CHAPTER 1 1.INTRODUCTION · PDF fileIn this mode the user can exclaim the system ... In the...

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CHAPTER 1

1.INTRODUCTION

Smart factory enables real-time collection of data, real-time analysis of

the data and consequently real-time decision-making. For the effective

production the workers should find their work environment safe and

comfortable . Smart Factory, which is comprised of hundreds and thousands of

sensors and devices that are managed by one central command or operator. This

serves as the link that connects everything together.

In the paper Remote-controllable power outlet system for home power

management. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2007 it describes the Wireless

Power Controlled Outlet Module (WPCOM) with a scalable mechanism for

home power management. WPCOM consists of six scalable modules, that is,

the Essential Control Module, the Bluetooth Module, the GSM Module, the

Ethernet Module, the SD Card Module and the Power Measuring Module,

which together provide an indoor wireless, and an outdoor remote control and

monitor of electric home appliances over a Bluetooth network in a home

environment. The WPCOM also allows a GSM cellular mobile phone using

SMS and PC or Notebook using the Internet to monitor and control electric

home appliances at remote locations.

In the paper Design and implementation of a real-time remote

measurement and monitoring of weather parameters system, Ai Rashed ; Oumar

;Singh ; IEEE Publication ; November 2013, it describes the development of an

automated real-time remote measurement and monitoring of weather parameters

system .This work brings forward new programmable device for remote real-

time measurement and monitoring of weather parameters. Three levels are

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included in the system: the microcontroller for information processing using

atmega32 with a control program for real time measurement, processing and

monitoring, GSM unit to provide wireless communication via cell phones for

monitoring of weather parameters, with the aid of sensors (temperature,

humidity, wind speed, pressure sensors) The System operates in two modes: the

first one is for real time transmitting of data through fixed time intervals, these

intervals are set via key pad according to the user requirement and GSM sharing

between the different sensors. A real time clock (RTC) is used for time

adjustment. The second mode is used in case of regular collection of data as

well as rain fall expectation, where the data is to be collected in regular

intervals,. In this mode the user can exclaim the system about the weather

parameters (temperature, humidity, dew point and rainfall) ,then the user will

receive a real time feedback SMS explaining the weather conditions.

In the paper Wireless access monitoring and control system based on

digital door lock. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2007, it describes a novel

wireless access monitoring and control system based on the digital door lock,

which is explosively used as a digital consumer device. ZigBee module and

digital door lock with human detection module were implemented. ZigBee

module was designed to support wireless sensor network and also used for the

ZigBee tag to identify the access objects. Digital door lock module was

implemented as a digital consumer device to control the access system as well

as locking system. It is very convenient system for the consumer and has

extensible and flexible characteristics. That is, it can be used as a home security

system by the ZigBee network with additional sensor devices. Developed

system will be improved to an application of the connection with the mobile

phone, in which it sends messages to the mobile phone of the user regarding the

current status and receives control commands from the mobile phone. This

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system can be one of the practical applications of the home network for the real

life.

The factory can be a smart factory only when there is a comfortable and

safety environment for workers and there should be an efficient production ,this

can be achieved by monitoring the factory environment by using various

sensors and the information from the sensors are collected by the controller.

The data‘s are send to the mobile through the GSM module as stated in the

above papers.

An intelligent monitoring system is suitable for factory area

management and control. Numerous industrial and work place hazards

necessitate a system that monitors the conditions of a factory area. A factory

health monitoring system was created to improve industrial processes by

reducing the handling of dangerous things time required. By using their smart

phones, managers can instantly monitor a factory area. This is a very innovative

approach to safeguard a workplace.

This project implements a real-time method to carry out the monitoring

of factory zone temperatures, humidity and air quality using smart phones. At

the same time, the system detects flames, and analyzes and monitors electrical

load. The monitoring also includes detecting the vibrations of operating

machinery in the factory area. These information's are sent to the user by Short

Message Service (SMS) which alerts the customer simultaneously using a GSM

module. Smart phone APP is developed to control the system. The APP

approach can be applied to the proposed system by using a smart phone.

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CHAPTER 2

2. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1. Block diagram

Fig: 2.1 Block Diagram

The brain of this system is a PIC microcontroller which collects

information from various sensors(temperature sensor, PIR sensor, gas sensor,

vibration sensor and flame sensor) and the data are being sent to the mobile via

GSM module.LCD is used to display the information and the loads are turned

on and off using relay circuit.

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Block diagram contains:

PIC 16F877A

Gas sensor

Vibration sensor

PIR sensor

Flame sensor

Temperature sensor

LCD display.

GSM module.

2.2. Circuit diagram:

Fig: 2.2.1 Overall Circuit Diagram

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Circuit diagram includes:

40 pin PIC Controller IC

16 pin (16 X 2) LCD

20MHz crystal

GSM module

Gas sensor

Vibration sensor

PIR sensor

Flame sensor

Temperature sensor

2.3. PIC CONTROLLER

2.3.1.PIN diagram:

Fig: 2.3.1 Pin Diagram

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Table 1. Pin classification

PORT-A RA-0 to RA-5 6 bit wide

PORT-B RB-0 to RB-7 8 bit wide

PORT-C RC-0 to RC-7 8 bit wide

PORT-D RD-0 to RD-7 8 bit wide

PORT-E RE-0 to RE-2 3 bit wide

Master clear for this PIC controller is enabled by pin number 1. This

resets the controller at that instant. Pin number 2 to 10(except 6) are used for

analog to digital interfacing, port C and D are used for parallel and serial

communication. There are two power supply (11, 31) and ground (12,32) pins.

Read/write/chip select are being decided by the output of pin number 8,9,10.

