Chapter 1 1(1).pdf · Chemistry is the study of the composition , structure , and properties of...

Chapter 1Chapter 1

““Introduction to Introduction to

ChemistryChemistry””

Section 1.1Section 1.1

ChemistryChemistry

�� OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–– Identify Identify five traditional areasfive traditional areas of study in of study in

chemistry.chemistry.

–– Relate Relate purepure chemistry to chemistry to appliedapplied chemistry.chemistry.

–– Identify Identify reasonsreasons to study chemistry.to study chemistry.

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

�� Chemistry is the study of the Chemistry is the study of the

composition of composition of ““mattermatter”” –– (matter is (matter is

anything with mass and occupies anything with mass and occupies

space), its composition, properties, and space), its composition, properties, and

the changes it undergoes.the changes it undergoes.

�� Has a definite affect on everyday life Has a definite affect on everyday life --

taste of foods, grades of gasoline, etc.taste of foods, grades of gasoline, etc.

�� Living and nonliving things are made of Living and nonliving things are made of

matter.matter.

Chemistry is the

study of the

composition, structure, and properties of matter

and the changes it

undergoes – such

as burning fuels.

C2H5OH + 3 O2 �� 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Energy

Reactants �� Products

5 Major Areas of Chemistry5 Major Areas of Chemistry�� Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry-- concerned with concerned with

the composition of substances.the composition of substances.

�� Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry-- primarily deals primarily deals with substances without carbonwith substances without carbon

�� Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry-- essentially all essentially all substances containing carbonsubstances containing carbon

�� BiochemistryBiochemistry-- Chemistry of living thingsChemistry of living things

�� Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry-- describes the describes the behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching); behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching); involves lots of math!involves lots of math!

Boundaries not firm Boundaries not firm –– they overlap and interactthey overlap and interact

- Page 8

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?�� Pure chemistryPure chemistry-- gathers knowledge for gathers knowledge for

the the sake of knowledgesake of knowledge

�� Applied ChemistryApplied Chemistry-- is using chemistry is using chemistry

to to attain certain goalsattain certain goals, in fields like , in fields like

medicine, agriculture, and medicine, agriculture, and

manufacturing manufacturing –– leads to an leads to an

applicationapplication * Nylon * Nylon –– Figure 1.3, page Figure 1.3, page

99

* Aspirin (C* Aspirin (C99HH88OO44) ) -- to relieve painto relieve pain

* Use of TECHNOLOGY * Use of TECHNOLOGY (benefit!)(benefit!) ��

Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry?

�� Everyone and everything around us Everyone and everything around us involves chemistry involves chemistry –– explains our worldexplains our world

�� What in the world isnWhat in the world isn’’t Chemistry?t Chemistry?

�� Helps you make choices; helps make Helps you make choices; helps make you a better informed citizenyou a better informed citizen

�� A possible career for your futureA possible career for your future

�� Used to attain a specific goalUsed to attain a specific goal

�� What did we describe as What did we describe as ““purepure”” and and ““appliedapplied”” chemistry?chemistry?

Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry?

��Figure 1.2, page 8Figure 1.2, page 8

––What benefits do each of the What benefits do each of the pictures represent in pictures represent in improving our lives?improving our lives?

––Give 3 examples in your daily Give 3 examples in your daily life that life that involve use of involve use of chemistrychemistry, and 3 things that , and 3 things that do not?do not?

Concept CheckConcept Check

1.1. Explain why chemistry affects all aspects of Explain why chemistry affects all aspects of

life and most natural events.life and most natural events.

2.2. Identify Identify five traditional areasfive traditional areas of study in of study in

chemistrychemistry

3.3. Relate Relate purepure chemistry to chemistry to appliedapplied chemistry.chemistry.

4.4. Identify three Identify three reasonsreasons to study chemistry.to study chemistry.

Section 2Section 2

Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide


–– Identify some Identify some areas of researchareas of research affected by affected by


–– Describe some Describe some examplesexamples of research in of research in


–– Distinguish between Distinguish between macroscopicmacroscopic and and

microscopicmicroscopic views.views.

MaterialsMaterials

��Chemists design materials to fit Chemists design materials to fit specific needs specific needs –– velcro, perfume, velcro, perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fiberspolyester fibers

��Two different ways to look at the Two different ways to look at the world: macroscopic and world: macroscopic and microscopicmicroscopic

EnergyEnergy

��We constantly have greater We constantly have greater

demands and chemistry helps to demands and chemistry helps to

meet those needs.meet those needs.

