the present invention wherein single non-intrusive sensors are

substituted for both of the pairs of non-intrusive sensors with

upstream/downstream arrangements different from FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C.

FIG. 5 shows the side and frontal views of a pipeline having an array of

non-intrusive sensors installed thereon.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the possible connection of the non-

intrusive sensors to the local processor.

According to Kurtz, A et al (2013), their device which is enhanced static-

dynamic pressure transducer suitable for use in gas turbines and other

compressor applications, US 8613224 B2. The device they invented is a

transducer comprising a filter assembly that measures low amplitude, dynamic

pressure perturbations superimposed on top of a high static pressure through the

implementation of a low-pass mechanical filter assembly. The filter assembly

may comprise a dual lumen reference tube and a removable filter subassembly

further comprising a porous metal filter and narrow diameter tube. The

transducer, which may be capable of operating at ultra-high temperatures and in

harsh environments, may comprise of a static piezoresistive pressure sensor,

which measures the large pressures on the order of 200 psi and greater, and an

ultrasensitive, dynamic piezoresistive pressure sensor which may capture small,

high frequency pressure oscillations on the order of a few psi. The filter assembly


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may transmit static pressure to the back of the dynamic pressure sensor to

cancel out the static pressure present at the front of the sensor while removing

dynamic pressure.

Figure 8. Static-dynamic Pressure SensorSource:www.google.com/patents/US8613224?dq=dynamic+pressure+sensor&hl

=en&sa=X&ei=nEj8UvftDa2ciAelrYDIDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA

On the figure above, it shows a portion of a pressure transducer in

accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.


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According to Khalifa, A et al (2012), the invention on their In-pipe leak

detection based on pressure gradient, US 20120272722 A1. The leak detection

system includes a structure sized to fit within the pipes or supporting at least one

sensing element near an inside wall of the pipe, whereby a pressure gradient at a

leak in the pipe will cause the sensing element to respond. Structure is provided

for detecting movement or deformation of the sensing element, the movement or

deformation indicating the presence of a leak. The invention stated that a

preferred embodiment, the structure includes two spaced-apart rings for

supporting the at least one sensing element. The sensing element is a

diaphragm in a preferred embodiment. In this embodiment, the sensing element

is supported for movement with respect to the ring structure which includes

sensing circuitry for detecting the movement to indicate a leak. Other

embodiments employ different sensing elements that respond to pressure

gradients near leaks.

Figure 9. Dimension of pipesSource:www.google.com/patents/US20120272722?dq=US+20120272722

+A1&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M8P8UsqUA8GFkAW4r4DIDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA


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On the figure 9, the invention first determines the embodiment of pipes

where their structures or invention may be fitted.

Figure 10. The device in a pipe

Source:www.google.com/patents/US20120272722?dq=US+20120272722+A1&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M8P8UsqUA8GFkAW4r4DIDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA


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On the Figure 10, the exact dimension of pipe can be intact inside

the pipes that the invention will be used.

Figure 11. The preferred embodimentSource:www.google.com/patents/US20120272722?dq=US+20120272722



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On the figure 11, the inventions ring structure used in an embodiment of

the invention is shown and the invention uses the movement of a diaphragm to

indicate the presence of a leak.

Figure 12. DiaphragmSource:www.google.com/patents/US20120272722?dq=US+20120272722


On the Figure 12, it show that the inventions u g elastic capacitor plates at

the diaphragm ends. Fixed plates are inside the ring ducts. The diaphragm itself

is the capacitor and the cross-sectional view of the embodiment.


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Figure 13. Piezoelectric SensorSource:www.google.com/patents/US20120272722?dq=leak+detector+using+pressure+sensor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PUz8UqvQJIOGiQe4i4HIBQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEw

Aw

On the Figure 13, it shows the distribution of piezoelectric sensors used in

an embodiment invention. Another illustrates the distribution for an embodiment

of a piezoelectric sensor for use in the invention shown at the middle of the figure

and of an embodiment of the invention using piezoelectric sensors on the last

figure.


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According to Hogan, W. (1983) for his device for detecting and locating

leaks in pipelines, US 4375763 A. Hes invention of a leak locator probe is

provided and is suitable for being transported along a length of pipe. The leak

locator probe defines an annular volume within that portion of pipe adjacent the

leak locator probe. The leak locator probe includes a tube that is closed at both

ends and the tube is an aperture that provides an airflow passageway between

the interior of the tube and the annular volume that is defined by the leak locator

probe and the pipe. During operation, the interior of the tube and the annular

volume are pressurized to a pressure in excess of the pressure at the exterior of

the pipe, an airflow through the aperture occurs, causing an airflow measuring

device to detect an airflow thereby indicating the presence of a leak.

Figure 14. Leak detector probe

Source: www.google.com/patents/US4375763


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On the Figure 14, the top photo shows how the leak detector probe may

be place on the ground and the bottom one is the inventors designed circuitry of

his leak detector probe.

Figure 15. Leak detector probe embodiment

Source: www.google.com/patents/US4375763

On the figure 15, based on the invention of Hogan, shows his

detector probe in the pipes.


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Conceptual Framework

Here is the researchers conceptual framework on how methods we must

prepare, plan, and do to make our possible device as we desire:

Figure 2. Input-Process-Output Diagram

Based on the IPO diagram, the design project will have simulation

software called Hydra CAD. It is foreign software that integrates and simulates a

design circuit to a long water pipelines with specific pressure virtually. It can be

seen how efficient the design project for a pipeline networks. It also shows

OUTPUT

Pressure Sensor

PROCESS

Needed:

Create a differencepressureconversion table onwaterpipeline.

Use simulationsoftware for designpressure sensor.

Comparativetesting.

Daily inspectionand check up forthe device

maintenance

INPUT

Hardware:

Alarms Pressure Sensor Pressure

Transmitter andtransducer

Software:

HyDra CADsoftware

PID controlSimulation

Human ware:

MWSS monitoringspecialist

Sanitary Engineer Operational

Inspector


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statistical data in different manner that the designer wanted to operate a pressure

sensor to act like. PID Control uses to simulate a design circuit and project in a

continuous time varying condition. Yet, temperature may also be affected the

performance of the device since it will intact in permanent location to detect a

specific leak locations on the pipelines. Sensor will detect if the is a minimal

difference in the pressure rate inside the pipelines and transducer will convert all

electrical readings of the pressure sensor to transmit it using pressure transmitter

to the main sever in order to track down if leaks happen of have not. Pressure

sensor design will undergo series of testing and simulation process on the two

said software. In order to create very accurate readings, we need to make a

pressure conversion table according to the design pressure sensor to easily

identify the leaks. The device will undergo comparative testing for a closed

continuous place to test its performance and accuracy in a long period of time

with temperature vary. The needed personnel must at least a sanitary engineer

to calibrate and inspect its durability on its specific task. Inspection specialist

must monitor if the pressure sensor regulates standard pressurized water for

drinking water of the Philippines on its safest pace and check its expecting

results. And also a operational manager to conduct series of test to check how

the device will be efficient throughout the operations. After a tough and very

intensive experimenting and testing, the design pressure sensor will be produce

to its specific operation.

Chapter 1 and 2 Confiled Data

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1 and 2 Confiled Data