Chapter 1

1

INTRODUCTION

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/4)

2

1860: Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio

communications 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile

path 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2

MHz frequency band) 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex) 1964: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – 152 MHz (Full

Duplex)

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (2/4)

3

1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation

1984: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North America and Australia refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology which is the analog telecommunications. The download speeds is 28 kbit/s ~ 56 kbit/s.

1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America.

1992: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) operable in Germany D2 system. The download speeds is about 100 kbit/s for 2.5G.

1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America.

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (3/4)

4

1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the 3rd generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, etc)

2001: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) used primarily in Europe, Japan, China.

2002: the CDMA2000 system used in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard.

2006: The pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea. Peak down load 128 Mbit/s and peak upload 56 Mbit/s.

2009: The TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) radio interface was commercialized in China.

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (4/4)

2009: The world's first publicly available LTE (Long Term Evolution) service was opened in, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009, and branded 4G. Peak down load 100 M bits/s and peak upload 50 M bits/s.

2013: LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009. Peak down load1 Gbit/s and peak upload 500 Mbit/s.

2020: 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies.

5

6

Universal Cell Phone Coverage

Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system

Microwave Tower

Cell

Cincinnati

Washington, DC

First Generation Cellular Systems and Services

7

1970s Developments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900 MHz mobile communications

1976 WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates spectrum for cellular radio

1979 NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first cellular system in Japan

1981 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia

1984 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced by AT&T in North America

Second Generation Cellular Systems and Services

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1982 CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications) established GSM to define future Pan-European cellular Radio Standards

1990 Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC) adopted by TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

1990 Interim Standard IS-19B (NAMPS) adopted by TIA

1991 Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications)

1992 Phase I GSM system is operational

1993 Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA

1994 Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA

1995 PCS Licenses issued in North America

1996 Phase II GSM operational

1997 North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95

1999 IS-54: North America

IS-95: North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc

GSM: 110 countries

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2)

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IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000): Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications

a reality.  Key Features of IMT-2000 include:

High degree of commonality of design worldwide; Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the

fixed networks; High quality; Small terminal for worldwide use; Worldwide roaming capability; Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range

of services and terminals.

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (2/2)

10

Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: 2 Mbps for fixed environment; 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian

environment; 144 kbps for vehicular environment.

Scheduled Service: Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)

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Fourth Generation Cellular Systems and Services

In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology LTE stands for Long Term Evolution Next Generation mobile broadband technology Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps Based on UMTS 3G technology Optimized for All-IP traffic

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Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

LTE (3.9G) : 3GPP release 8~9

LTE-Advanced :3GPP release 10+

802.16d/e

802.16m

Comparison of LTE Speed

Subscriber Growth

14

3G Subscribers

2G Digital only Subscribers

1G Analogue only Subscribers

Subs

crib

ers

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year

Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems

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Macrocell

Suburban

Microcell

Urban

Satellite

Global

Global

Picocell

In-building

Transmission Capacity

16

Broadband radio

Glo

bal S

yste

m f

or M

obil

e C

omm

unic

atio

ns

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems

Mob

ilit

y

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Mobile Broadband System

Broadband Satellite Multimedia

Local Multipoint Distribution System

Satellite Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Data rate (Mb/s)

Stationary

Pedestrian

Vehicular

Wireless Technology and Associated Characteristics

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Cellular Wireless LAN/PAN GPS Satellite Based PCS Home Networking Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks Bluetooth

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Applications: Medical and Healthcare

Backbone Network

Backbone Network

Possibility for Remote consulting(including Audio Visual communication)

Switch

Wireless Remote consultation from Ambulance

Switch

Remote Databases

In HospitalPhysician

Sensors on body

Base station

Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

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Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

BS

MS

CellMS

Alternative shape of a cell

Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius)

Hexagonal cell area used in most models

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

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User 1

User 2

User n

…Time

Frequency

FDMA Bandwidth Structure

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1 2 3 … nFrequency

Total bandwidth

4

FDMA Channel Allocation

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Frequency 1 User 1

Frequency 2 User 2

Base Station

Frequency n User n

… …

Mobile Stations

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

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Use

r 1

Use

r 2

Use

r n…

Time

Frequency

TDMA Frame Structure

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…

Time

Frame

1 2 3 n4

TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users

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Time 1

Time 2

Time n

……

Base Station

User 1

User 2

User n

…

Mobile Stations

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

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Time

Frequency

Use

r n

Code

Use

r 1

Use

r 2

...

