Chap11 Steel Frame Construction
description
Transcript of Chap11 Steel Frame Construction
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Chapter 11Steel Frame Construction
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Steel Framing Characteristics
AdvantagesLight in proportion to its strengthStrong & Stiff (Span, Vertical towers)
Quick to erectPrecise & predictable materialRecyclable
DisadvantagesTendency to corrode - depending on the environment
High Temperatures (fires) - Loss of strength/deformation
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Cast & Wrought Iron Steel
Cast Iron (till mid 1800s)
First structure late 1700s (Bridge in England - still in use)
Brittle, difficult to work with
Mid 1800s - manufacturing processes developed to inexpensively
produce steel
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3/15/1888 9/14/1888
12/26/1888 3/12/1889
Construction time- Fdn - 5mo, Tower 21mo.
Eiffel TowerCompleted 1889
•18,000 pieces of wrought iron (“steel grade”)•2,500,000 rivets
4 men to install a rivet; one to heat the rivet, one to hold it, one to shape the head, one w/ sledgehammer
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Steel
Any range of alloys or iron with less than 2% carbonCarbon content (too much - brittle CI; too little - soft)Ordinary structural steel (mild steel) <1%Strength
Yield strength PSI Typically - 36,000psi to 65,000psi +
Unit of Measure - Tons
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Steel Production
Produced at a Mill (Structural or Steel Mill)
Mini-Mills; produce most structural steel
Production of Structural Shapes:Hot Steel passes through a series of rollers
I.E. Hot Rolled
Cut to Length & CooledNumerous Standard shapes (sizes)
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Steel Alloys
Mild Structural Steel (Grade 50) - widely usedGrade 50: 50,000 psi yield strength
Higher strengths (becoming more common)
Weathering SteelsWeathers forming a protective coatingPainting / protective coating not required
Galvanized Steels (protective coating)
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Oxidized Coating of Weathering Steel
Building with Weathering Steel
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Structural Shapes Wide Flange
Size RangeDepth; 4” to 40”Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft
Uses - Beams & Columns
Proportions - ShapeTall &Narrow - Beams Square - Columns & Piles
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BeamsTall & Narrow
PilesSquare
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Wide Flange Designations
W 12 X 26
W = Wide Flange Designation
12 = Nominal Depth (inches)
26 = Weight (lbs.) per footW12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:12’ x 26#/lf = 312#
Dep
th
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Steel Angles
USES
Short beams supporting light loads
EX - Lintels
Connectors
Veneer / Skin Support
Edge support (edge angle)
Diagonal bracing
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Steel Angle Designations
L 4 X 4 X 1/2
L = Angle Designation
4 X 4 = Size of the legs (inches)
1/2 = Thickness of the legs (inches)
NOTE: Legs can be equal or unequal
Size
Thickness
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Channels (C Shaped)
Uses Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.
Designations
C 9 X 13.4C = Channel Designation
9 = Nominal Depth (inches)
13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)
Dep
th
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Open Web Steel Joists
Mass produced steel trusses
Common UsesFloor SupportRoof Support
Joist Spacing Depends on;LoadSpan capability of deckTypically 2 to 10 feet
Spans; K-series (up to 60’), LH(Longspan) to 96’, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144’
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Joist used for floor support
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Roof Support
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Joist Girder
Joist “Seat”
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BottomChord
Anchored
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Joist
Joist Seat
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Joist Seat Welded to Support Beam
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Joist Bridging
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Steel Trusses
Heavier Members
Can Carry Larger Loads &
Span Greater Distances
Typically Specially Fabricated
Truss to Span a Hotel Atrium
Heavy Trusses for the Seattle Stadium
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Cold Formed Steel
Formed by rolling or bending sheet steelLight Steel Framing; C-Shaped - Most Common;
Frequently used for partition & exterior wall framing
Metal Decking
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Joining Steel Members
Rivet Bolt Weld
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Rivets
Installation Process•Heat Rivet•Insert in Hole•“Hammer” to produce a second head•Cool - Expands to form a tight joint
Seldom Used any more•Labor Intensive•Less Expensive Alternatives
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Bolts
Types:Carbon Steel Bolts
Similar to ordinary machine bolts Lower Strength, low load/shear connectors
High Strength Bolts Heat treated for greater strength Higher shear resistance Can also be used in Friction Connections Can be used with or without washers
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Installation - Bolts
Drift pins
Temporary Bolts
Tighten Bolts
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High Strength BoltsFriction Connections
Load transferred between members by friction
Members clamped together
Must be Tightened consistently and reliably
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Verification of Required Tension
Turn of the Nut MethodTightened until snug, then
turned an additional fraction of a turn
Tension Control BoltsCorrect tension is reached
when end breaks off
Load Indicator Washers or Direct Tension Indicators
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Tension Control Bolts
Wrench grips both the nut & bolt
When required torch reachedEnd twists offEase of installation & consistency
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Load Indicator Washers
Washer with Protrusions (Gap)
Protrusions flatten as Bolt is tightened
Visually inspected to ensure that protrusions are flat (gap closed)
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Load Indicator Washers
Load Indicator Washers with a Visible Dye that squirts out when the washer has sufficiently flattened
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Welding
Full Penetration Weld Fillet Weld
WeldingWelding vs Bolting (Both can achieve similar performance)
•Welding labor intensive (especially in the field)Requires a highly skilled/certified craftsman
Verification of Installed Quality - inspection, X-ray, etc •Bolting - Quick, easy, and less labor intensive & skill req’d•Not uncommon to see both