––We can conserve it; use wiselyWe can conserve it; use wisely

»»Example: InsulationExample: Insulation

EnergyEnergy––Reduce the use of fossil fuelsReduce the use of fossil fuels

»»We can try to produce more; oil We can try to produce more; oil from soybeans to make from soybeans to make biodieselbiodiesel

––Find ways to store/produce Find ways to store/produce

energyenergy

»»solar, batteries (that store solar, batteries (that store energy energy –– rechargeable?), rechargeable?), nuclear (donnuclear (don’’t forget pollution!)t forget pollution!) ��

Medicine and BiotechnologyMedicine and Biotechnology

��Supply materials doctors use to Supply materials doctors use to

treat patientstreat patients–– Medicines are effective because they Medicines are effective because they

interact with cellular chemistry.interact with cellular chemistry.

––materials to repair/replace body materials to repair/replace body

parts parts

»»example: artery transplants example: artery transplants and hipbonesand hipbones

––Biotechnology applies science to Biotechnology applies science to produce biological productsproduce biological products»»Example: bacteria produce Example: bacteria produce insulininsulin

AgricultureAgriculture

��Chemists help tp develop more Chemists help tp develop more

productive crops and safer, more productive crops and safer, more

effective ways to protect crops.effective ways to protect crops.

––Produce the worldProduce the world’’s food supplys food supply

»»Use chemistry for better Use chemistry for better productivity productivity –– soil, water, weedssoil, water, weeds

»»plant growth hormonesplant growth hormones

––ways to protect crops; ways to protect crops; insecticidesinsecticides»»disease resistant plantsdisease resistant plants»»Genes from jellyfish Genes from jellyfish transferred to potato plant so transferred to potato plant so that it glows when it needs that it glows when it needs watering.watering.

The EnvironmentThe Environment

�� Chemists identify pollutants and Chemists identify pollutants and

prevent pollution.prevent pollution.

––Pollutant: material that is harmful to Pollutant: material that is harmful to organismsorganisms

––both risks and benefits involved in both risks and benefits involved in discoveriesdiscoveries

The EnvironmentThe Environment

––Lead paint was prohibited in 1978; Lead paint was prohibited in 1978; Leaded gasoline? Drinking water?Leaded gasoline? Drinking water?»»carbon dioxide, ozone, global carbon dioxide, ozone, global warmingwarming

- Page 16

88.2%

440,000

After lead was banned in gasoline and public water

supply systems, less lead entered the environment.

Let’s examine some information from a graph.

The UniverseThe Universe

��Need to gather data from afar, and Need to gather data from afar, and analyze matter brought back to analyze matter brought back to EarthEarth

––composition of the planetscomposition of the planets

––analyze moon rocksanalyze moon rocks

––planet atmospheresplanet atmospheres

––life on other planets?life on other planets?

Concept Check: Section 2Concept Check: Section 2�� When chemists develop new materials, When chemists develop new materials,

what is their general goal?what is their general goal?

�� Name three ways chemists help meet Name three ways chemists help meet the demand for energy.the demand for energy.

�� How do chemists help doctors treat How do chemists help doctors treat patients?patients?

�� What role do chemists play in What role do chemists play in agriculture?agriculture?

�� How do chemists help to protect the How do chemists help to protect the environment?environment?

�� Describe two ways chemists study the Describe two ways chemists study the universe?universe?


Thinking Like a ScientistThinking Like a Scientist


–– Describe how Lavoisier transformed Describe how Lavoisier transformed


–– Identify three steps in the scientific method.Identify three steps in the scientific method.

–– Explain why collaboration and Explain why collaboration and

communication are important in science.communication are important in science.

Alchemy Alchemy

�� DDeveloped the eveloped the tools and techniquestools and techniques

for working with chemicalsfor working with chemicals

�� The word The word chemistrychemistry comes from comes from

alchemyalchemy –– practiced in China and practiced in China and

India since 400 India since 400 B.C.B.C.

–– Originally focused on turning items into gold.Originally focused on turning items into gold.

�� Alchemy has two sides:Alchemy has two sides:

––Practical: Practical: techniquestechniques for working for working

with metals, glass, dyes, etc.with metals, glass, dyes, etc.

