Chapter 1 Introduction toComputers

ITBIS 105

Prepared by Shanu Joseph

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How is a computer defined?

What Is a Computer?

Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory

Processes data into informationinformation

Accepts datadata

Produces and stores results

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Input and Output

Input Data entered to a computer system for processing.

from people or machines to computers

Output

the presentation of results of processing.

from computer to humans or other machines

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Data and Information

DataData

Raw facts or unprocessed items such as text, numbers, images, audio and video

InformationInformation

Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful

Input(Data)

Output(Information)

Process

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Hardware

Physical parts of the computer that you can touch, feel and weigh

Software

Non physical parts of the computer – the instructions or programs that tell the

hardware how to behave

Hardware and Software

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The Components of a Computer

The electric, electronic and mechanical components of the computer - hardware

Input devices Output devices System unit Storage devices Communication

devices

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The Components of a Computer

What is an input device? Hardware used

to enter dataand instructionsInto a computer

_____

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The Components of a Computer

What is an output device? Hardware that

conveys information to a user

______

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Computer Outputs

Softcopy output output on monitor or sounds from the speakers which are temporary

Hardcopy output the output from printers, or printed output that can be physically handled, folded

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The Components of a Computer

What is the system unit? Box-like case

containingelectroniccomponentsused to processdata

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The Components of a Computer

What is storage?

p. 1.06 Next

Holds data, instructions, and information for future use

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The Components of a Computer

What is communication device? Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions and information to and from one or more

computers.

A widely used communication device is the modem, which is used to connect your computer to the Internet through telephone line.

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Computer Software

set of programs / instructions that tells the computerwhat to do and how to do it

System software Application software

What is software?

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Computer Software

What is system software? Programs that control or maintain the operations of

the computer and its devices

Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS) • set of programs that coordinates all the activities of a computer. • provides the interface between the user and the computer’s hardware. • Examples are Microsoft DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, UNIX, LINUX…

Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS) • set of programs that coordinates all the activities of a computer. • provides the interface between the user and the computer’s hardware. • Examples are Microsoft DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, UNIX, LINUX…

Utility ProgramsUtility Programs allow the users to perform functions such as printing file, copying file, listing file names etc…

Utility ProgramsUtility Programs allow the users to perform functions such as printing file, copying file, listing file names etc…

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Computer Software

What is application software?

Presentation Graphics

Spreadsheet

Database

Word Processing

Programs that perform specific tasks for users Software Suite

Popular software applications bundled together as a single unit

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Reliability Storage

Why Is a Computer So Powerful?

The computer’s strengths

Speed Accuracy Consistency

Communications

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Categories of Computers

Personal computers

Midrange servers

Mainframe computers

What are the categories of computers?

Supercomputers

Mobile computers

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Personal Computers

What is a desktop computer? Designed so all of the components fit on or under

a desk or table

Most popular personal computers are either desktop or notebook PCs

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Mobile Computers

What is a notebook computer? Also called a laptop Portable, small enough to fit on your

lap Generally more expensive than a

desktop computer Can operate on batteries or a power

supply or both

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Mobile Computers

What is a tablet PC?

Smaller version is the modular computer

Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a stylus

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Handheld Computers

What is a handheld computer?

Used by mobile

employees such as meter readers and

delivery people

Small enough to fit

in your hand

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Handheld Computers

What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? Provides personal organizer functions

Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad

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Handheld Computers

What are Smart phones? Web-enabled telephone Allow you to check e-mail

and access the Internet

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Categories of Computers

Midrange server greater processing power,

storage capacity and reliability than personal computers

Typically supports several hundred and sometimes up to a few thousand connected computers.

Known as minicomputers in the past

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Categories of Computers

Mainframe Large, expensive, very powerful,

computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected computers simultaneously

Large storage capacity Used in large organizations

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Categories of Computers

Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful,

most expensive computer. Used for applications

requiring complex mathematical calculations such as medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research & petroleum exploration

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Computer Applications in SocietyWhat are some examples of computer applications in society?

Education Finance Government Healthcare Science Publishing Travel Industry

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Networks

What is a network? Collection of computers and devices connected

via communications devices and transmissionmedia

Each computer or device connected to a the network is called a node.

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Networks

What are the advantages of using a network? Facilitate communication Share hardware Share software Share data and

information Transfer funds

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Types of Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Network in limited geographical area such as home or office building

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

connects LANs in city or town

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Types of Networks

Wide area network (WAN)

Network that covers large geographic area using many types of media

Internet is world’s largest WAN

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Network Topology

Bus network All computers and devices

connect to central cable,or bus

Inexpensive and easy to install

Easy to add or delete devices from network

Failure of one device does not affect the rest of the network

Layout of computers and devices in network Popular topologies are bus, ring, and star

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Network Topology

Ring network Cable forms closed ring, or loop,

with all computers and devices arranged along ring

Data travels from device to device around entire ring, in one direction

If a computer or device on a ring network fails, all devices before the failed device are unaffected, but those after the failed device cannot function.

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Network Topology

Star network All devices connect to a

central system All data transferred from one

computer to another passes through the central system

Needs only one control unit But if control unit fails, the

whole network fails