2.3.2. Architecture of PIC:

Fig: 2.3.2 Architecture

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2.3.3Features of PIC:

Harvard architecture and High performance RISC CPU.

Operating speed: 20 MHz, 200 ns instruction cycle.

It has 8K words X 14 bits of flash program memory.

Data RAM 368 bytes and EEPROM 256 bytes.

Operating voltage is 2V to 5.5V.

8 level deep hardware stack.

35 single word instruction.

Power saving sleep mode.

Selectable oscillator option.

5 I/O ports with 33 I/O pins.

It has 3 timers

Timer 0: 8 bit with 8 bit prescaler.

Timer 1: 8 bit with 8 bit prescaler.

Timer 2: 8 bit with 8 bit prescaler and postscaler.

Watchdog Timer with on chip RC oscillator.

All single cycle instruction except for program branches which

are 2 cycles.

USART with 9 bit address detection.

Synchronous serial port with two modes:

SPI Master

12C Master and slave.

Brown-out detection circuitry for brown out reset.

10 bit, 8 channel A/D converter.

Parallel slave port (PSP) 8 bit wide with external RD,WR and

CS controls.

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Two capture, compare, PWM modules.

It is 40 pin IC. In that 33 pins is used for general purpose I/O

and remaining 7 is used for clock, Vpp, ground and master

clear.

It is CMOS technology.

The 33 pins are again classified into 5 ports

2.3.4.Advantage and Application of PIC:

Fig:2.3.3 Tree diagram

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It has inbuilt ADC, Timer, PSP, CCP, MSSP, USART.

Reliable and malfunctioning percent is very less.

High performance due to RISC architecture.

Less power consumption.

Wide availability and large user base.

Re-programmable flash memory capability

Extensive collection of application notes.

Availability of low cost/free development tools.

In-circuit programming capability.

2.4. Gas sensor:

2.4.1.Working:

Whenever the LPG leakage is detected, the MQ_5 sensor gets activated

which in turn indicates it is ON position by a LED glow. This digital output is

given to the input port of controller at the pin no 33.MQ_5 Gas sensor has an

inbuilt Op-amp IC which amplifies the signal being detected and thereby adds

to its sensitivity.

Fig:2.4.1 Gas sensor module.

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2.4.2.Advantage of gas sensor:

Provides digital output, interfacing with microcontroller is easy.

Low power consumption.

High sensitivity to LPG.

Economical

Stable and long life

Fast response

2.5.Temperature sensor:

Fig: 2.5.1 Temperature sensor

2.5.1.Working principle

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,

with an output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus

the LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in °

Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the

output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any

external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room

temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to +150°C temperature range. Low

cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low output

impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 make

interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used

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with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35

draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than

0.1°C in still air.

2.5.2. Features

•Calibrated Directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

•Linear + 10 mV/°C Scale Factor

•0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at +25°C)

•Rated for Full −55°C to +150°C Range

•Suitable for Remote Applications

•Low Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming

•Operates from 4 to 30 V

•Less than 60-μA Current Drain

•Low Self-Heating, 0.08°C in Still Air

•Nonlinearity Only ±¼°C Typical

•Low Impedance Output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA Load.

2.6.Fire Sensor(IR sensor)

Fig 2.6.1 .Fire Sensor

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2.6.1.Working Principle

Infrared (IR) array flame detectors, also known as visual flame

detectors, employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing

near IR radiation using a charge-coupled device (CCD).

2.6.2Features

Allows your robot to detect flames from 2m away.

Fire indicator led.

Calibration preset for range adjustment.

Operating voltage is 5V

Active High Output

2.6.3.Applications

Industrial heating and drying systems

Domestic heating systems

Industrial gas turbines

2.7.VIBRATION SENSOR:

Fig,2.7.1.Vibration Sensor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device

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2.7.1.Working principle:

This circuit is using for detecting the vibration using piezo-electric plate.

Piezoelectricity is the ability of crystals and certain ceramic materials to

generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. Piezo electric plate

converts the mechanical vibration to electrical signal. The converted electrical

signal is in the range of milli voltage signal. Then the electrical signal voltage is

given to amplifier unit. The amplifier circuit is constructed with hex inverter IC

4069. The amplified output is in the form of AC signal the diode is used to

rectify the negative signal. Then the electrical signal voltage is given to

comparator unit through 0.1uf capacitor in order to filter the noise signal.

2.7.2.Features:

Power requirements: DC 12v

Device type: fang-wide solid-state control device

Operating Temperature: -30℃ ~ 65℃

Dimensions:45mm*38mm*20mm

2.7.3.Advantages:

Miswiring protection

One second current settling time

Low sensitivity to thermal gradients and base strain

Electronic resonance damping

Measures acceleration

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2.8.PIR Sensor:

Fig.2.8.1.PIR sensor

2.8.1.Working Principle:

The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special

material that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and

so we see that the two slots can 'see' out past some distance (basically the

sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same

amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors.

When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half

of the PIR sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two

halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens,

whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These change

pulses are what is detected.

2.8.2.Features:

Output: Digital pulse high (3V) when triggered (motion detected) digital

low when idle (no motion detected). Pulse lengths are determined by

resistors and capacitors on the PCB and differ from sensor to sensor.

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Sensitivity range: up to 20 feet (6 meters) 110 degrees x 70 degrees

detection range

Power supply: 3.3V - 5V input voltage,

2.8.3Applications:

All outdoor Lights

Lift Lobby

Multi Apartment Complexes

Common staircases

For Basement or Covered Parking Area

Shopping Malls

For garden lights

2.9.Power Supply :

2.9.1.Working Principle

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer,

which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode

rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a

simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually

has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc

value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc

voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the

popular voltage regulator IC units.

