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Transcript of Chapter 016
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition
Barbara Herlihy
Chapter 16:Anatomy of the Heart
Lesson 16-1 Objectives
• Describe the location of the heart.• Name the three layers and covering of the
heart.• Explain the function of the heart as two
separate pumps. • Identify the four chambers of the heart.• Explain the functions of the four heart valves.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.2
Heart: Size and Location
• Located between second rib and fifth intercostal space– Apex: Lower, pointed – Base: Upper,
flattened – Precordium: Anterior
chest overlying heart
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.3
Heart: Layers and Covering
• Three layers of heart– Endocardium– Myocardium– Epicardium
• Pericardium• Pericardial space,
with 10 to 30 mL fluid
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.4
A Double Pump andTwo Circulations
• Double pump – Right heart (blue)– Left heart (red)
• Two circulations– Pulmonic– Systemic
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.5
Chambers and Great Vessels
Chambers• Right atrium• Left atrium• Right ventricle• Left ventricle
Great Vessels• Venae cavae• Pulmonary artery• Pulmonary veins• Aorta
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.6
Blood Flow Through the Heart• Right atrium
– From venae cavae
• Right ventricle– Pulmonary artery– Right and left lungs– Four pulmonary veins
• Left atrium • Left ventricle
• AortaCopyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Heart Valves: Atrioventricular (AV)• Tricuspid between
right atrium and ventricle
• Bicuspid (mitral) between left atrium and ventricle
• Cusps attached to ventricular walls by chordae tendineae
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.8
Heart Valves: Semilunar Valves
• Pulmonic valve– Between right
ventricle and pulmonary artery
• Aortic valve – Between left
ventricle and aorta
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.9
Auscultation of Heart Valves
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.10
Lesson 16-2 Objectives
• Describe the blood flow through the heart.• List the vessels that supply blood to the heart.• Identify the major components of the heart’s
conduction system.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.11
Blood Flow Through the Heart• Right atrium
• From venae cavae• Tricuspid valve
• Right ventricle• Pulmonic valve• Pulmonary artery• Right and left
pulmonary capillaries
• Four pulmonary veins
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.12
•Left atrium• Bicuspid (mitral)
valve
•Left ventricle• Aortic valve• Aorta
Blood Supply to the Myocardium
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.13
Characteristics of Coronary Blood Flow
• Flow can increase up to four to five times during exertion.
• Flow is greatest during myocardial relaxation.• Coronary arteries can form anastomoses.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.14
Diminished Coronary Blood Flow• Ischemia (diminished blood flow and oxygen
deprivation)• Angina (chest pain)• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)• Diagnostic tests
– Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)– Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)– Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)– Troponin
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.15
Cardiac Conduction System
SA node
AV node Left atrium
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.16
Cardiac Conduction System (cont’d.)
• SA node originates cardiac impulse. • Cardiac impulse spreads to AV node, left
atrium. Atria contract.
• AV node slows cardiac impulse and sends it to bundle of His.
• Bundle of His sends cardiac impulse to Purkinje fibers throughout the ventricles. Ventricles contract.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.17
Electrocardiogram: Measurement of Electrical Activity
• P-wave: impulse depolarizing in atria
• QRS complex: impulse depolarizing in ventricles
• T-wave: impulse repolarizing in ventricles
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.18