AP European History Mr. Blackmon

Chapter 07 The Scientific View of the World

The Old Science

1 Which was NOT a significant factor in the development of science during the 15th and16th centuries? A The Renaissance B Scientific writings of the ancient Greeks C The Ptotestant Reformation D The Roman Catholic emphasis on an appeal to authority in intellectual

matters E The experiences of direct observation

2 The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?A. AristotleB. VesaliusC. CopernicusD. GalileoE. Euclid

3. In the Middle Ages it was believed that the planets were kept in motion byA gravityB angelsC they did not move at allD magnetismE the devil

Astronomy and Physics4 Regiomontanus and Nicholas of Cusa helped lay the foundations for Copernicus's radical

theory of astronomy by their work in A telescopic observation B physics C mathematics D empirical science E philosophical disputation

5 The theory concerning the solar system that was published by Copernicus in 1543 deniedthe popular belief that the A. Earth revolves around the SunB. Earth revolves around the MoonC. Earth is the center of the universeD. Sun is the center of the universeE. Stars revolve around the Sun

6 The Copernican Revolution was so named because A it reconciled the Ptolemaic conception of the universe with observation . B it eliminated Ptolemy's cumbersome mathematics C it upset the comfortable assumptions of humanity's central place in the

universe D it was suppressed by the Inquisition E its elegant simplicity reflected godliness

7 At first ignored, the work of Copernicus was validated by A Tycho Brahe B Blaise Pascal C Kepler and Galileo D Descartes E Gilbert

8 The Scientific Revolution can be said to have begun with the heliocentric astronomy ofCopernicus and to have culminated with the scientific synthesis of A Kepler B Newton C Galileo D Tycho Brahe E Bacon

9 “And New Philosophy calls all in doubt,The element of Fire is quite put out;The Sun is lost, and th’Earth, and no man’s witCan well direct him where to look for it.”

These verses by John Donne (1573-1631) refer to the scientific work of

F. HarveyG. LeeuwenhoekH. CopernicusI. ParacelsusJ. Ptolemy

10 Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus’ theories byA. Introducing the concept of heliocentrism.B. Demonstrating the laws of gravitational attraction.C. Initially questioning the theory of crystalline spheres.D. Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits.E. Charting the epicycles of the planets.

11. Galileo*s greatest achievement wasA to establish a concept of a universe subject to mathematical lawsB to correctly account for the cause of the leaning tower at PisaC to successfully stand up for free thought against Papal authorityD the invention of calculusE combination of religious faith with scientific research

12 The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the MoonA. Has no phasesB. Has an irregular surfaceC. Is one of the planetsD. Does not revolve around the EarthE. Is illuminated by Mars.

13 By training Sir Isaac Newton was a A astronomer B chemist C mathematician D biologist E theologian

14 In his Principia Mathematica, 1687, Isaac Newton demonstrated all EXCEPT A that gravity and centripetal and centrifugal forces account for the motion of

heavenly bodies B that gravity and centripetal and centrifugal forces move earthly objects C that the natural laws that govern these forces allow the prediction of all natural

movement D that the natural laws explain how the universe is held together E that God created the universe bur does not intervene in it

15 Newton and Leibnitz discovered calculus at the same time, but independently. Which ofthe following pairs of scientists had a similar concurrent discovery? A Harvey and Paracelsus B Pavlov and Lyell C Darwin and Wallace

D Kepler and Copernicus E Einstein and Bohr

16 The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and NewtonembracedA. Aristotelian philosophyB. A belief in an ascending “chain of being”C. A conception of a spiritually animate universeD. The belief in the fixed, central position of the EarthE. The science of mechanics.