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Fig:2.9.1.Block diagram (Power supply)

2.9.2.Transformer :

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-

230V) to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be

connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–

amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage

output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

2.9.3.Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as

bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite

corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a

positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive

potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At

this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass

through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,

through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path

is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across

D1 and D3.

TRANSFORMER

RECTIFIER FILTER

IC REGULATOR LOAD

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One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer

reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current

flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through

the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken

arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current

flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this

current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since

current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied

voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier

is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output

that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit. This may be

shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B.

assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage

developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the

conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the

centre tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any

instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but

never exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In

the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified

is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output

voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the

same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage

than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

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2.9.4.IC voltage regulators:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC

units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control

device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of

either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set

voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from

hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings

from milli watts to tens of watts.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo,

from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.

For sensors, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

For relay circuits ---------- 12 volts

Fig:2.9.2: Circuit diagram (Power supply)

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2.10.LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig :2.10.1.:Voltage Regulator

2.10.1.Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive

regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed

output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type

employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area

protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is

provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily

as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components

to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

2.10.2Features:

Output Current up to 1A

Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

Thermal Overload Protection

Short Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

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2.11.Relay Circuit:

Fig:2.11.1.Relay

2.11.1.Description:

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1

of the microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at

a current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the

driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid

forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices.

Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high,

the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the

standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3

when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on.

2.12. Liquid Crystal Display:

2.12.1. Working:

As the system performs controlling and monitoring operations, it is

primary requirement to put a display in the system which shows various

message such as gas leakage detection, booking number of cylinder in case of

refill of cylinder and also will display actions taken by microcontroller. LCD is

connected to the PORT D in the controller.

We have also provided Liquid Crystal Display (LCD display) to this

system. We have used 16X2 alphanumeric display. LCD display shows actual

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weight of the gas and at the same time it shows various status messages like

―Sending SMS‖, ―SMS sent‖ and ―Gas has reached to 20% value‖ or ―Gas has

reached to 5% value‖. All these kinds of messages are show n on the LCD so

that person operating this project can read this message. LCD display is useful

in testing purposes as well.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2

such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This

LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Table: 2 LCD pin configuration

Pin

No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register

when high

Register

Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the

register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is

given Enable

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8-bit data pins

DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3

11 DB4

12 DB5

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13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

2.12.2. Interfacing ofLCD with PIC:

Fig: 2.12.1 Interfacing of LCD with PIC

2.13 GSM:

GSM is a second generation cellular system introduced in Europe. Here

GSM is used to send SMS to the user regarding the leakage of the gas and also

it notifies the user when the gas content is below a pre-set value. By this, the

user will be alerted in case of emergency. A SIM card is inserted in the GSM

module. And the mobile number to which the message has to be sent is given

through programming. It sends message to the user as explained.

The message is first sent to the Base Transceiver Station. Several Base

Transceiver Station will be connected to the Base Station Controller. Each Base

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Station Controller is connected to the Mobile Switching Center. The message

will be sent to the user through Home Location Register if the user is in the

same coverage area as that of Mobile Switching Center, and through Visitor

Location Register if the user is visiting the coverage area of the particular

Mobile Switching Center. Once the message is received, the user can decide

whether or not to book the gas cylinder. In case of the leakage message, the user

will be alerted.

2.13.1 Working:

Whenever there is a leakage detected, the sensor will send a stimulus to

the GSM module. The GSM then sends a message to the numbers which are

already programmed depending on the user's requirements. And also when the

gas content goes below 20% , the system will send an impulse to the GSM

module which in turn sends an alert message to the user. It is done using AT

commands.

2.13.2 Circuit Diagram:

Fig 2.13.1 GSM module

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2.13.3 Application of GSM module:

In various digital application such as GPS, cell phones and

laptops.

SMS feature which allows the user to send alphanumeric

characters of limited length.

It is used for voice transmission.

It also offers emergency calling and facsimile service.

It is used for high speed data transfer

2.14.WORKING MODULE IMAGE

Fig 2.14.1 Hardware Prototype

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CHAPTER 3

3. ALGORITHM:

To analyze the problem effectively, the algorithm is essential. This

chapter explains the step by step procedure of the entire process involved in this

project.

3.1Introduction:

PIC microcontrollers are a very useful and versatile tool. They are

inexpensive and easy to find. PICs are very easy to program. Assembler

converts the program into PIC understandable format. Here MPLAB is used to

program PIC controller using embedded C language. Writing algorithm for

program separately simplifies the overall task by dividing it into two simpler

tasks.

While writing the algorithm, solving problems can be focused

instead of concentrating on a particular language. Its reduces the complexity of

programming. Algorithms help in debugging and identifying the logical errors

easily.

3.2Algorithm steps:

1. Initialize header files for PIC.

2. Assign relay circuit for PORT B(RB5,6,7)

3.Assign keypad keys for PORT E and PORT C.

SetRE1

MovRC1

IncRC2

DecRC3

EntRE0

4.Assign digital outputs of fire and PIR sensors to the PORT B(RB3,RB4) of a

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microcontroller and assign analog outputs of temperature, gas and vibration

sensors to the PORT A.

5.Declare variables for different sensors of data type unsigned.

6. Initialize function calls for transmitter and receiver.

7. Declare PORT A for analog inputs ,PORT B for relay circuit and digital

input, PORT C and PORT E for keypad, PORT D for display.

