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Transcript of Chap15
Chapter 15Designing Effective Output
Systems Analysis and DesignKendall and Kendall
Fifth Edition
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-2
Major Topics
Designing output Output technologies Factors in choosing an output
technology Report design Screen design Web site design
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-3
External and Internal Output
Internal output is used within the corporation
External output is used outside the organization
External output differs from internal output in its design and appearance
A turnaround document is one that is sent out and then returned
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-4
Designing Output
Output should be designed to Serve the intended purpose Be meaningful to the user Deliver the right quantity of output Deliver it to the right place Provide output on time Choose the right output method
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-5
Output Technologies Output can be in the form of
Print Screen Audio CD-ROM or CD-RW DVD E-mail The World Wide Web Electronic output
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-6
Output Technologies
Output technologies differ in their Speed Cost Portability Flexibility Storage and retrieval possibilities
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-7
Video Clips
Video clips are useful for Supplementing static, printed output Distance collaboration Showing how to perform an action Providing brief training episodes Shifting the time of an actual event by
recording it for later output Preserving an important occasion for
addition to an organization’s archives
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-8
Animation
Animation is composed of four elements: Elemental symbols Spatial orientation Transition effects Alteration effects
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-9
Electronic Output
Electronic output includes Fax Electronic mail The World Wide Web Bulletin board messages
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-10
Disadvantages of Electronic Output
Drawbacks of electronic and Web-based output are The design of CD-ROM is very time-
consuming and expensive CD-ROM is troublesome to update CD-ROM is difficult to use on a network Electronic mail has difficulty in
formatting control
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-11
Disadvantages of Electronic Output
Disadvantages, continued Electronic mail has a potential for
abuse Junk electronic mail may become a
problem It is difficult to express a mood with
electronic mail and communication may be more informal
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-12
Push and Pull Technology
Pull technology allows the user to take formatted data from the Web
Push technology sends solicited or unsolicited information to a customer or client
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-13
Factors in Choosing an Output Technology
Factors that must be considered when choosing an output technology are Who will use the output? How many people need the output? Where is the output needed? What is the purpose of the output? What is the speed with which output is
needed?
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-14
Factors in Choosing an Output Technology
How frequently will the output be accessed?
How long will the output be stored? Under what special regulations is the
output produced, stored, and distributed? What are the initial and ongoing costs of
maintenance and supplies? What are the environmental requirements
for output technologies?
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-15
Output Bias
Analysts must be aware of sources of output bias and inform users of the possibilities of bias in output
Bias is introduced in three main ways: How information is sorted Setting of acceptable limits Choice of graphics
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-16
Strategies to Avoid Bias
Strategies to avoid output bias Awareness of the sources of bias Design of output that includes users Working with users so that they are
informed of the output's biases Creating output that is flexible and allows
users to modify limits and ranges Train users to rely on multiple output for
conducting "reality tests" on system output
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-17
Printed Reports
Design reports using software Design guidelines for printed reports
are Include functional attributes, such as
headings, page numbers, and control breaks
Incorporate stylistic and aesthetic attributes, such as extra blank space and grouping data
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-18
Report Design Considerations
Examine the type of data: alphabetic, special, or numeric
Constant information does not change when the report is printed
Variable information changes each time the report is printed
Specify the paper quality, type, and size
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-19
Computer-Aided Report Design
Steps to follow when designing reports using a computer-aided software tool Determine the need for the report Determine the users Determine the data items to be included Estimate the overall size of the report Title the report Number the pages of the report
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-20
Computer-Aided Report Design
Further steps for designing reports Include the preparation date on the report Label each column of data appropriately Define variable data indicating the type of
data Indicate the positioning of blank lines
used to help organize information Review prototype reports with users and
programmers
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-21
Report Stylistic and Aesthetic Elements
Stylistic/aesthetic elements of printed reports include Organization Control breaks Blank spaces Margins Color coding
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-22
Online Screen Design
Online screens are designed using screen design software
Guidelines for screen design are Keep the screen simple Keep the screen presentation consistent Facilitate user movement among
screens Create an attractive screen
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-23
Graphs
Primary considerations for designing graphical output Output must be accurate, easy to
understand and use The purpose of the graph must be
determined Decision makers must be trained in using it Provide the ability to call up a variety of
user views as well possible commands
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-24
Web Site Design
Design principles must be used when designing Web sites
These include Using professional tools Studying other sites Using Web resources Examining the sites of professional
Web site designers
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-25
Web Site Design
Further principles Using tools that you are familiar with Consulting books Looking at examples of poorly designed
pages Creating Web templates. Style sheets
allow you to format all Web pages in a site consistently
Using plug-ins, audio, and video sparingly
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-26
Web Graphics
Guidelines for using graphics when designing Web sites are Use either JPEG or GIF formats Create a few professional-looking
graphics for use on your page Keep the background simple and
readable Examine your Web site on a variety of
monitors and graphics resolutions
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-27
Web Graphics
Guidelines continued Save JPEG images at the highest quality
possible within a reasonable size Use horizontal rules to separate sections
of Web pages Use colorful bullets for lists and hot
buttons for links Keep graphics images small and reuse
images
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-28
Web Graphics
Guidelines continued Use transparent GIF files to make
images that are not rectangular Use a graphics package to tilt your
image Follow the three clicks rule which
states that you should be able to go to any page in three clicks
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-29
Tips for Corporate Web Sites
To improve the presentation of a corporate Web site Provide an entry screen or home page Keep the number of graphics to a
reasonable minimum Use large and colorful fonts for
headings Use interesting images and buttons for
links
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-30
Tips for Corporate Web Sites
Ideas continued Use the same graphics image on
several Web pages Avoid overusing animation, sound,
and other “busy” elements Provide an area on the left side or on
the top of the Web page for links to other pages in the Web site
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-31
Tips for Corporate Web Sites
Ideas continued Make sure that your Web page does
not scroll horizontally, keep the vertical page under 2½ screens
Make sure that your initial page loads quickly
Add one or two Java applets if possible
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-32
Planning a Web Site
Planning a Web site involves Designing the structure of the Web
site Focusing on the content Using meaningful text Including appropriate graphics
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-33
Planning a Web Site
Further Web site planning guidelines Paying attention to the presentation
of the Web site, with a consideration of download times
Constructing navigational links Promoting the Web site
Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 15-34
Promoting the Web Site
You can encourage companies to promote your Web sites by: Using e-mail to promote your site Encouraging readers to bookmark your site Submitting your site to search engines Making it clear who is maintaining the Web
site Performing perpetual maintenance of the
Web site