17 Place the principal discoveries of the following scientists in the correct chronologicalorder. A Brahe, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton B Kepler, Newton, Brahe, Copernicus C Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Newton D Brahe, Newton, Copernicus, Kepler E Copernicus, Newton, Kepler, Brahe

Anatomy and Medicine

18 In the early modern period medical advances were hindered by religious objections toA professional schools for doctorsB printing booksC experimenting with medicinesD alchemyE dissection of human bodies

19. Which of the following pairs does NOT match?A Newton and CalculusB Galileo and the telescopeC Copernicus and the spring-run watchD Leeuwenhock and the microscopeE Harvey and blood circulation

Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes

20 ''The first rule of science is never to receive anything as a truth which you do not clearlyknow to be such; avoid haste and prejudices."

The above idea was first widely accepted by scientists in which of the following centuries A fifteenth B sixteenth C seventeenth D eighteenth E nineteenth

21. The most notable characteristic of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century wastheA emphasis on empirical data and observation

B breakthroughs in medicine which reduced the death rateC major advances in the engineering of firearmsD new insights into genetic codesE application of steam power to pumping water

A late 17th century engraving of the old observing room at the Greenwich Observatory, England.The Granger Collection, New York.

22 The illustration above demonstrates what principle crucial to the emerging field ofscience? A The air of Eastern England is best for observing stars. B Science can be practiced best with royal patronage. C Many assistants were necessary to do scientific research. D Science is only as good as the tools it produces. E Science should proceed from an empirical collection of data and analysis.

23. The key to the scientific revolution*s achievements in astronomy was theA discoveries brought back from the far east by explorersB encouragement of the PapacyC spread of literacy and educationD fusion of mathematics with observational dataE establishment of science departments in universities

24 The experimental or inductive method was championed in the 16th century by A Francis Bacon B Girolamo Cardano C Wilhelm Leibniz D Aristotle E Christian Huygens

25 Sir Francis BaconA argued that faith rather than observation was the most reliable guide to scienceB first linked the concepts of science and material progressC used his political power to persecute rival scientistsD invented the microscopeE was the last important scientist to believe in the Anglican faith

Questions 26 and 27 are based on the passage below.

‘There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The oneflies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principlesproceeds to judgement and to the discovery of the truth. This way is now in fashion. Theother derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbrokenascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all. This is the true way, but asyet rarely tried.”

26 The author of the above passage would have been an advocate ofA deductionB papal infalibiityC CalvinismD LutheranismE induction

27 The author of the above passage wasA Tycho BraheB Pope Julius IIC Francis BaconD Girolamo SavonarolaE Martin Luther

28 “His enthusiasm for scientific method, his belief that everything could be reduced tomathematical terms, and his insistence on systematic doubt of all earlier theories left aprofound mark on the thinking of scientists in the next two centuries.”

The passage above is a description of the work of

A. Francis BaconB. Tycho BraheC. Isaac NewtonD. René DescartesE. Baruch Spinosa.

29 “Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much . . . ashe has observed . . . . Beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything.”

The passage above was written by

A. Francis BaconB. Martin Luther C. René DescartesD. Georg HegelE. Friedrich Nietzsche

30 The famous phrase "Cogito ergo sum," "I think, therefore I am," was the logicalfoundation upon which the systematic doubt of 17th-century thinker Rene Descartes built

a proof of reality. His philosophy was significant because A it repudiated Christianity B it defined many of the significant issues of modern philosophy C it proved Deism D it established Cartesian duality as the basis for modern science E it relegated God to the role of Prime Mover

32 “Cogito ergo sum”, I think therefore I am, was a fundamental statement connected withA Martin Luther*s stand at the Diet of WormsB the first romantic novelC the Papal defense of the Council of TrentD Cromwell*s assertion of kingly powerE the triumph of human reason in the seventeenth century

33 René Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in theseventeenth century by A. Making observations of planetary movementsB. Perfecting the metric systemC. Conducting experiments about gravitational forcesD. Introducing logarithmsE. Articulating theories of the scientific method.

