CHAP8 Manufactured Industry

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CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 1 CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY http://chemclass4spm.blogspot.com CHAP. 8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY 1.0 SULPHURIC ACID AND AMMONIA Learning Outcome 1. Students able to write an equation for CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS 2. Able to mention the condition of reaction in CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS. 3. List out the uses of SULPHURIC ACID (H 2 SO 4 ) and AMMONIA (NH 3 ) 4. Explain how SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 ) causes environmental pollution. 1.1 SULPHURIC ACID 1.1.2 MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID (CONTACT PROCESS) SULPHUR OXYGEN SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 ) SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO 3 ) OLEUM (H 2 S 2 O 7 ) SULPHURIC ACID (H 2 SO 4 ) Stage 1 : PRODUCTION OF SO 2 Molten sulphur is burnt in excess oxygen (dry air) to produce SULPHUR DIOXIDE. S + O 2 SO 2 Stage 2 : PRODUCTION OF SO 3 Sulphur dioxide and oxygen are pass through VANADIUM (V) OXIDE (catalyst) to produce SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO 3 ) 2SO 2 + O 2 2SO 3 Temp: 450 o C 500 o C Pressure : 2 3 atm Catalyst : vanadium (v) oxide Stage 3 : PRODUCTION OF H 2 SO 4 SO 3 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form OLEUM. SO 3 + H 2 SO 4 H 2 S 2 O 7 OLEUM is mix with water (to dilute) to produce concentrated sulphuric acid. H 2 S 2 O 7 + H 2 O 2H 2 SO 4

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Transcript of CHAP8 Manufactured Industry

Page 1: CHAP8 Manufactured Industry

CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 1

CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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CHAP. 8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY 1.0 SULPHURIC ACID AND AMMONIA Learning Outcome

1. Students able to write an equation for CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS 2. Able to mention the condition of reaction in CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS. 3. List out the uses of SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4) and AMMONIA (NH3) 4. Explain how SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) causes environmental pollution.

1.1 SULPHURIC ACID 1.1.2 MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID (CONTACT PROCESS)

SULPHUR OXYGEN

SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3)

OLEUM (H2S2O7)

SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4)

Stage 1 : PRODUCTION OF SO2 Molten sulphur is burnt in excess oxygen (dry air) to

produce SULPHUR DIOXIDE.

S + O2 SO2

Stage 2 : PRODUCTION OF SO3 Sulphur dioxide and oxygen are pass through VANADIUM (V) OXIDE (catalyst) to produce SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

Temp: 450oC – 500

oC Pressure : 2 – 3 atm

Catalyst : vanadium (v) oxide

Stage 3 : PRODUCTION OF H2SO4 SO3 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form OLEUM. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 OLEUM is mix with water (to dilute) to produce concentrated sulphuric acid. H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

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1.1.3 THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION SULPHUR DIOXIDE (release from factories or power station) to atmosphere. SO2 dissolves in rain to form sulphurous acid (ACID RAIN) EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Corrodes the building Increasing acidity in lake or pond that can cause aquatic organism die Increasing the acidity of soil. HOW TO PREVENT EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Gas released from factories sprayed with limestone (calcium carbonate)

Fertilisers , 32%

Paint Pigment, 15%

Other Chemicals, 16%

Detergents, 12%

Electrolyte, 10%

Synthetic Fibre, 9%

Dyes, 2%Metal Cleaning, 2% Acid, 2%

Fertilisers

Paint Pigment

Other Chemicals

Detergents

Electrolyte

Synthetic Fibre

Dyes

Metall Cleaning

Acid

Fertilisers: A large portion of sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilisers such as:

Calcium hydrogen phosphate

Ammonium sulphate

Potassium sulphate Detergent: synthetic cleaning agents. Synthetic Fibres: Polymers (long chained molecules), example: Rayon. Electrolyte: use in car batteries

Uses in school laboratories:

As a strong acid

As a drying or dehydrating agent

As an oxidising agent

As a catalyst

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1.2 HABER PROCESS 1.2.1 MANUFACTURE D OF AMMONIA (HABER PROCESS)

1ST STAGE One volume of Nitrogen gas, N2 and three volume of pure dry Hydrogen gas, H2 are compressed to a pressure between 200 – 500 atmosphere

2nd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC

3rd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Condition of reaction: Iron as a catalyst, Temp : 450-550oC, Pressure 200 atm

4th STAGE Ammonia gas turned to liquid when the mixture is cooled in condenser. The unreacted N2 and H2 will pump back to reactor and pass through the catalyst again.