8. Intialize LCD and OPTION Register.

9. Delay should be given between LCD displays .

10. Initialize the mobile using Mobile_Init() function

11.Set the mobile number using keypad.

12. Display the present sensor values in the LCD display.

13. Send messages to mobile via GSM module if following conditions occur

The conditions are

1.temperature greater than 40

2.Gas greater than 100

3.vibration greater than 50

4.Fire output is high

5.PIR output is high.

14. Here ,AT commands are used to communicate between GSM and PIC and

the messages are converted as text format in GSM and send to mobile.

15. Check for the interrupts.

16. Control the relay circuit if there is any fault in the sensors according to the

received messages from mobile by sending messages.

17. Turn off the relay circuit according to the message sent to microcontroller.

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3.3Algorithm description:

Here the microcontroller collects information from the various

sensors and sends to the mobile through GSM module. Therefore, the first step

is the mobile initialization where the mobile number is entered using keypad.

The keypad which is connected to the controller consists of five switches. They

are set, move, enter, increment, decrement. After mobile initialization, the

respective mobile number is displayed in the LCD display.

Based on the atmospheric conditions, sensor outputs are being

displayed initially. If any sensor detects and its output is higher than the

allowable limits then it sends its corresponding values to the microcontroller .

the sensor is detected when temperature is greater than 40,gas greater than

100,vibration greater than 50,fire and PIR output is high. The microcontroller

displays the sensor values on the LCD and also sends messages to the given

mobile number. For this purpose, AT commands are used between

microcontroller and GSM.

From the received information of the sensors in the mobile,

factory environment is monitored and can be controlled if necessary by sending

messages from the mobile via GSM to the microcontroller. The microcontroller

turns off the relay circuit according to the messages received. The relay circuit 1

is turned on when *1N is send from the mobile and the same circuit is turned

off when *1F is send. Similar steps are followed for relay circuits 2 and 3.

3.4Control registers:

A control register is a processor register which changes or controls the

general behavior of a CPU or other digital device. Common tasks performed

by control registers include interrupt control, switching the addressing mode,

paging control, and coprocessor control.

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3.4.1ADCON1 REGISTER:

The size of this register is one byte (8 bits). Each bit has an important role in the

definition of the component. Here's a breakdown of the bits role:

ADFM: A/D Result Format Select bit

1 = Right justified. 6 Most Significant bits of ADRESH are read as ‗0‘.

0 = Left justified. 6 Least Significant bits of ADRESL are read as ‗0‘.

The A/D converter has a resolution of ten bits, i.e., the result of the conversion

can not be stored in one register of eight bits.

. Therefore, the result is stored in two registers: ADRESL and ADRESH. The

size of each register is 8 bits long, so that we have 16 (2*8) bits all together. We

can store the result of the conversion which is 10 bits long using the two

registers ADRESL and ADRESH in the following 2 ways:

alignment to the left

alignment to the right

Alignment to the left – the eight MSB bits are stored in the ADRESH, and the

two LSB bits are stored in ADRESL. In this case, the remaining six bits appear

as - "0".

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Left Justified

X X X X X X X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0

ADRESH ADRESL

Alignment to the right – the eight LSB bits are stored in ADRESL, and two

MSB bits are stored in the ADRESH. In this case six highest bits appear as -

"0".

Right Justified

0 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X X X

ADRESH ADRESL

PCFG3:PCFG0: A/D Port Configuration Control bits:

With these bits PORTA or PORTE can be controlled. analog (A) or digital (D)

mode is decided. If PORTA and PORTE as analog ports, then select the option

PCFG3: PCFG0 = 0000; If the ports are digital, then select the option PCFG3:

PCFG0 = 011x.

In this project ADCON1 register has the following values.

ADFM - - - PCFG3 PCFG2 PCFG0 PCFG0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

.

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3.4.2INTCON REGISTERS:

GIE EEIE T0IE INTE RBIE T0IF INTF RBIF

GIE: The Global Interrupt Enable bit is like the master switch for all the

different interrupts.

SETTING this bit will enable all the interrupts to function, CLEARING this bit

will disable ALL interrupts.

1 = Enables all un-masked interrupts

0 = Disables all interrupts

EEIE: EE Write Complete Interrupt Enable bite Write Complete Interrupt

Enable bit allows an interrupt to occur when a write operation to the EEPROM

has completed. This interrupt may be required in your programs because it takes

time for a write operation to EEPROM to complete. This interrupt capability

allows the program to do other things instead of halting while the write

operation is accomplished. SETTING the EEIE bit allows an interrupt when the

write to EEPROM operation is complete; CLEARING the bit disables the

interrupt.

1 = Enables the EE write complete interrupt

0 = Disables the EE write complete interrupt

T0IE: The TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit allows an interrupt when the

TMR0 counter overflows from 255 (0xff) to 0 (0x00). Setting this bit allows the

TMR0 interrupt, CLEARING this bit will disable the interrupt.

1 = Enables the TMR0 interrupt0 = Disables the TMR0 interrupt

32

INTE: The RB0/INT External interrupt Enable bit allows an interrupt from a

clocking signal applied to pin RB0. Whether the interrupt occurs on the rising or

falling edge of this clocking signal is determined by the state of the INTEDG bit

in the OPTION_REG. SETTING the INTE bit allows an interrupt from the

signal on RB0, CLEARING this bit disables the interrupt

.

1 = Enables the RB0/INT interrupt

0 = Disables the RB0/INT interrupt

RBIE: The Port Change Interrupt Enable bit allows an interrupt when there is a

change of state on pins RB7, RB6, RB5 and RB4 on PORTB. SETTING the

RBIE bit will allow the PORTB change interrupts; CLEARING this bit disables

the interrupts.

