Chapter 02 (1)
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Transcript of Chapter 02 (1)
CHAPTER 2- PURCHASING MANAGEMENT
Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach
Prepared by Daniel A. Glaser-Segura, PhD
2Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Learning Objectives
You should be able to:– Describe the role of purchasing and understand its impact on
an organization’s competitive advantage.– Have a basic knowledge of manual purchasing and e-
procurement.– Understand and know how to handle small value purchase
orders.– Understand sourcing decisions and the factors impacting
supplier selection.– Understand the pros and cons of single versus multiple
sourcing.
3Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Learning Objectives- Cont.
– Describe centralized, decentralized, and hybrid purchasing organizations and their advantages.
– Describe and understand how globalization impacts, purchasing, and describe and understand the opportunities and challenges of global sourcing.
– Understand total cost of ownership and be able to select suppliers using more than unit price alone.
4Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Chapter Two Outline
• The Role of Purchasing in an Organization• The Purchasing Process• Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision• Roles of Supply Base• Supplier Selection• How Many Suppliers to Use• Purchasing Organization: Centralized versus • Decentralized Purchasing• International Purchasing/Global Sourcing
5Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Introduction
Purchasing- Obtaining merchandise, capital equipment; raw materials, services, or maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies in exchange for money or its equivalent.
Merchant Buyers-wholesalers and retailers who purchase for resale.
Industrial Buyers- purchase raw materials for conversion, services, capital equipment, & MRO supplies.
6Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
The Role of Purchasing in an Organization
The primary goals of purchasing are:1. Ensure uninterrupted flows of raw materials at the lowest total cost, 2. Improve quality of the finished goods produced, and 3. Optimize customer satisfaction.
Purchasing contributes to these objectives by: – Actively seeking better materials and reliable suppliers, – Work closely with strategic suppliers to improve quality materials, and – Involving suppliers and purchasing personnel in new product design
and development efforts.
7Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
The Purchasing Process
Manual Purchasing-Older system, prone to duplication of effort and error
Step 1-Material Requisition/Purchase Requisition- stating product, quantity, and delivery due date are clearly.
Step 2- The Request for Quotation (RFQ)- Buyer identifies suppliers & issues a request for quotation (RFQ). Step 3- The Purchase Order (PO)- The purchase order is the buyer’s offer & becomes a binding contract when accepted by supplier.
8Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
The Purchasing Process- Cont.
9Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
The Purchasing Process- Cont.
Electronic Procurement (e-Procurement)
Step 1- Material user inputs a materials requisition- relevant information such as quantity and date needed.
Step 2- Materials requisition submitted to buyer- at purchasing department (hardcopy or electronically).
Step 3- Buyer assigns qualified suppliers to bid- Product description, closing date, & conditions are given.
Step 4- Buyer reviews closed bids & selects a supplier
10Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
The Purchasing Process- Cont.
Advantages for the e-Procurement System
– Time savings– Cost savings– Accuracy– Real time– Mobility– Trackability– Management– Benefits to the suppliers
11Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Small Value Purchase Orders
Processing costs can be substantial. Small value purchases should be minimized through: •Procurement Credit Card/Corporate Purchasing Card•Blank Check Purchase Orders•Blanket or Open-End Purchase Orders•Stockless Buying or System Contracting•Petty Cash•Standardization & Simplification of Matls & Components•Accumulating Small Orders to Create a Large Order•Using a Fixed Order Interval
12Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision
• Outsourcing -buying materials and components from suppliers instead of making them in-house. The trend has moved toward outsourcing.
• Backward integration refers to acquiring sources of supply • Forward integration refers to acquiring customer’s operations.
The Make or Buy decision is a strategic decision.
13Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision- Cont.
Reasons for Buying or Outsourcing • Cost advantage: Especially for components that are non-vital to the
organization’s operations.
• Insufficient capacity: A firm may be at or near capacity.
• Lack of expertise: Firm may not have the necessary technology and expertise.
• Quality: Suppliers have better technology, process, skilled labor, and the advantage of economy of scale.
14Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision- Cont.
Reasons for Making
• Protect proprietary technology • No competent supplier• Better quality control• Use existing idle capacity• Control of logistics- lead-time transportation,
and warehousing cost• Lower cost
15Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision- Cont.
The Make-or-Buy Break-Even Analysis
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Roles of Supply Base
Supply Base- suppliers that a firm uses to acquire its materials, services, supplies, and equipment.
Firms emphasize long-term strategic supplier alliances consolidating volume into one or fewer suppliers, resulting in a smaller supply base.
Preferred suppliers provide:– Early supplier involvement- Information on the latest trends in materials,
processes, or designs– Information on the supply market– Capacity for meeting unexpected demand– Cost efficiency due to economies of scale
17Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Supplier Selection
– Product and process technologies
– Willingness to share technologies and information
– Quality– Cost– Reliability
– Order System and cycle time
– Capacity– Communication capability– Location– Service
The process of selecting suppliers, is complex and should be based on multiple criteria:
18Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
How Many Suppliers to Use
Reasons Favoring a Single Supplier
• To establish a good relationship• Less quality variability• Lower cost• Transportation economies• Proprietary product or process• Volume too small to split
Reasons Favoring More than One Supplier
• Need capacity• Spread risk of supply
interruption• Create competition• Information• Dealing with special kinds of
business
Single-sourcing- a risky proposition. Although trends favor fewer sources, avoid single source.
19Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Purchasing: Centralized vs. Decentralized
Purchasing Organization dependent on many factors, such as market conditions & types of materials required.
– Centralized Purchasing- purchasing department located at the firm’s corporate office makes all the purchasing decisions.
– Decentralized Purchasing- individual,
local purchasing departments, such as plant level, make their own purchasing decisions.
20Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
Purchasing: Centralized vs. Decentralized
Advantages- Centralization– Concentrated volume-
leveraging purchase volume– Avoid duplication– Specialization– Lower transportation costs– No competition within units– Common supply base
Advantages- Decentralization– Closer knowledge of
requirements– Local sourcing– Less bureaucracy
A hybrid purchasing organization- both decentralized at the corporate level and centralized at the business unit level may be warranted.
21Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach by Wisner, Leong, and Tan.
© 2005 Thomson Business and Professional Publishing
International Purchasing/Global Sourcing
Global sourcing- – Opportunity to improve quality, cost, and delivery performance. – Requires additional skills and knowledge to deal with
international suppliers, logistics, communication, political environment, and other issues.
• Import broker or sales agent- performs service for a fee. • Import merchant- buys and takes title to the goods. • Trading company- imports & carries wide variety of goods.