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1.2.1 USES AND PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA

USES OF AMMONIA 1. Manufactured ammonium sulphate,

ammonium nitrate and urea. a. Ammonium sulphate

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

b. Ammonium nitrate 2NH3 + NH3 NH4NO3

c. Urea 2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO3 + H2O

2. As a cooling agent in refrigerators.

3. As raw material in OSTWALD PROCESS. OSTWALD Process is converted ammonia into nitric acid using PLATINUM as catalyst

4. Can be converted to nitric acid for

making explosives.

5. To prevent coagulation of latex 6. Raw material in produce synthetic fiber

and nylon

PROPERTIES

1. Colourless and Pungent gas.

2. Dissolve in water to form weak alkali. NH3 + H2O NH4

+ + OH-

Presence of OH- causes ammonia to

become alkaline.

3. Change moist litmus paper from red to blue.

4. Neutralise any acid to form ammonium salt React with sulphuric acid to produce AMMONIUM SULPHATE 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

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2.0 ALLOY Learning Outcome

1. State the meaning of ALLOY 2. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and ALLOY 3. Explain why ALLOY stronger than pure metal 4. Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of metal and ALLOY 5. List examples, composition and properties of ALLOY.

ALLOY is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition. The main component in the mixture is a metal. WHY ALLOY?

a) Pure metal are ductile and maleable. b) Because pure metals is made up of one type of atoms(same size atoms). c) When force is applied, layer of atoms slide easily.

ALLOY harder than pure metal? Why?

a) Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements. b) So atom of another metal that are present in alloy can be bigger or smaller than the size of atoms in

pure metal. c) The presence of different size of atoms disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms, the result it will

reduces the layer of atoms from sliding easily. d) Thus, ALLOy is STRONGER and HARDER than its pure metal

So PURE METAL are ALLOYED before used because:

1. To increase the strength and hardness of pure metals 2. To increase the resistance to corrosion of pure metals 3. To enhance the appearance of pure metal.

Tin Copper

BRONZE STEEL

Iron Carbon

Force applied

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EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE THE HARDNESS BETWEEN ALLOY AND PURE METAL.

Aim : To compare the hardness between copper(pure metal) and bronze(alloy)

Problem Statement : Does bronze metal is harder than copper?

Hypothesis : Bronze is harder tha copper

Variables

Manipulated : Different type of materials (bronze or caooper)

Responding : Diameter of dent / Hardness of block

Controlled : Height of weight, ball bearing diameter, mass of weight.

Materials : Copper block, bronze block, cellophane tape

Apparatus : Retort stand, 1 kg weight, meter rule, steel ball bearing and thread.

Procedure :

1. A steel ball bearing is taped onto the copper block using cellophane tape

2. 1 kg weight is hung at the height of 50 cm above the copper block as shown in diagram.

3. Drop the 1kg weight onto the ball bearing.

4. Measured the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block.

5. Repeat experiment twice on other parts of the block to obtained the average diameter of the dent.

6. Step 1 to 5 are repeated using ab bronze block to replace the copper block.

7. The reading are recorded in the table below.

Results

Block Diameter of the dent (mm)

1 2 3 Average

Copper Block

Bronze Block

1 kg weight

Copper block

Ball bearing

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COMPOSITION OF ALLOY , USES AND PROPERTIES

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

BRONZE COPPER 90% Tin 10%

Hard, Strong, Shiny Surface and Does not Corrodes

Building statue or monuments, medal, swords and artistic materials

BRASS COPPER 70% Zinc 30%

Hard and strong, does not corrodes easily

Making musical instrument and kitchenware.

STEEL IRON 99% Carbon 1%

Hard and strong Construction of buildings, bridge, body of car and railway tracks

STAINLESS STEEL IRON 74% Carbon 8% Chromium 18%

Shiny, Strong and does not rust

Making a surgical instrument and cuttelery

DURALUMIN

ALUMINIUM 93% Copper 3% Magnesium 3% Manganese 1%

Light and Strong Building of aeroplane body and bullet train

PEWTER TIN 93% Copper 3% Antimony 1%

Luster, Shiny and strong Making of souveniers

** BOLD item is the main component in ALLOY

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3.0 POLYMER Learning outcome Student ables to state the meaning of POLYMERS List naturally and synthetic POLYMERS Uses of POLYMERS Environmental effect cause by POLYMERS Definition

C = C

H

|

|

|

| H

H H

C C

H

|

|

|

| H

H H

| | | n

n

Polymerisation Process

Monomers Polymers (Ethene) (Polythene)

n is a big

number shows

how many

monomers are

joined together.