––Mystical: Mystical: conceptsconcepts like perfection like perfection ––

gold was a perfect metal gold was a perfect metal

An Experimental ApproachAn Experimental Approach

�� In the 1500s, a shift started from In the 1500s, a shift started from alchemy to science alchemy to science –– King Charles King Charles II was a supporter of the sciencesII was a supporter of the sciences

�� ““Royal Society of London for the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural KnowledgePromotion of Natural Knowledge””

��Encouraged scientists to use more Encouraged scientists to use more experimental evidence, and not experimental evidence, and not philosophical debatesphilosophical debates

LavoisierLavoisier

�� In the late 1700s, In the late 1700s, Antoine Antoine LavoisierLavoisier helped transform helped transform chemistry from a chemistry from a science of science of observationobservation to the to the science of science of measurementmeasurement –– still used todaystill used today

��He settled a longHe settled a long--standing debate standing debate about burning, which wasabout burning, which was……

––OxygenOxygen was required!was required!

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

��A logical approach to solving A logical approach to solving

problems or answering questions.problems or answering questions.

��Starts with Starts with observationobservation-- noting and noting and

recording information and factsrecording information and facts

��hypothesishypothesis-- a proposed a proposed

explanation for the observation; explanation for the observation;

must be tested by an experimentmust be tested by an experiment

Steps in the Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific Method1. Observations (uses your senses)1. Observations (uses your senses)

a)a) quantitative involves numbers = 95quantitative involves numbers = 95ooFF

b)b) qualitative is word description = hotqualitative is word description = hot

2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas) ��

-- possible explanation for the possible explanation for the

observation, or observation, or ““educatededucated””

guessguess

3. Performing experiments (the test)3. Performing experiments (the test) ��

-- gathers new information to help decidegathers new information to help decide

whether the hypothesis is validwhether the hypothesis is valid

Scientific MethodScientific Method

�� ““controlledcontrolled”” experimentexperiment-- designed to designed to

test the hypothesistest the hypothesis

�� only two possible answers:only two possible answers:

1)1) hypothesis is righthypothesis is right

2)2) hypothesis is wronghypothesis is wrong

�� We gather data and observations by We gather data and observations by

doing the experimentdoing the experiment

�� Modify hypothesis Modify hypothesis -- repeat the cyclerepeat the cycle

Scientific MethodScientific Method

�� We deal with We deal with variablesvariables, or factors that can , or factors that can

change. Two types:change. Two types:

1) 1) Manipulated variableManipulated variable (or independent (or independent

variable) is the one that variable) is the one that wewe changechange

2) 2) Responding variableResponding variable (or dependent (or dependent

variable) is the one observed during the variable) is the one observed during the

experimentexperiment

�� For results to be accepted, the experiment For results to be accepted, the experiment

needs to always produce the same resultneeds to always produce the same result

Outcomes over the long termOutcomes over the long term……

�� TheoryTheory (Model)(Model) ��

-- A set of A set of wellwell--testedtested hypotheses that give hypotheses that give

an overall an overall explanationexplanation of some natural of some natural

phenomenon phenomenon –– not able to be provednot able to be proved

�� Natural LawNatural Law (or Scientific Law)(or Scientific Law) ��

-- The same observation applies to manyThe same observation applies to many

different systems; different systems; summarizessummarizes resultsresults

-- an example would be:an example would be:

the Law of Conservation of Massthe Law of Conservation of Mass

Law vs. Theory

�A law summarizes what has happened.

�A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why it

happened – this changes as new information is gathered.

- Page 22

Using your senses to obtain information

Hypothesis is a

proposed explanation; should be based on

previous knowledge; an “educated” guess

The procedure that is used to test the hypothesis

A well-tested explanation for the observations; cannot be

proven due to new discoveries

Tells what happened

Collaboration / CommunicationCollaboration / Communication

�� When scientists share ideas by When scientists share ideas by

collaboration and communication, collaboration and communication,

they they increase the likelihoodincrease the likelihood of a of a

successful outcomesuccessful outcome

�� Collaboration Collaboration –– allows for different

knowledge or approaches to be used to

solve a problem.

Collaboration / CommunicationCollaboration / Communication

�� How is communication done?How is communication done?

�� Is the Internet reliable information?Is the Internet reliable information?

––http://www.dhmo.orghttp://www.dhmo.org

Concept Check Section 3Concept Check Section 3�� What did alchemists contribute to the What did alchemists contribute to the

development of chemistry?development of chemistry?

�� Describe how Lavoisier transformed Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry.chemistry.

�� Identify three steps in the scientific Identify three steps in the scientific method.method.

�� Explain why collaboration and Explain why collaboration and communication are important in science.communication are important in science.


Problem Solving in ChemistryProblem Solving in Chemistry


–– Identify two general steps in problem Identify two general steps in problem

solving.solving.

–– Describe three steps for solving numeric Describe three steps for solving numeric

problems.problems.

–– Describe two steps for solving conceptual Describe two steps for solving conceptual

problems.problems.