1 = Enables the RB port change interrupt

0 = Disables the RB port change interrupt

T0IF: The TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit is used by the device to indicate

if the interrupt was the result of a TMR0 overflow. As you may have noticed, an

interrupt code will be triggered by any of the different resources available on the

MCU. It is up to you, the programmer, to determine through your software code

which of the resources generates the interrupt. Flag bits allow you to make that

determination. In this case, when a TMR0 overflow interrupt occurs, the TOIF

flag bit is SET. Early in the interrupt service routine (the subroutine program

that you will write to deal with an interrupt) , a check of the various flags is

accomplished - in this case, the TOIF flag, and if it is SET, a TMR0 interrupt

33

occurred and the program will take the desired action. You reset the TMR0

interrupt by CLEARING the TOIF bit. If you fail to reset the TOIF bit,

additional TMR0 interrupts will occur immediately once the interrupt service

routine has completed.

1 = TMR0 has overflowed (must be cleared in software)

0 = TMR0 did not overflow

INTF: The RB0/INT External Interrupt Flag bit is used by the device to

indicate if the interrupt was the result of a clocking signal on the RB0 pin. You

will need to check the state of INTF in the interrupt service routine to determine

if the interrupt occurred because of a clock signal on RB0. At completion of the

interrupt service routine, the INTF pin must be CLEARED to prevent

unintended interrupts.

1 = The RB0/INT interrupt occurred

0 = The RB0/INT interrupt did not occur

RBIF: The Port Change Interrupt Flag bit is used likewise by the device to

indicate if the interrupt was the result

1 = When at least one of the RB7:RB4 pins changed state (must be cleared in

software)

0 = None of the RB7:RB4 pins have changed state.

34

In this project INTCON Register has the following values:

GIE EEIE T0IE INTE RBIE T0IF INTF RBIF

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

3.4.3OPTION REGISTER:

The Option_Reg register is a Readable and Writable register that is

used to control some modules of the PIC. This register is only available from

bank 1 and bank 3. The bits of the Option_Reg register as as follows:

Bit # 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Access R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W

Initial 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Name -RBPU INTEDG TOCS TOSE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0

Bit <2:0> - PS<2:0>: Pre scalar rate selection

Those bits are Readable and Writable and after a reset they will get

the value '1'. They are used to set the Pre scalar rate. The values it can get are:

http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/Dimmer_Theory

http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/The_PS2_protocol

35

Bit 3 - PSA: Pre scalar Assignment

This bit is Readable and Writable and after a reset it will get the

value 1. This bit is used to assign the Pre scalar to the Watchdog timer or

the Timer 0 module. The values it can get are:

0: The Pre scalar r is assigned to the Timer 0 module (TMR0)

1: The Pre scalar is assigned to the Watchdog timer (WDT)

Bit 4 - TOSE: Timer 0 Source Edge Select


value 1. It is used to select the RA4/TOCKI pin clock edge (High to Low or

Low to High) on which the Timer 0 will count. The values it can get are:

0: Increment on Low to High

1: Increment on High to Low

Bit 5 - T0CS: Timer 0 Clock Source Select


value 1. This bit will define theTimer 0 module clock source. It can be

either the RA4/TOCKI pin or the Internal Instruction Cycle Clock

(CLKO). The values it can get are:

0: Timer 0 clock source is the Internal instruction cycle clock (CLKO)

1: Timer 0 clock source is the RA4/TOCKI pin

36

Bit 6 - INTEDG: RB0/INT pin Interrupt Edge Select


value 1. By altering this bit, you can select the RB0/INT pin pulse edge

that the RB0/INT interrupt will occur. The values it can get are:

0: The RB0/INT interrupt will occur on the falling edge of the

RB0/INT pin

1: The RB0/INT interrupt will occur on the rising edge of the

RB0/INT pin

Bit 7 - -RBPU: PORTB Pull-up Enable


value 1. The RB ports have an internal programmable pull-up resistor to

minimize the use of external pull-up resistors when needed. This bit will

enable or disable those resistors. The values it can get are:

0: The RB pull-up resistors are enabled

1: The RB pull-up resistors are disabled

In this project the value of OPTION Register has the following values

Bit # 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

37

Access R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W

Initial 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

Name -RBPU INTEDG TOCS TOSE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0

3.4.4INPUT/OUTPUT PORTSOF PIC 16F877:

PIC 16F877 series normally has five input/output ports. They are used for the

input/output interfacing with other devices/circuits. Most of these port pins are

multiplexed for handling alternate function for peripheral features on the

devices. All ports in a PIC chip are bi-directional. When the peripheral action is

enabled in a pin, it may not be used as its general input/output functions. The

PIC 16F877 chip basically has 5 input/output ports. The five input/output ports

and its functions are given below.

PORT A and the TRIS A Registers

PORT A is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port, the direction of this port is

controlled by TRIS A data direction register. Setting a TRIS A (=1) makes

corresponding PORT A pin as an input, clearing the TRIS A (=0) making the

corresponding PORT A pin as an output

Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the ―Timer0‖ module clock input to become the

RA4/T0CKI pin and functioning either input/output operation or Timer 0 clock

functioning module. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an

open-drain output. All other PORT A pins have TTL input levels and full

CMOS output drivers.

Other PORT A pins in this microcontroller multiplexed with analog inputs and

the analog VREF input for both the A/D converters and the comparators. The

operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the appropriate control bits

http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/The_PS2_protocol

38

in the ADCON1 and/or CMCON registers. The TRIS A register controls the

direction of the PORT pins even when they are being used as analog inputs. The

user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when using

them as analog inputs.