POLYMERISATION PROCESS (FORMATION OF POLYMER)

Polymerisation Process

MONOMERS POLYMER

POLYMERS Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating monomers which are joined

together by covalent compound

MONOMERS Monomer is small identical repeating units in POLYMER

POLYMERISATION Polymerisation is a process by which the monomers are joined together into chain like molecule

called POLYMERS

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WHY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?

1. Synthetic Polymers are not easily BIODEGRADABLE.

2. The waste by synthetic polymers (plastics, food container) will block the drainage system.

3. The burning synthetic polymer produce poisonous gas like Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulphur Dioxides and Hydrogen Cynide gas.

HOW TO AVOID OR REDUCE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

1. Reduce the usage of Synthetic Polymers

2. Recycle the synthetic Polymers 3. Use BIODEGRADABLE Polymers 4. Find alternative to Synthetic

Polymers

NATURAL POLYMERS

Name Of POLYMER Monomer

Protein Amino Acid

Starch (Carbohydrate) Glucose

Rubber (Polyisoprene) Isoprene

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Name Of Polymers Monomer Properties Uses

Polythene Ethene Durable, light, impermeable, insulator

Shopping bags, plastic cup and plate, toys

Polypropene Propene Durable, light, impermeable, can be moulded and coloured

Bottles, furniture, pipes and toys

Polystyrene Phenylethene Heat insulator, light can be moulded and permeable

Disposable cup and plate, packaging materials, heat insulators.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Chloroethene Low softening temperature, elastic and durable

Pipes, pipe fittings, wire and cable coating and casing, raincoats.

Perspex Methyl-2-methylpropenoate

Transparent, strong and light Glass replacement. Lenses and optical fibre

POLYMERS

NATURAL POLYMERS

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Exist in living things in nature. Example

Protein, Cellulose, Wool, Silk, Starch, Natural Rubber and DNA

Produce through chemical proceses Example

Polystyrene, Polythene, PVC, Nylon and Plastic

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4.0 GLASS & CERAMICS Learning Outcome List type of glass and their properties. State properties of Ceramics List uses of Glass and Ceramics GLASS

Main component of GLASS is SILICON DIOXIDE, SiO2, which exist naturally in SAND.

Types of Glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused Glass Silica / silicon dioxide Great purity, optocally transparent, chemically inert, high melting point

Laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirror, optical fibres.

Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex) Silicon dioxide, boron dioxide, sodium oxide and aluminium oxide

Heat resistant and chemical durability, high melting point

Cookware, laboratory glassware, automobile head lights.

Lead Crystal Glass Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and lead (II) oxide

High density and optically transparent

Tableware, crystal glassware and art object

Soda-lime glass Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide or calcium oxide

High thermal expansion coefficient, Chemical durability

Windows pane, electrical bulbs, all kind glass containers, mirror.

GLASS is an organic non-metalic material that does not have crystalline structure. Glass is not classified as solid but as SUPERCOOLED LIQUID.

Transparent Hard but Brittle Non Permeable Heat Insulators

Chemically unreactive Easy to clean High melting point Electric Insulators

PROPERTIES OF GLASS

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CERAMICS

Properties Uses Examples

Hard and Strong As construction materials Tiles, Cement and Bricks

Chemically Inert As Kitchenware and Ornamental art Cooking pots, Porcelain plates, bowls and vases

Electrical and Heat Insulators As insulator in electrical equipment Electric Plugs, calbe, oven and toasters

Non Compressible As Medical and Dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bones

CERAMICS are made from CLAY such as KAOLIN.

Kaolin is rich in KAOLINITE (hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)

Hard and Strong Brittle Chemically inert Heat Insulator

Electric Insulator High melting point Resist Compression Do not Corodes

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

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5.0 COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Learning Outcome State the meaning of COMPOSITE MATERIALS State the examples of COMPOSITE MATERIALS Compare and contrast the properties of COMPOSITE MATERIALS with those of their origional component COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Type of Composite Materials

Component Properties Uses

Reinforced Concrete Concrete and steel wires, steel bars and polymer fibres

Very strong, Tough Construction of building, bridges, oil platforms and airport runners

Superconductors Alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides

Capable conduct electricity without resistance

Transformers, Computer part, magnetically levitated train

Fibre Glass Polyster and glass fibres Strong and high tensile strength, Low density

Water storage tanks, helmets, boats

Photochromic Glass Photochromic substance (silver chloride or silver halide crystals)

Glass becomes darker when exposed to sunlight and transparent again when the light dim

Optical lenses, car windshields, camera lenses

Fibre Optic Glass thread surrounded by glass cladding

High transmission capacity without distortion and interference

Transmit data, voive and images in digital format over long distance.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different materials such as metals, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS have properties that are SUPERIOR than those of the original components