�� We are faced with problems each We are faced with problems each

day, and not just in chemistryday, and not just in chemistry

�� A solution (answer) needs to be foundA solution (answer) needs to be found

�� Trial and Error may work sometimes?Trial and Error may work sometimes?

�� But, there is a But, there is a methodmethod to problem to problem

solvingsolving that works better, and these that works better, and these

are skills that no one is born knowing are skills that no one is born knowing

–– they need to be learned.they need to be learned.


�� Effective problem solving usually Effective problem solving usually involves two general steps:involves two general steps:

1)1) Developing a planDeveloping a plan

2)2) Implementing that planImplementing that plan

�� The skills you use to solve a word The skills you use to solve a word problem in chemistry are NOT problem in chemistry are NOT different from those techniques different from those techniques used in shopping, cooking, or used in shopping, cooking, or planning a party.planning a party.

Solving Numeric ProblemsSolving Numeric Problems

�� MeasurementsMeasurements are an important part are an important part of chemistry; thus many of our word of chemistry; thus many of our word problems involve use of mathmaticsproblems involve use of mathmatics

––Word problems are Word problems are real life real life problemsproblems, and sometimes more , and sometimes more information is presented than information is presented than needed for a solutionneeded for a solution

�� Following skills presented will help Following skills presented will help you become more successfulyou become more successful


�� The three steps we will use for The three steps we will use for

solving a numeric word problem are:solving a numeric word problem are:

–– AAnalyzenalyze

–– CCalculatealculate

–– EEvaluatevaluate

Let’s learn how

to ACE these

numeric word problems!


�� AnalyzeAnalyze:: this is the starting pointthis is the starting point

–– Determine what are the Determine what are the known factorsknown factors, ,

and write them down on your paper!and write them down on your paper!

–– Determine what is the Determine what is the unknownunknown. If it is . If it is

a number, determine the a number, determine the unitsunits neededneeded

–– Plan how to relate these factorsPlan how to relate these factors--

choose an equation; use table or graphchoose an equation; use table or graph

�� This is the This is the heartheart of successful problem of successful problem

solving techniques solving techniques –– it is the it is the PLANPLAN


�� Calculate:Calculate: perform the mathematicsperform the mathematics

–– If your plan is correct, this is the If your plan is correct, this is the

easiest step. easiest step.

–– Calculator used? Do it correctly!Calculator used? Do it correctly!

–– May involve May involve rearrangingrearranging an an

equation algebraically; or, doing equation algebraically; or, doing

some some conversionconversion of units to some of units to some

other units.other units.


�� Evaluate:Evaluate: –– the finishing stepthe finishing step

–– Is it reasonable? Make sense? Is it reasonable? Make sense? Do an estimate for the answer, Do an estimate for the answer, and check your calculations.and check your calculations.

–– Need to round off the answer?Need to round off the answer?

–– Do you need scientific notation?Do you need scientific notation?

–– Do you have the correct units?Do you have the correct units?

–– Did you Did you answer the questionanswer the question??

Practice ProblemPractice Problem�� You have to walk 8 blocks. How long will You have to walk 8 blocks. How long will

it take if you can walk a mile in 20 it take if you can walk a mile in 20 minutes and 10 blocks equals 1 mile?minutes and 10 blocks equals 1 mile?

�� How many blocks can be walked in 48 How many blocks can be walked in 48 minutes?minutes?

�� How many minutes does it take to walk 6 How many minutes does it take to walk 6 blocks and back?blocks and back?

Solving Conceptual ProblemsSolving Conceptual Problems

�� Not all word problems in chemistry Not all word problems in chemistry involve doing calculationsinvolve doing calculations

�� Nonnumeric problems are called Nonnumeric problems are called conceptual problemsconceptual problems –– ask you to apply ask you to apply concepts to a new situationconcepts to a new situation

�� Steps are:Steps are:

1)1) Analyze and 2) SolveAnalyze and 2) Solve

�� Plan needed to link known to unknown, Plan needed to link known to unknown, but no checking units or calculationsbut no checking units or calculations

�� Do Do Conceptual Problem 2.1Conceptual Problem 2.1 on page 46on page 46

Practice ProblemPractice Problem

1. Describe 2 alternative orders in which 1. Describe 2 alternative orders in which Manny could complete his errands.Manny could complete his errands.

2. What if Manny had 7 errands instead of 2. What if Manny had 7 errands instead of 6? What would he need to do to adjust 6? What would he need to do to adjust for the extra errand?for the extra errand?

Adapted from: Stephen L. Cotton, Charles Adapted from: Stephen L. Cotton, Charles Page High SchoolPage High School

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