CHAP8 Manufactured Industry
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CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 1
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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CHAP. 8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY 1.0 SULPHURIC ACID AND AMMONIA Learning Outcome
1. Students able to write an equation for CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS 2. Able to mention the condition of reaction in CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS. 3. List out the uses of SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4) and AMMONIA (NH3) 4. Explain how SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) causes environmental pollution.
1.1 SULPHURIC ACID 1.1.2 MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID (CONTACT PROCESS)
SULPHUR OXYGEN
SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3)
OLEUM (H2S2O7)
SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4)
Stage 1 : PRODUCTION OF SO2 Molten sulphur is burnt in excess oxygen (dry air) to
produce SULPHUR DIOXIDE.
S + O2 SO2
Stage 2 : PRODUCTION OF SO3 Sulphur dioxide and oxygen are pass through VANADIUM (V) OXIDE (catalyst) to produce SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Temp: 450oC – 500
oC Pressure : 2 – 3 atm
Catalyst : vanadium (v) oxide
Stage 3 : PRODUCTION OF H2SO4 SO3 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form OLEUM. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 OLEUM is mix with water (to dilute) to produce concentrated sulphuric acid. H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 2
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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1.1.3 THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
1.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION SULPHUR DIOXIDE (release from factories or power station) to atmosphere. SO2 dissolves in rain to form sulphurous acid (ACID RAIN) EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Corrodes the building Increasing acidity in lake or pond that can cause aquatic organism die Increasing the acidity of soil. HOW TO PREVENT EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Gas released from factories sprayed with limestone (calcium carbonate)
Fertilisers , 32%
Paint Pigment, 15%
Other Chemicals, 16%
Detergents, 12%
Electrolyte, 10%
Synthetic Fibre, 9%
Dyes, 2%Metal Cleaning, 2% Acid, 2%
Fertilisers
Paint Pigment
Other Chemicals
Detergents
Electrolyte
Synthetic Fibre
Dyes
Metall Cleaning
Acid
Fertilisers: A large portion of sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilisers such as:
Calcium hydrogen phosphate
Ammonium sulphate
Potassium sulphate Detergent: synthetic cleaning agents. Synthetic Fibres: Polymers (long chained molecules), example: Rayon. Electrolyte: use in car batteries
Uses in school laboratories:
As a strong acid
As a drying or dehydrating agent
As an oxidising agent
As a catalyst
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 3
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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1.2 HABER PROCESS 1.2.1 MANUFACTURE D OF AMMONIA (HABER PROCESS)
1ST STAGE One volume of Nitrogen gas, N2 and three volume of pure dry Hydrogen gas, H2 are compressed to a pressure between 200 – 500 atmosphere
2nd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC
3rd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Condition of reaction: Iron as a catalyst, Temp : 450-550oC, Pressure 200 atm
4th STAGE Ammonia gas turned to liquid when the mixture is cooled in condenser. The unreacted N2 and H2 will pump back to reactor and pass through the catalyst again.
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 4
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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1.2.1 USES AND PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
USES OF AMMONIA 1. Manufactured ammonium sulphate,
ammonium nitrate and urea. a. Ammonium sulphate
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
b. Ammonium nitrate 2NH3 + NH3 NH4NO3
c. Urea 2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO3 + H2O
2. As a cooling agent in refrigerators.
3. As raw material in OSTWALD PROCESS. OSTWALD Process is converted ammonia into nitric acid using PLATINUM as catalyst
4. Can be converted to nitric acid for
making explosives.
5. To prevent coagulation of latex 6. Raw material in produce synthetic fiber
and nylon
PROPERTIES
1. Colourless and Pungent gas.
2. Dissolve in water to form weak alkali. NH3 + H2O NH4
+ + OH-
Presence of OH- causes ammonia to
become alkaline.
3. Change moist litmus paper from red to blue.
4. Neutralise any acid to form ammonium salt React with sulphuric acid to produce AMMONIUM SULPHATE 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 5
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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2.0 ALLOY Learning Outcome
1. State the meaning of ALLOY 2. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and ALLOY 3. Explain why ALLOY stronger than pure metal 4. Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of metal and ALLOY 5. List examples, composition and properties of ALLOY.
