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Transcript of Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Matter
1-1 Scientific Method:
A systematic approach to solving problems.• Does not guarantee scientific success• Many discoveries made by accident
1-2 Properties of Matter:
• Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Physical Properties:□Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.• Color, Boiling point, density, mass, volume,
etc.
• Chemical Properties:□Can only be observed when a substance
is changed into another substance.• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc.
• Intensive Properties:□ Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:□Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
Changes of Matter• Physical Changes:
□Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes (Reactions):□Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.• Each element is made of the same kind of
atom.• A compound is made of two or more different
kinds of elements.
1-3 Classification of Matter
• Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.
`
• Substance (pure): Composition and properties are uniform in every sample– elements and compounds
• Mixture: Composition varies from sample to sample
• Homogeneous Mixture: uniform composition – AKA solutions (air, salt water, gasoline)
• Heterogeneous Mixture: components separate into regions– Italian dressing, sand and water
Separating Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated into components by physical means
Distillation:
Separates homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in boiling point.
Chromatography:Separates substances based on differing abilities of compounds to adhere to the surface of a solid
Filtration:
Separates solid substances from liquids and solutions.
States of Matter
Inks and food coloring are typically composed of many different dyes which can be separated by paper chromatography. Which of the following terms apply to inks?
1. substance
2. homogenous
3. compound
4. element
5. heterogeneous
Inks and food coloring are typically composed of many different dyes which can be separated by paper chromatography. Which of the following terms apply to inks?
1. substance
2. homogenous
3. compound
4. element
5. heterogeneous
Which of the following separations cannot be achieved using a physical process and, therefore, requires a chemical process?
1. salt from sea water
2. water from honey
3. hydrogen from water
4. ice from water
5. fish from water
Which of the following separations cannot be achieved using a physical process and, therefore, requires a chemical process?
1. salt from sea water
2. water from honey
3. hydrogen from water
4. ice from water
5. fish from water
1-4 Measurement of Matter
SI Units
• Système International d’Unités
Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.
What is the name given to the unit that equals: A. 10–9 gram B. 10–6 secondC. 10–3 meter
SI Unites
• Mass: quantity of matter in an object– Grams (g)
• Time: seconds (s)• Volume: liter (L) and the milliliter (mL)
– 1 mL = 1 cm3
10.0 cm
10.0 cm
10.0 cm
The volume of the cube to the right is
1. 1.00 L
2. 100 mL
3. 1.00 kL
4. 30 cm3
5. 1.00 dL
10.0 cm
10.0 cm
10.0 cm
The volume of the cube to the right is
1. 1.00 L
2. 100 mL
3. 1.00 kL
4. 30 cm3
5. 1.00 dL
Temperature:
• A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.
• Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.o 0C is the freezing point of water.o 100C is the boiling point of water.
Temperature• The Kelvin is the SI
unit of temperature.• It is based on the
properties of gases.• There are no negative
Kelvin temperatures.• K = C + 273.15• F = 9/5(C) + 32• C = 5/9(F − 32)
1-5 Density and % Comp
d= mV
• Example Problems
% Comp=Part
TotalX 100
1-6 Uncertainties in Measurements
• Systematic errors (built in errors)– Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.
• Random errors– Limitation in reading a scale.
• Precision– Reproducibility of a measurement.
• Accuracy– How close to the real value.
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
Precision
Reproducibility ∼ 0.1 g ∼ 0.0001 g
Precision low high
1-7 Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.
Significant Figures1. All nonzero digits are significant.2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in the number.
Pacific/Atlantic Trick
Significant Figures
• When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.
The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air at 25°C is 515 m/s. Convert this speed to miles per hour.