In this project the TRIS A Register has the following values:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

PORT B and the TRIS B Registers

PORT B is also an 8 bit bi-directional PORT. Its direction controlled and

maintained by TRIS B data direction register. Setting the TRIS B into logic ‗1‘

makes the corresponding ―PORT B‖ pin as an input. Clearing the TRIS B bit

make PORT B as an output. Three pins of PORT B are multiplexed with the In-

Circuit Debugger and Low-Voltage Programming function: RB3/PGM,

RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD for performing its alternate functions.

In this project the TRIS B Register has the following values:

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

PORT C and the TRIS C Registers

PORT C is an 8-bit wide, bidirectional PORT which controlled and

maintained by TRIS C data direction register. Setting a TRIS C bit (= 1) will

make the corresponding PORT C pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output

driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRIS C bit (= 0) will make the

corresponding PORT C pin an output PORT C is also multiplexed with several

peripheral functions. PORT C pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.

When enabling peripheral functions, more care should be taken in

defining TRIS bits for each PORT C pin as compared to other. Some

39

peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other

peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. Since the TRIS bit

override is in effect while the peripheral is enabled, read-modify write

instructions (BSF, BCF, and XORWF) with TRISC as the destination, should be

avoided. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for the

correct TRIS bit settings.

In this project the TRIS C Register has the following values:

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

PORT D and TRIS D Registers

PORT D is an 8-bit PORT with bi-directional nature. This port also with

Schmitt Trigger input buffers, each pin in this PORT D individually

configurable as either input or output. PORT D can be configured as an 8-bit

wide microprocessor PORT (functioning as Parallel Slave PORT) by setting

control bit, PSPMODE ((TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.

In this project the TRIS D Register has the following values:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PORT E and TRIS E Registers

PORT E has only three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and

RE2/CS/AN7) which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These

pins controllable by using its corresponding data direction register ―TRIS E‖.

These pins also have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. The PORT E pins become

the I/O control inputs for the microprocessor PORT when bit PSPMODE is set.

In this mode, the user must make certain that the TRIS E bits are set and that the

40

pins are configured as digital inputs. Also, ensure that ADCON1 is configured

for digital I/O. In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.

TRISE register which also controls the Parallel Slave PORT operation.

PORT E pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. When selected for analog

input, these pins will read as ‗0‘s. TRIS E controls the direction of the RE pins,

even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user must make sure to

keep the pins configured as inputs when using them as analog inputs.

In this project the TRIS E Register has the following values:

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

3.4.5 SCON (SERIAL CONTROL) REGISTER:

Its used to program the start bit, the stop bit and the data bits of data framing

among other things.

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 T1 R1

SM0

SM1

These 2 bits determine the framing of data by specifying number of

bits per character and start and stop bits they take following combo.

SM0 SM1 MODE

0 0 Serial mode 0

0 1 Serial mode 1, 8 bit data, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit.

1 0 Serial mode 2

1 1 Serial mode 3

SM2 This enables multiprocessing capabilities of 8051. Usually set to 0

41

REN

Also referred to as SCON.4 as SCON is a bit addressable register.

This is receive enable. When high or 1 it allows 8051 to receive data

from RxD pin. Used or access as SET SCON.4 and CLR SCON.4.

very useful in blocking external serial reception.

TB8 Transfer bit 8. Used for serial mode 2 and 3 not generally used so set

it always to 0

RB8 Receive bit 8. Again used for serial mode 2 and 3 not used so set it to

0

T1 Transmit interrupt. Important flag bit in SCON register. When 8051

finishes transfer of 8 bit character, it raises the T1 flag to indicate that

it is ready to transfer another byte. Is used at beginning of stop bit.

R1 Receive interrupt. Another important flag bit in SCON register. When

8051 finishes receiving data i.e when data is successfully stored in

SBUF it raises R1 flag to indicate byte is received and to be picked

before it gets lost.

In this project the SCON Register has the following values:

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 T1 R1

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

42

3.5Conclusion:

With the help of algorithm , problems can be analyzed

effectively, Logical errors can be corrected very easily,it act as a blueprint

during programming . Using the Algorithm the coding can be easily written

using any language like C,C++,BASIC or Assembly language.

CHAPTER 4

4.CONCLUSION

The factory area has a lot of very dangerous places that must be

monitored using various sensors. This intelligent monitoring system is suitable

for the management and control of a factory area. Managers using smart phones

to instantly monitor a factory area are a very innovative approach. With further

development the proposed monitoring system will be able to be widely applied

to any dangerous industrial place. For example, chemical product manufacturing

plants, cement product manufacturing plants or factories that employ highly

polluting substances. Remote monitoring using smart phones to do the work is

thus an excellent security application.

REFERENCE:

1.A real time GSM or GPS tracking system based on GSM mobile phone ,Ai

Rashed ; Oumar ;Singh ; IEEE Publication ; November 2013.

2.Design and Implementation of Remote Monitoring System , Zou Changsheng

; Zhang Zixuan ; He Xin ; IEEE Publication July 2015.

43

3.Lien, C.-H.; Bai, Y.-W.; Lin, M.-B. Remote-controllable power outlet system

for home power management. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2007, 53, 1634–

1641.

4.Salehi, V.; Mohamed, A.A.; Mazloomzadeh, A.; Mohammed, O.A.

Laboratory-based smart power system, part II: Control, monitoring, and

protection. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012, 3, 1405–1417.

5. Schroeder, K.; Moyne, W.; Tilbury, D.M. A Factory Health Monitor: System

Identification, Process Monitoring, and Control. In Proceedings of IEEE

International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, Arlington,

VA, USA, 23–26 August 2008; pp. 16–22.

