Chapter 02Chapter 02

Terms Pertaining to Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Wholethe Body as a Whole

THE CELLTHE CELL Fundamental unit of all living

things, contains: Cell membrane: surrounds & protects,

controls flow in & out of the cell Nucleus: controls operations of the cell Chromosomes: rod-like structures

within nucleus (contain genes; DNA)23 pair; 46 total

Figure 2-2. Egg and sperm cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.

Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23rd pair is the XY pair. In a normal female karyotype, the 23rd pair is XX. (X chromosome is near number 5 pair and Y chromosome is near number 22 pair.)

(A) Karyotype of Down syndrome female showing trisomy 21. (B) Photograph of a 3½-year-old girl with the typical facial appearance that occurs in Down syndrome. This includes a flat nasal bridge, an upward slant of the eyes, and a protruding tongue. Other characteristics of Down syndrome patients are mental deficiency and heart defects.

THE CELLTHE CELL Cytoplasm: all material outside the cell

nucleus and inside the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell

Mitochondria: produce energy by burning food in presence of oxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of canals within cell where proteins are manufactured

What is the root word for cell? What are some common suffixes using

the root?

Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōmz) are small granules that help the cell make proteins.

MAJOR PART OF A CELLMAJOR PART OF A CELL

MMETABOLISMETABOLISM The sum of the chemical

processes in a cell; two typesCata/bol/ism = process of

breaking down into smaller material

Ana/bol/ism = process of building complex materials from smaller materials

Types of cells. (A) muscle cell(B) nerve cell(C) epithelial cell(D) fat cell.

TISSUETISSUE A group of similar cells working together

to do a specific job; 4 types: Epithelial - forms the lining of internal

organs and outer surfaces of the skin, located all over the body

Muscle - two types; Voluntary: found in extremitiesInvoluntary: muscles in the gut & heart

Connective: connects 1 thing to another (EX: fat, bone, cartilage, and blood)

Nerve: conducts impulses all over body

ORGANSORGANS A structure composed of several

types of tissue; Ex - stomach organ is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue and glandular epithelial tissue.

Make sure you know combining forms for organs

BODY SYSTEMSBODY SYSTEMS A groups of

organs working together to perform complex functions; Ex. - circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins, etc…

Cell Tissue Organ System

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES Space within body that contains internal

organs Cran/ial - contains brain, pituitary gland Thorac/ic - contains heart, lungs,

esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus, aorta

Abdomin/al - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Pelv/ic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina

Spin/al - nerves, spinal cord

ABDOMINOPELVIC ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONSREGIONS

Named for PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. – his right or left, NOT yours.) Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric R/L iliac/inguinal R/L lumbar R/L hypochondriac

Abdominopelvic area divided into four quadrants

Assessment findings, organs, etc… are described by quadrant they are located in

RUQ LUQ

RLQ LLQ

QUADRANTS OF THE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREAABDOMINOPELVIC AREA

RUQ - liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine

LUQ - liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine

RLQ - part of small & large intestine, R ovary, R fallopian tube, R ureter, appendix

LLQ - part of small & large intestine, L ovary, L fallopian tube, L ureter

ORGANS IN 4 QUADRANTS ORGANS IN 4 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREAAREA

Spinal column is divided into 5 regions Assessment finding & diagnoses are

named by region & vertebrae number Cervical - neck area,

1-7 vertebrae Thoracic - chest area,

1-12 vertebrae Lumbar - waist area,

1-5 vertebrae Sacral - 5 small bones

fused into 1 bone Coccygeal - 4 bones fused

into 1 bone

REGIONS OF SPINAL REGIONS OF SPINAL COLUMNCOLUMN

Anterior (ventral) – front Posterior (dorsal) – back

Body cavities:Ventral (anterior) cavities

front of the bodyDorsal (posterior) cavities

in the back.

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIESTERMS: BODY CAVITIES

Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, anterior view.

Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, posterior view.

Divisions of thoracic cavity

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIESTERMS: BODY CAVITIES

Divisions of Abdominal cavity (side view). Notice the peritoneum, which is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys.

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIESTERMS: BODY CAVITIES

Deep - away from surface Superficial - on the surface

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:TERMS:

Proximal - near point of attachment to trunk

Distal - far from point of attachment to trunk

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:TERMS:

Superior - above another structure

Inferior - below another structure

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:TERMS:

Medial: the middle, toward the middle

Lateral: the side

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:TERMS:

Supine - lying on the back

Prone - lying on the stomach

POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:TERMS:

Positional and directional terms.

FrontalFrontal (coronal) - vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior plane

SagittalSagittal (lateral) - lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides

TransverseTransverse (cross-sectional) - horizontal plane that divides the body into upper & lower portions

PLANES OF THE BODY:PLANES OF THE BODY:

Planes of the body. The figure is standing in the anatomical position with the palms of the hands facing outward & the 5th finger medial to the other fingers.