ALLOY is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition. The main component in the mixture is a metal. WHY ALLOY?
a) Pure metal are ductile and maleable. b) Because pure metals is made up of one type of atoms(same size atoms). c) When force is applied, layer of atoms slide easily.
ALLOY harder than pure metal? Why?
a) Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements. b) So atom of another metal that are present in alloy can be bigger or smaller than the size of atoms in
pure metal. c) The presence of different size of atoms disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms, the result it will
reduces the layer of atoms from sliding easily. d) Thus, ALLOy is STRONGER and HARDER than its pure metal
So PURE METAL are ALLOYED before used because:
1. To increase the strength and hardness of pure metals 2. To increase the resistance to corrosion of pure metals 3. To enhance the appearance of pure metal.
Tin Copper
BRONZE STEEL
Iron Carbon
Force applied
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 6
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE THE HARDNESS BETWEEN ALLOY AND PURE METAL.
Aim : To compare the hardness between copper(pure metal) and bronze(alloy)
Problem Statement : Does bronze metal is harder than copper?
Hypothesis : Bronze is harder tha copper
Variables
Manipulated : Different type of materials (bronze or caooper)
Responding : Diameter of dent / Hardness of block
Controlled : Height of weight, ball bearing diameter, mass of weight.
Materials : Copper block, bronze block, cellophane tape
Apparatus : Retort stand, 1 kg weight, meter rule, steel ball bearing and thread.
Procedure :
1. A steel ball bearing is taped onto the copper block using cellophane tape
2. 1 kg weight is hung at the height of 50 cm above the copper block as shown in diagram.
3. Drop the 1kg weight onto the ball bearing.
4. Measured the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block.
5. Repeat experiment twice on other parts of the block to obtained the average diameter of the dent.
6. Step 1 to 5 are repeated using ab bronze block to replace the copper block.
7. The reading are recorded in the table below.
Results
Block Diameter of the dent (mm)
1 2 3 Average
Copper Block
Bronze Block
1 kg weight
Copper block
Ball bearing
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 7
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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COMPOSITION OF ALLOY , USES AND PROPERTIES
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
BRONZE COPPER 90% Tin 10%
Hard, Strong, Shiny Surface and Does not Corrodes
Building statue or monuments, medal, swords and artistic materials
BRASS COPPER 70% Zinc 30%
Hard and strong, does not corrodes easily
Making musical instrument and kitchenware.
STEEL IRON 99% Carbon 1%
Hard and strong Construction of buildings, bridge, body of car and railway tracks
STAINLESS STEEL IRON 74% Carbon 8% Chromium 18%
Shiny, Strong and does not rust
Making a surgical instrument and cuttelery
DURALUMIN
ALUMINIUM 93% Copper 3% Magnesium 3% Manganese 1%
Light and Strong Building of aeroplane body and bullet train
PEWTER TIN 93% Copper 3% Antimony 1%
Luster, Shiny and strong Making of souveniers
** BOLD item is the main component in ALLOY
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 8
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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3.0 POLYMER Learning outcome Student ables to state the meaning of POLYMERS List naturally and synthetic POLYMERS Uses of POLYMERS Environmental effect cause by POLYMERS Definition
C = C
H
|
|
|
| H
H H
C C
H
|
|
|
| H
H H
| | | n
n
Polymerisation Process
Monomers Polymers (Ethene) (Polythene)
n is a big
number shows
how many
monomers are
joined together.
POLYMERISATION PROCESS (FORMATION OF POLYMER)
Polymerisation Process
MONOMERS POLYMER
POLYMERS Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating monomers which are joined
together by covalent compound
MONOMERS Monomer is small identical repeating units in POLYMER
POLYMERISATION Polymerisation is a process by which the monomers are joined together into chain like molecule
called POLYMERS
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 9
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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WHY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?
1. Synthetic Polymers are not easily BIODEGRADABLE.
2. The waste by synthetic polymers (plastics, food container) will block the drainage system.
3. The burning synthetic polymer produce poisonous gas like Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulphur Dioxides and Hydrogen Cynide gas.