Transmitted and Received Signals in a CDMA System

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Information bits

Code at transmitting end

Transmitted signal

Received signal

Code at receiving end

Decoded signal at the receiver

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CDMA Example (1/3)

If k = 6 and code is a sequence of 1s and -1s For a ‘1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern <c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> For a ‘0’ bit, A sends complement of code <-c1, -c2, -c3, -c4, -c5, -c6>

Receiver knows sender’s code and performs electronic decode function

<d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6> = received chip pattern <c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> = sender’s code

665544332211 cdcdcdcdcdcddSu

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CDMA Example (2/3)

Each station has its own unique chip sequence (CS)

All CSs are pairwise orthogonal For example :(codes A, B, C and D are pair-wise

orthogonal) A: 00011011 => (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1) B: 00101110 => (-1-1+1-1+1+1+1-1) C: 01011100 => (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) D: 01000010 => (-1+1-1 - 1-1-1+1-1)

Jang-Ping Sheu NTHU 30

CDMA Example (3/3)

A·B = (1+1-1-1+1-1+1-1) = 0 B·C = (1-1-1-1+1+1-1+1) = 0 Ex: If station C transmits 1 to station E, station

B transmits 0 and station A transmits 1 simultaneously then the signal received by station E will become SE = (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) + (+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1) + (-1-1-

1+1+1-1+1+1) = (-1+1-3+3-1-1-1+1) E can convert the signal SE to SE·C = SE(-1+1-

1+1+1+1-1-1) = (1+1+3+3+1-1+1-1)/8 = 1

112/04/20

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

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Conventional multicarrier modulation used in FDMA

Orthogonal multicarrier modulation used in OFDM

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency Hopping

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Frequency

f5

f4

f3

f2

f1

Frame Slot

Time

Cellular System Infrastructure

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BS

Service area (Zone)

Early wireless system: Large zone

Cellular System: Small Zone

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BS BS

BS BS BS

BS BS

Service area

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PSTN

Home phone

BSC

…

… …BSC

…

BSC

…

BSC

…

BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BSMS BSMS BS MS

MSC … MSC

MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN

BSC: BS Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center

Public Switched Telephone Network

Control and Traffic Channels

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Base Station (BS)

Forward

(downlin

k)

contro

l channel

Mobile Station (MS)

Reverse (u

plink)

contro

l channel

Forward

(downlin

k) tra

ffic c

hannel

Reverse (u

plink) t

raffi

c channel

Steps for A Call Setup from MS to BS

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BS MS

1. Need to establish path

2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA)

3. Control Information Acknowledgement

4. Start communication

Steps for A Call Setup from BS to MS

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BS MS

2. Ready to establish a path

3. Use frequency/time slot/code (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA)

4. Ready for communication

5. Start communication

1. Call for MS # pending

A Simplified Wireless Communications System Representation

39

Information received

(Voice/Data)

Information to be

transmitted (Voice/Data)

Coding Modulator Transmitter

Decoding Demodulator Receiver

Antenna

AntennaCarrier

Carrier

Satellite Systems

Traditional Applications Weather satellite Radio and TV broadcasting Military satellites

Telecommunication Applications Global telephone connections Backbone for global network GPS

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Network Architectures and Protocols

Systematic Signaling Steps for Information Exchange

Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) – Work in progress Mobile IP

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Ad Hoc Networks

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Wireless Sensor Networks

Path of the Response

Radio Range

Data Collection and Monitoring Agency

Cloud of Smoke

Predicted position for the Cloud of Smoke

Path of the ResponsePath of the Response

Radio Range

Data Collection and Monitoring Agency

Cloud of Smoke

Predicted position for the Cloud of Smoke

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Wireless LAN and PAN

Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the IEEE 802.11

HiperLAN is a European Standard Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN)

Bluetooth HomeRF

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