Sensors 2013, 13 17412

6. Branch, M.; Bradley, B. Real-Time Web-Based System Monitoring. In

Proceedings of Conference Record of Annual Pulp and Paper Industry

Technical Conference, Appleton, WI, USA, 18–23 June 2006; pp. 1–4.

7. Huang, Y.P.; Young, M.S.; Tai, C.C. Noninvasive respiratory monitoring

system based on the piezoceramic transducer‘s piezoelectric effect. Rev. Sci.

Instrum. 2008, 79, doi:10.1063/1.2889398.

8. Hwang, I.-K.; Baek, J.-W. Wireless access monitoring and control system

based on digital door lock. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2007, 53, 1724–

1730.

44

9. Chen, B.-R.; Patel, S.; Buckley, T. A web-based system for home monitoring

of patients with Parkinson‘s disease using wearable sensors. IEEE Trans.

Biomed. Eng. 2011, 58, 831–836.

10. Islam, K.; Shen, W.; Wang, X. Wireless sensor network reliability and

security in factory automation: A survey. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C

Appl. Rev. 2012, 42, 1243–1256.

45

APPENDIX

1.CODING

.C FILE:

#include<pic.h>

#include"pic_lcd8.h"

#include"pic_adc.h"

#include"pic_serial.h"

#define relay3 RB7

#define relay2 RB6

#define relay1 RB5

#define set RE1

#define mov RC1

#define inc RC2

#define dec RC3

#define ent RE0

#define Fire RB3

#define Pir RB4

//#define vib RC0

unsigned char temp,Gas,Vib,ct1,ct2,c,val[30],a,m_sec,sec,i,b[14];

46

bit aa,bb,dd;

unsigned int s;

void Mobile_Init();

void receiver();

void enter();

void send( );

void keypad();

void main()

{

ADCON1=0x02;

TRISA=0Xff;

TRISC=0X8f;

TRISD=0X00;

TRISB=0X1F;

TRISE=0x07;

PORTB = 0X1F;

relay1=relay2=1;relay3=1;

Lcd8_Init();

Delay(5000);

Lcd8_Init();

Delay(5000);

OPTION_REG = 0;//nRBPU =0;

GIE=1;

PEIE=1;

TMR0=0x3c;

47

T0IE=0;

OPTION_REG=0x07;

TMR0IE=0;

TMR0IE=0;

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"Mob Moni & Emb ",16);

Lcd8_Display(0xC0,"Sys 4 Fac Enviro",16);

Delay(65000);Delay(65000);

Lcd8_Command(0x01);

Delay(65000);

//Serial_Init(9600);Receive(1);

Serial_Init(9600);

Mobile_Init();//Mobile_Init();

Receive(0);

relay1=1;relay2=1;relay3=1;

Delay(65000);Delay(65000);//Delay(65000);

Lcd8_Command(0x01);//keypad();

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"T: G: V: ",16);

Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"Fir: PIR: ",16);

while(1)

{

if(!set){keypad();}

//if(!mov){send();}

temp = Adc8_Cha(0);

Lcd8_Decimal3(0x82,temp);

if(temp>40){send();}

Gas = Adc8_Cha(1);

48

if(Gas>100){send();}

Lcd8_Decimal3(0x88,Gas);

Vib = Adc8_Cha(2);

Lcd8_Decimal3(0x8d,Vib);

if(Fire){Lcd8_Display(0xc4,"High",4);aa=1;}

else{Lcd8_Display(0xc4,"Low ",4);aa=0;}

if(Pir){Lcd8_Display(0xcc,"High",4);bb=1;}

else{Lcd8_Display(0xcc,"Low ",4);bb=0;}

Delay(6500);

}

}

void interrupt ab()

{

if(T0IF==1)

{

T0IF=0;

m_sec++;

if(m_sec>20)

{

sec++;

49

m_sec=0;

}

TMR0=0x3c;

}

if(RCIF==1)

{

RCIF=0;

val[a]=RCREG;

if(val[0] == '*' ){a++; }

else a=0;

}

}

void Mobile_Init()

{

Lcd8_Command(0x01);

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"MOBILE INITLIZAT",16);

Receive(0);

Serial_Conout("AT",2);

Serial_Out(0x0d);

Delay(65000);Delay(65000); //Delay(65000);

Serial_Conout("AT+CMGF=1",9);

Serial_Out(0x0d);

Delay(65000);Delay(65000); //Delay(65000);

Serial_Conout("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0",17);

Serial_Out(0x0d);

50

Delay(65000);Delay(65000);//Delay(65000);

Receive(0);

}

void enter()

{

Serial_Out(0x0d);

Serial_Out(0x0a);

}

void send()

{

Lcd8_Command(0x01);Delay(65000);

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"SENDING",7);

Receive(0);

enter();

Serial_Conout("AT",2);

enter();

Delay(65000);Delay(10000);

Serial_Conout("AT+CMGF=1",9);

enter();

Delay(65000);Delay(15000);

Serial_Conout("AT+CMGS=",8);

Serial_Out('"');

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"MOBILE NO ",16);

//if(aa==1)

//{Serial_Conout("9942481378",10);Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"9942481378

",16);}

51

//else if(aa==0)

{Serial_Conout("9688077740",10);Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"9688077740 ",16);}

for(i=0;i<10;i++){b[i]=EEPROM_READ(i);Delay(6500);Lcd8_Write(0x

c4+i,b[i]);}

for(i=0;i<10;i++){Serial_Out(b[i]);Lcd8_Write(0xc0+i,b[i]);}

Serial_Out('"');

enter();Delay(65000);

//Serial_Conout("Temp:",5);

Serial_Out(temp%1000/100+0x30);