HOW TO AVOID OR REDUCE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
1. Reduce the usage of Synthetic Polymers
2. Recycle the synthetic Polymers 3. Use BIODEGRADABLE Polymers 4. Find alternative to Synthetic
Polymers
NATURAL POLYMERS
Name Of POLYMER Monomer
Protein Amino Acid
Starch (Carbohydrate) Glucose
Rubber (Polyisoprene) Isoprene
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Name Of Polymers Monomer Properties Uses
Polythene Ethene Durable, light, impermeable, insulator
Shopping bags, plastic cup and plate, toys
Polypropene Propene Durable, light, impermeable, can be moulded and coloured
Bottles, furniture, pipes and toys
Polystyrene Phenylethene Heat insulator, light can be moulded and permeable
Disposable cup and plate, packaging materials, heat insulators.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Chloroethene Low softening temperature, elastic and durable
Pipes, pipe fittings, wire and cable coating and casing, raincoats.
Perspex Methyl-2-methylpropenoate
Transparent, strong and light Glass replacement. Lenses and optical fibre
POLYMERS
NATURAL POLYMERS
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Exist in living things in nature. Example
Protein, Cellulose, Wool, Silk, Starch, Natural Rubber and DNA
Produce through chemical proceses Example
Polystyrene, Polythene, PVC, Nylon and Plastic
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 10
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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4.0 GLASS & CERAMICS Learning Outcome List type of glass and their properties. State properties of Ceramics List uses of Glass and Ceramics GLASS
Main component of GLASS is SILICON DIOXIDE, SiO2, which exist naturally in SAND.
Types of Glass Composition Properties Uses
Fused Glass Silica / silicon dioxide Great purity, optocally transparent, chemically inert, high melting point
Laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirror, optical fibres.
Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex) Silicon dioxide, boron dioxide, sodium oxide and aluminium oxide
Heat resistant and chemical durability, high melting point
Cookware, laboratory glassware, automobile head lights.
Lead Crystal Glass Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and lead (II) oxide
High density and optically transparent
Tableware, crystal glassware and art object
Soda-lime glass Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide or calcium oxide
High thermal expansion coefficient, Chemical durability
Windows pane, electrical bulbs, all kind glass containers, mirror.
GLASS is an organic non-metalic material that does not have crystalline structure. Glass is not classified as solid but as SUPERCOOLED LIQUID.
Transparent Hard but Brittle Non Permeable Heat Insulators
Chemically unreactive Easy to clean High melting point Electric Insulators
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 11
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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CERAMICS
Properties Uses Examples
Hard and Strong As construction materials Tiles, Cement and Bricks
Chemically Inert As Kitchenware and Ornamental art Cooking pots, Porcelain plates, bowls and vases
Electrical and Heat Insulators As insulator in electrical equipment Electric Plugs, calbe, oven and toasters
Non Compressible As Medical and Dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bones
CERAMICS are made from CLAY such as KAOLIN.
Kaolin is rich in KAOLINITE (hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
Hard and Strong Brittle Chemically inert Heat Insulator
Electric Insulator High melting point Resist Compression Do not Corodes
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4 12
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
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5.0 COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Learning Outcome State the meaning of COMPOSITE MATERIALS State the examples of COMPOSITE MATERIALS Compare and contrast the properties of COMPOSITE MATERIALS with those of their origional component COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Type of Composite Materials
Component Properties Uses
Reinforced Concrete Concrete and steel wires, steel bars and polymer fibres
Very strong, Tough Construction of building, bridges, oil platforms and airport runners
Superconductors Alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides
Capable conduct electricity without resistance
Transformers, Computer part, magnetically levitated train
Fibre Glass Polyster and glass fibres Strong and high tensile strength, Low density
Water storage tanks, helmets, boats
Photochromic Glass Photochromic substance (silver chloride or silver halide crystals)
Glass becomes darker when exposed to sunlight and transparent again when the light dim
Optical lenses, car windshields, camera lenses
Fibre Optic Glass thread surrounded by glass cladding
High transmission capacity without distortion and interference
Transmit data, voive and images in digital format over long distance.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different materials such as metals, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS have properties that are SUPERIOR than those of the original components