Chapter 1Classifying Organisms

How are living things classified?

• To classify means to put things into groups.Why do scientists put plants and animals into groups?

1. Classification makes it easier to communicate clearly by having just one name for an organism.

2. Classification helps to organize information about organisms.

Classification Systems

• A classification system lists organisms in a series of groups.

• Kingdom - highest group of organization in the classification system. There are 6 kingdoms:

1. Archaebacteria - single celled, no oxygen or sunlight2. Eubacteria - single celled, need oxygen3. Protists - single or multi-celled, algea4. Fungi – single or multi-celled, mushrooms & molds5. Plants – many cells, make their own food6. Animals – many celled, cannot make their own food

King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti

Seven Levels of the Classification System:• Kingdom – highest, most general group• Phylum- level of classification below kingdom• Class – next level below phylum, smaller group• Order – next level below class, smaller group• Family – next level below order, smaller group• Genus – next level below family, smaller group• Species – lowest level of organization - specific

The Animal Kingdom

• Vertebrates and invertebrates are phylums within the animal kingdom.

• Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates.

• Animals without backbones are called invertebrates.

• Within each one of these phylum are classes of animals.

5 Classes of Vertebrates

1. Mammals 2. Reptiles3. Birds4. Amphibians5. Fish

• Each class of vertebrate has specific characteristics that make them unique.

Characteristics of Mammals

• Breathe air with lungs• Make milk for young• Body coverings - Hair or fur• Warm blooded-keep body temperature

constant nearly all the time• Young mammals resemble parentsThe pattern of birth, growth, reproduction, and

death is called the life cycle.

Life Cycle of Mammals

• Birth• Growth• Reproduction• Death• Offspring repeat the cycle and the species

continues!

Characteristics of Reptiles

• Lungs (similar to mammals)• Do not feed their young (no milk)• Scales that cover their body (no hair or fur like

mammals)• Cold blooded – body temperature does not

remain constant bur changes as the temperature of the air or water changes.

• Some reptiles live on both land and water.The life cycle of a reptile is similar to a mammal.

Life Cycle of Reptiles

• Young reptiles hatch from eggs• Young reptiles are not cared for by parents• Young reptiles feed themselves from birth• Growth• Reproduction• Death• Offspring repeats the cycle and the species

continues!

Characteristics of Birds

• Lungs and other organs (similar to mammals)• Body coverings – feathers• Feed and care for their young• Warm blooded – body temperature remains

constant.

A bird’s life cycle is similar to a reptiles.

Life Cycle of Birds

• Young birds hatch from eggs.• Young birds are cared for by parents • Young birds are fed by their parents• Growth• Reproduction• Death• Offspring repeat the cycle and the species

continues!

Mammals, Reptiles, BirdsVertebrate Birth Body Covering Body

TemperatureFeed Young

Mammals Live Birth Hair or Fur Warm-Blooded Yes - Milk

Reptiles Hatch from Eggs

Scales Cold-blooded No

Birds Hatch from Eggs

Feathers Warm-Blooded Yes – not milk

Characteristics of Amphibians

• Cold-blooded • Soft, moist skin to absorb oxygen and water• Do not feed or care for their young• Hatch from eggs• Metamorphosis – changes during the life cycle

The life cycle of an amphibian is very different than that of any other vertebrate due to the process of metamorphosis.

Life Cycle of Amphibians

• Hatch from eggs in water• Grow legs and tail shortens• Breathe through gills until lungs are developed• Begin to live on land• As adults, frogs look nothing like they did

when they were young tadpoles. This kind of change is known as metamorphosis and no other class of animal has this life cycle!

Characteristics of Fish

• Cold-blooded• Scales and slimy-coating that helps water flow

past them• Live in water ONLY!• Use gills to get oxygen from water

The life cycle of a fish is most like the life cycle of a reptile

Life Cycle of Fish

• Hatch from eggs in water• Not cared for or fed by parents after birth• Grow• Reproduce• DeathOffspring repeat the cycle and the species

continues!

Classes of Invertebrates

• Mollusks – clams, snails, slugs, and squids• Annelids / Worms – flatworms, earthworms,

roundworms• Cnidarians – jellyfish and coral• Arthropods – insects, lobsters, spiders

Most animals on earth do not have backbones. Some invertebrates are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Mollusks

• Soft body without bones.• Some have a hard outer shell that prevents

them from being eaten.• Some get oxygen from gills others absorb

oxygen through skin.

Annelids / Worms

• Flatworms are very flat and thin. They live in damp or wet places.

• Roundworms can live on water or on land.• Earthworms have segmented bodies• Some worms are microscopic and others are

huge!

Arthropods

• Largest phylum of animal• Arthropod mean “jointed feet”• All arthropods are invertebrates (not all

invertebrates are arthropods)• Arthropods have bodies that are divided into

separate parts.• Arthropods get oxygen in many different ways –

some have lungs (spiders), tubes (grasshoppers), and gills (lobsters).

Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

• Make their own food – photosynthesis• Distinctive features such as stems, roots, and

leaves• Some are vascular – transport system made of

tubes to carry food and water to all of its parts• Organisms in the plant kingdom are multi-

cellular. (just like animals)

Classification of the Plant Kingdom

• Plants are classified according to their transport systems (vascular), whether they produce seeds, or have flowers.

• Phylum of plants include:– Mosses – no flowers or seeds– Ferns – vascular, no seeds, no flowers– Conifers – vascular, produce seeds, no flowers– Flowering plants – vascular, produce seeds, and

flowers

Fungi Kingdom

• Not plants because they cannot make their own food.

• Not animals because they do not move to catch their food

• Have hair-like structures that absorb and digest food from the material that they grow on.

Protist Kingdom

• Single celled• Some live inside the digestive system of other

animals• Not plants because they cannot make their

own food.• Not animals because they are single celled

Eubacteria Kingdom

• Single celled• Spheres, rods, or spiral shaped• No nucleus

Archaebacteria Kingdom• Single celled organism• Survive harsh environments• No nucleus