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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY

1.1 hemoleconceptandAvogadrosconstant 4

1.2 Formulas 61.3 Cemcalequatons 141.4 Massandgaseousvolumerelatonspsncemcalreactons 181.5 Solutons 26Appendx 34

Chapter 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.1 heatom 472.2 hemassspectrometer 522.3 Electronarrangement 5412.1 Electronconiguraton 61

Chapter 3 PERIODICITY

3.1 heperodctable 703.2 Pyscalpropertes 723.3 CemcalPropertes 7613.1 Trendsacrossperod3(AHL) 8213.2 FrstrowD-blockelements(AHL) 84

Chapter 4 CHEMICAL BONDING

4.1 Ioncbondng 974.2 Covalentbondng 10114.1 Sapesomoleculesandons(AHL) 11014.2 Hybrdzaton(AHL) 11414.3 Delocalzatonoelectrons(AHL) 1184.3 Intermolecularorces 1224.4 Metallcbondng 1264.5 Pyscalpropertes 1274.2 Covalentbondng(cont) 130

Chapter 5 ENERGETICS

5.1 Exotermc&endotermcreactons 1355.2 Calculatonoentalpycanges 1385.3 Hessslaw 141

5.4 Bondentalpes 14415.1 Standardentalpycangesoreacton(AHL) 14715.2 Born-Habercycle(AHL) 15115.3 Entropy(AHL) 15515.4 Spontanety(AHL) 157

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Chapter 6 KINETICS

6.1 Ratesoreacton 1616.2 Collsonteory 16716.1 RateExpresson(AHL) 17016.2 Reactonmecansm(AHL) 17516.3 Actvatonenergy(AHL) 179

Chapter 7 EQUILIBRIUM

7.1 Dynamcequlbrum 1817.2 hepostonoequlbrum 18417.1 Lqud-vapourequlbrum(AHL) 19217.2 heequlbrumlaw(AHL) 194ExtensonMateral 197

Chapter 8 ACIDS AND BASES

8.1 heoresoacdsandbases 2078.2 Propertesoacdsandbases 212

8.3 Strongandweakacds&bases 2138.4 hepHscale 21518.1 Calculatonsnvolvngacds&bases(AHL) 21718.2 Bufersolutons(AHL) 22118.3 SaltHydrolyss(AHL) 22418.4 Acdbasettratons(AHL) 22518.5 Indcators(AHL) 228

Chapter 9 OXIDATION & REDUCTION

9.1 IntroductontoOxdaton&reducton 2329.2 Redoxequatons 236ExtensonMateral 2399.3 Reactvty 2419.4 Voltaccells 24319.1 Standardelectrodepotentals(AHL) 2459.5 Electrolytccells 25019.2 Electrolyss(AHL) 251

Chapter 10 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

10.1 Introducton 25520.1 Introducton(AHL) 26110.2 Alkanes 26510.3 Alkenes 267

10.4 Alcools 27110.5 Halogenoalkanes 27310.6 Reactonpatways 27520.5 Reactonpatways(AHL) 27620.2 Nucleoplcsubsttutonreactons(AHL) 27720.3 Elmnatonreactons(AHL) 28020.4 Condensatonreactons(AHL) 28120.6 Stereosomersm(AHL) 283

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Chapter 11 MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING

11.1 Uncertantyanderrornmeasurement 28911.2 Uncertantesncalculatedresults 29211.3 Grapcaltecnques 295

Chapter 12 Option A: MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

A1 Analytcaltecnques 299A2 Prncplesospectroscopy 299A3 Inraredspectroscopy 302A4 Massspectrometry 304A5 Nuclearmagnetcresonance(NMR)spectroscopy 307A9 Nuclearmagnetcresonance(NMR)spectroscopy(HL) 308A6 Atomcabsorpton(AA)spectroscopy 310A7 Cromatograpy 312A10 Cromatograpy(HL) 314A8 Vsbleandultravolet(UV-Vs)spectroscopy(HL) 318

Chapter 13 Option B: HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRYB1 Energy 323B2 Protens 324B3 Carboydrates 331B4 Lpds 334B5 Mcronutrentsandmacronutrents 341B6 Hormones 343B7 Enzymes(HL) 346B8 Nuclecacds 351B9 Respraton(HL) 356

Chapter 14 Option C: CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

C1 Iron,steelandalumnum 364C2 heolndustry 370C3 Addtonpolymers 372C4 Catalysts 374C5 Fuelcellsandrecargeablebatteres 379C6 Lqudcrystals 382C7 Nanotecnology 385C8 Condensatonpolymers(HL) 389C9 Mecansmsnteorganccemcalsndustry(HL) 392C10 Slconandpotovoltaccells(HL) 393C11 Lqudcrystals(HL) 395C12 hecloralkalndustry(HL) 397

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Chapter 15 Option D: MEDICINES AND DRUGS

D1 Parmaceutcalproducts 405D2 Antacds 410D3 Analgescs 412D4 Depressants 415D5 Stmulants 419

D6 Antbacterals 422D7 Antvrals 424D8 Drugacton(HL) 425D9 Drugdesgn(HL) 427D10 Mndalterngdrugs(HL) 431

Chapter 16 Option E: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

E1 Arpolluton 437E2 Acddeposton 444E3 Greenouseefect 447E4 Ozonedepleton 449E5 Dssolvedoxygennwater 451

E6 Watertreatment 452E7 Sol 455E8 Waste 459E9 Ozonedepleton(HL) 461E10 Smog(HL) 463E11 Acddeposton(HL) 465E12 WaterandSol(HL) 466

Chapter 17 Option F: FOOD CHEMISTRY

F1 Foodgroups 475F2 Fatsandols 476F3 Selle 477F4 Colour 481F5 Genetcallymodiedoods 486F6 Texture 487F9 Stereo-cemstrynood(HL) 488 (HLmateralromF7,F8andF10asbeenntegrated)

Chapter 18 Option G: FURTHER ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

G1 Electroplcaddtonreactons 495G2 Nucleoplcaddtonreactons 497G4 Addtonelmnatonreactons 498G3 Elmnatonreactons 499

G5 Arenes 500G6 Organometallccemstry 502G7,G11Reactonpatways(SLandHL) 503G8 Acdbasereactons 504G9 Addtonelmnatonreactons 506G10 Electroplcsubsttutonreactons 507

Glossary 513

Index 553

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