34 The three thinkers most closely related to advances in methodology during the scientificrevolution wereA Copernicus, Brahe, and KeplerB Brahe, Versalius, and HarveyC Bacon, Galileo, and DescartesD Harvey, Galileo, and NewtonE Newton, Bacon, and Copernicus

35 The most likely person to have said that “I stood on the shoulders of giants” wasA Louis XIV B the Great ElectorC Isaac NewtonD Thomas HobbesE John Milton

Women and Science

Religion and Skepticism

36 During the seventeenth century, developments in science served as an incentive for whichof the following?A. The universe was perceived in increasingly mechanistic termsB. Intolerance reached new heightsC. The Catholic Church created the Inquisition to combat new ideasD. People became more religiousE. Major changes in industrial technology occurred.

37 As a result of the scientific theories developed through the 16th and 17th centuries,Europeans developed a conception of the universe

A as governed by natural laws B as geocentric C as guided in every physical realm by a personal God D as chaotic, reflective of chance E as Aristotelian in makeup

38 The most serious conflict facing great thinkers of the seventeenth century, such as IsaacNewton and Blaise Pascal, wasA understanding the role of the king in national politicsB resolving the dilemma between Christianity and IslamC replacing the scientific method with irrational thinkingD rejecting mathematics in place of alchemyE reconciling scientific discoveries with Christian teaching

Hobbes and Locke39 Which group was most likely to be attracted to John Locke's philosophy of government?

A poor women B day laborers C wealthy merchants D royalty E slaves

40 “Each individual, bestowing more time and attention upon the means of preserving andincreasing his portion of wealth than is or can be bestowed by government, is likely totake a more effectual course than what, in this instance and on his behalf, would be takenby government.”

The quotation above best illustrates which of the following?A. FascismB. MercantilismC. SyndicalismD. Classical liberalismE. Utopian socialism

41 “Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estateand subjected to the political power of another without his own consent, which is done byagreeing with other men , to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe,and peaceable living in a secure enjoyment of their properties.”

The question above is from a work by

A. John LockeB. Francis BaconC. Edmund BurkeD. VoltaireE. Adam Smith

42 "Revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Greatmistakes by the ruler, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of humanfrailty will be bourne by the people without any mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of

abuses and prevarication and artifaces, all tending the same way, make the design oftyranny visible to the people, it is not to be wondered that they should then rousethemselves and endeavor to put the rule into such hands which may secure to them theends for which government was at first erected." A John Locke B Jean Bodin C Thomas Hobbes D Viscomte de Chateaubriand E Jacques Bossuet

43 The political philosophy of which of the following argued that governments are set up toprotect the life, liberty, and property of the people? A Thomas Hobbes B Bishop Laud C Oliver Cromwell D James II E John Locke

44 John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the followingviews of human nature?A. People are basically rational and learn from practical experienceB. People are weak and sinful and need the guidance of organized religion.C. People are fallible and need guidance from the cumulative wisdom of traditionD. People are inherently quarrelsome and should never be encouraged to revolt

against state authority.E. People are born with all knowledge and learning is the process of remembering

that innate knowledge45 "Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep all

in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as of every man;and the life of man: soilitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." A Thomas Hobbes B lohn Locke C Rene Descartes D Tom Paine E lohn Wilkes

46. John Milton*s Areopagitica (published 1644) wasA a call for the return of the StuartsB an attack on CromwellC a plea for freedom of speechD an argument for religious tolerationE an analysis of predestination

Science and Technology

47 All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenthcenturies EXCEPTA. FirearmsB. Movable printing type

C. The compound microscopeD. The compassE. The flying shuttle

48. The Royal Society in London was founded in 1660 toA encourage exploration in AsiaB protect the rights of CatholicsC support Charles II*s attempts to reassert royal authorityD be the forerunner of a national bankE promote scientific research

49 Which revolution caused a greater change in the world-view and in the evolution ofWestern society? A The French Revolution B The Russian Revolution of 1917 C The American Revolution D The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century E The Price Revolution of the 16th century