Dimensional Analysis
hr
s
ft
mi
m
ft
s
m 515
First consider the units that need to be converted
Now find equalities between the units
1 m = 3.28 ft1 mi = 5280 ft1 hr = 3600 s
Now substitute the numbers
hr 1
s 3600
ft 5280
mi 1
m 1
ft 3.28
s
m 515
Ans 1151.73 mi/hr
What is the mass in lbs of 1.00 gal of water? The density of water is 1.00 g/mL.
g
lb
mL
g
L
mL
gal
Lgal 1.00
1.0 gal = 3.79 L1 L = 1000mL1 lb = 454 g
454g
1lb
mL 1
g 1
L 1
1000mL
gal 1
L 3.79gal 1.00
8.33lbs
Blood plasma for adults is about 3.1 L. Its density is 1.020 g/cm3. How many pounds of blood plasma are there in your body? ( 1 lb = 453.6 g)
3
3
g 1000 kg 1 cm kg1. 0.90 = 0.90
cm 1 g 1000 L L
The average density of a human brain is 0.90 g cm-3. Which of the following is the correct process to convert g cm-3 to kg L-1?
3-3
3
g 1 kg 10 cm kg2. 0.90 = 9.0 10
cm 1000 g 1 L L
3
3
g 1 kg 1000 cm kg3. 0.90 = 0.90
cm 1000 g 1 L L
3
3
g 1000 kg 1 cm kg1. 0.90 = 0.90
cm 1 g 1000 L L
The average density of a human brain is 0.90 g cm-3. Which of the following is the correct process to convert g cm-3 to kg L-1?
3-3
3
g 1 kg 10 cm kg2. 0.90 = 9.0 10
cm 1000 g 1 L L
3. 0.90
g
cm3
1 kg
1000 g
1000 cm3
1 L = 0.90
kg
L
The density of the earth is about 4 g ml-1. Which of the following is the correct process to convert g ml-1 to kg m-3?
36 3 3
g 1000 kg 1 ml kg3. 4 = 4 10
ml 1 g 1 10 m m
3 3
g 1 kg 1000 ml kg2. 4 = 4
ml 1000 g 1 m m
63
3 3
g 1 kg 1 10 ml kg1. 4 = 4 10
ml 1000 g 1 m m
From NASA files
The density of the earth is about 4 g ml-1. Which of the following is the correct process to convert g ml-1 to kg m-3?
36 3 3
g 1000 kg 1 ml kg3. 4 = 4 10
ml 1 g 1 10 m m
3 3
g 1 kg 1000 ml kg2. 4 = 4
ml 1000 g 1 m m
63
3 3
g 1 kg 1 10 ml kg1. 4 = 4 10
ml 1000 g 1 m m
From NASA files
A Galileo thermometer functions based on the dependence of density on temperature. Which of the following statements is correct?
1. The red ball at the bottom is less dense than the black ball on top.
2. The red ball is less dense than the liquid in the cylinder.
3. The black ball at the top is more dense than the blue ball on the bottom.
4. The black ball at the top is less dense than the liquid in the cylinder.
red
black
Which of the following expresses the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures?
1. 9.027 x 102 cm
2. 9.0269 x 102 cm3
3. 9.027 x 102 cm3
4. 9.026 x 102 cm3
5. 9.0 x 102 cm3
31.621 cm x 10.22 cm x 2.793292 cm =
Which of the following expresses the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures?
1. 9.027 x 102 cm
2. 9.0269 x 102 cm3
3. 9.027 x 102 cm3
4. 9.026 x 102 cm3
5. 9.0 x 102 cm3
31.621 cm x 10.22 cm x 2.793292 cm =
Which of the following expresses the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures and appropriate units?
86.31246762 g cm-3 x 10.5 cm3 =
1. 906.3 g
2. 906.28091 g cm3
3. 906.2 g cm-6
4. 906.28 g
5. 906 g
Which of the following expresses the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures and appropriate units?
86.31246762 g cm-3 x 10.5 cm3 =
1. 906.3 g
2. 906.28091 g cm3
3. 906.2 g cm-6
4. 906.28 g
5. 906 g
Which of the following do you think would be the best unit of measure to express the height of the Eiffel tower.
1. centimeters
2. nanometers
3. gigameters
4. meters
5. kilometers
Which of the following do you think would be the best unit of measure to express the height of the Eiffel tower.
1. centimeters
2. nanometers
3. gigameters
4. meters
5. kilometers
Which of the following is an SI unit ?
2. ml
3. kg
4. mg
1. km
5. cm
Which of the following is an SI unit ?
2. ml
3. kg
4. mg
1. km
5. cm