Serial_Out('?');

// enter();

// Serial_Conout("Gas:",4);

Serial_Out(Gas%1000/100+0x30);



Serial_Out('?');

// enter();

// Serial_Conout("Vibration:",10);

Serial_Out(Vib%1000/100+0x30);



Serial_Out('?');

// enter();

if(aa == 1){Serial_Conout("Fire Detected",13);Serial_Out('?');}

52

//enter();

if(bb == 1){Serial_Conout("PIR Detected",12);Serial_Out('?');}

//enter();

Serial_Out(0x1a);Delay(65000);Delay(65000);Delay(65000);Delay(6500

0);

Lcd8_Command(0x01);

Delay(65000);Delay(65000);Receive(0);a=0;

Lcd8_Display(0xc0," COMPLETE

",16);Delay(65000);Lcd8_Command(0x01);



}

void keypad()

{

unsigned char k=0;c=0;

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"ENTER MOBILE NO:",16);

Lcd8_Display(0xC0," ",16);

Lcd8_Command(0x0e);

Delay(65000);

while(ent)

{

Lcd8_Command(0xc0+k);

53

if(!inc){while(!inc)Delay(650);c++;if(c>9)c=0;b[k]=c+0x30;Lcd8_Write

(0xc0+k,b[k]);}

if(!dec){while(!dec)Delay(650);c--

;if(c>9)c=9;b[k]=c+0x30;Lcd8_Write(0xc0+k,b[k]);}

if(!mov){while(!mov)Delay(650);k++;if(k>9){k=0;}}

}

Lcd8_Command(0x0c);

Lcd8_Display(0x80,"MOBILE NO STORED",16);

Lcd8_Display(0xc0," ",16);

for(i=0;i<10;i++){EEPROM_WRITE(i,b[i]);Delay(5000);}

for(i=0;i<10;i++){b[i]=EEPROM_READ(i);Delay(6500);Lcd8_Write(0x

c4+i,b[i]);}

Delay(65000);Lcd8_Command(0x01);

Delay(65000);



}

54

.H FILE:

Adc8_Cha(unsigned char);

Adc10_Cha(unsigned char);

unsigned int adc_hbit,adc_lbit;

unsigned int adc_temp,adc_temp0,adc_val1;

unsigned char adc_val,adc_del,adc_j;

Adc8_Cha(unsigned char val)

{

ADFM=0;

adc_del=25;

if(val==0)

{

adc_temp0=0;

for(adc_j=0;adc_j<10;adc_j++)

{

ADCON0=0x00;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x05;

while(ADCON0!=0X01);

adc_temp=ADRESH;

adc_temp0=adc_temp0+adc_temp;

}

}

55

else if(val==1)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x08;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x0d;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==2)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x10;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x15;

while(ADCON0!=0x11);

adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==3)

56

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x18;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x1d;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==4)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x20;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x25;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==5)

{

57

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x28;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x2d;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==6)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x30;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x35;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

else if(val==7)

{

adc_temp0=0;

58


{

ADCON0=0x38;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x3d;


adc_temp=ADRESH;


}

}

adc_val=adc_temp0/10;

return adc_val;

}

Adc10_Cha(unsigned char val)

{

ADFM=1;

adc_del=25;

if(val==0)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x00;

ADON=1;

59

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x05;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;Delay(100);

adc_lbit=ADRESL;

adc_temp = adc_lbit + (256*adc_hbit);


}

}

else if(val==1)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x08;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x0d;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

else if(val==2)

{

adc_temp0=0;


60

{

ADCON0=0x10;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x15;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

else if(val==3)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x18;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x1d;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

else if(val==4)

61

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x20;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x25;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

else if(val==5)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x28;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x2d;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



62

}

}

else if(val==6)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x30;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x35;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

else if(val==7)

{

adc_temp0=0;


{

ADCON0=0x38;

ADON=1;

while(adc_del--);

ADCON0 =0x3d;


adc_hbit=ADRESH;

63

adc_lbit=ADRESL;



}

}

adc_val1=adc_temp0/10;

return adc_val1;

}

void Serial_Init(unsigned long int);

void Serial_Out(unsigned char);

void Serial_Conout(const unsigned char *,unsigned char);

void Baudrate(unsigned long int);

void Receive(unsigned char);

void Serial_Init(unsigned long int baud)

{

Baudrate(baud);

SYNC = 0; // asynchronous mode

SPEN = 1; // serial port enable

TXEN = 1; // tx enable

GIE=1;

PEIE=1;

RCIE = 0; // interrupt set

CREN = 0; // rx enable

}

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void Serial_Out(unsigned char val)

{

TXREG =val;

while(!TXIF);

TXIF = 0;Delay(5000);

}

void Serial_Conout(const unsigned char *data,unsigned char n)

{

unsigned char ser_j;

for(ser_j=0;ser_j<n;ser_j++)

{

Serial_Out(data[ser_j]);

}

}

void Baudrate(unsigned long int baud)

{

if(baud==110) //Crystal Freq 1 Mhz

{

SPBRG = 141; // for 110 baud rate

BRGH = 0; // baud rate low

}

else if(baud==1200) //Crystal Freq 4 Mhz

{


BRGH = 0; // baud rate high

}

65

else if(baud==2400)

{



}

else if(baud==4800)

{



}

else if(baud==9600)

{



}

else if(baud==9620)

{



}

else if(baud==57600)

{



}

else if(baud==115200)

{



66

}

}

void Receive(unsigned char rece)

{

if(rece==1)

{



}

else

{



}

}

CHAPTER 1 1.INTRODUCTION · PDF fileIn this mode the user can exclaim the system ... In the...

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