Welded fabrications in the shopBolted in the field
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Steel Framing Connections
Framed ConnectionsBolts only in web, not the
flangesTransmits only shearNot bending momentAccomplished w/
clip angles & bolts/welds
Moment ConnectionsTransmit shear & momentFlanges must be connected
Bolt/Weld FlangesMay require column stiffeners
Welded Moment Connection
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Framed ConnectionClip angles welded to column, bolted to beam
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Bolted Connection
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Bolted Column SpliceMoment Connection
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Diagonal Bracing Moment ConnectionsShear Panels
Options for Building “Structure” Lateral Resistance •Diagonal Bracing (or eccentric bracing)•Shear Panels (Walls)•Moment Connections•Combination (common)
Most CommonBracing and/or Shear Panels with “Framed” Connections (bolted - shear)
Lateral Stability / Resistance
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Concrete Moment Connections
Stairwell Shear Panels
Core Shear Panels w/ Steel Frame
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Las Vegas Hotel - Alternating Truss Construction (w/ HC precast floors)
(a “form” of Diagonal Bracing)
Floor-to-Ceiling Truss (alternating each floor)
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Diagonal Bracing
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Construction Process Timeline
Preparation of Structural Drawings (Structural Engr.)
Preparation of Shop Drawings (fabricator)
Detailed fabrication & erection drawingsDetails each piece and connections
Submission & Approval
Order “stock” lengths
Fabricate each piece (after Shop Drawing Approval)
Ship to Jobsite
Erection
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Structural Steel ErectionErect 1st Tier Columns
Column Base Plate•Distribute Loads
•Attachment to Fdn.
•Often Shop Welded
•Holes must match anchor bolts in ftg.
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Column Set to Proper Elevation
OptionsLeveling Plateset in grout prior to
column erection
Leveling Nutsnuts set to elevation
prior to steel erection
Shimsmetal shims set to
proper elevation
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Anchor Bolts with Leveling Nuts
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Erection Sequence
Erect Columns
Install beams and girders
Plumb structure
Complete (weld or tighten) all connections - including diagonal bracing
Grout column base plates
Install edge angles & decking (or netting/plank)
Start next tier
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Column Base Plate Grouted
Grouted AFTER 1st tier erected & plumbed
Temporary cables used to plumb the structure
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Edge Angles•Forms the Slab”Edge”•Anchorage of exterior “skin”
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Two Story Structural Frame
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Multi-Story Structural Frame
TowerCrane
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SS Frame w/ Roof JoistsMetal Deck w/ shear studsEdge anglesDiagonal bracing to be installed
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Beam Coping
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Metal Decking
A sheet of steel that has been corrugated to increase its stiffness
Span capability primarily based on;
Thickness (gauge) of the sheet
Depth & spacing of the corrugationsSingular or Cellular
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Metal Decking
Cold Rolled
Sheets of
Metal
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Metal Decking - UsesPermanent Formwork for ConcreteFloorsRoofs
Roof Deck
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Metal Deck Uses Roof Support
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Atrium Roof“Curved”
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Roof Deck - Exposed & Painted
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Metal Decking Attachment
Mechanical fastener (self-tapping screws)
Welding (common for floor deck)
Welds
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Decking being ‘Puddle-Welded’
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Composite Metal Decking
Works in combination w/ concrete fillBonds to the concreteServes as tensile reinforcing
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Composite Metal DeckingOften in combination w/ Shear StudsCreates a shear connection between deck & frameIncreases carrying capacityProduces lighter, stiffer, & less costly frame
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Decking w/ Shear Studs
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Fireproofing
Codes Limit the Use of Exposed SteelHOW? - Height & Area limitations WHY? - Fire/heat reduces yield strength
Taller & Larger Buildings w/ Steel must be Protected
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Structural Steel exposed to Fire / Heat
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Encasement with a fire resistant materialConcrete or Masonry
Adds dead weight
Plaster Costly/labor intensive Exterior or humid applications
Drywall Also serves as finish mat’l
Spray-on FireproofingCombinationIntumescent Mastics & Paints
Structural Steel Fireproofing Methods
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Spray-on Fireproofing Mixture
Cementitious or fiber & binder mixture
Sprayed to the required thickness
Greater thickness = greater Resistance
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“Bagged” Fireproofing Material & Pump
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Note the thickness is greater on the columns
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Often the metal decking does not require additional fire protection
Note- Composite deck
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Protection during Fireproofing operations
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Longer SpansRigid Steel Frames
Depth of Beams & Columns varies with magnitude of bending forces
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TrussesAngleTubular
Longer Spans
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Universityof
Houston
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Castellated Beam
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OprylandHotel
Nashville, TN
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Arches
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Bellagio Hotel - Las Vegas
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Space FrameThree dimensional structure - carries loads similar to a two-way slab
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External Space Frame
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Rock -’n’- Roll MuseumSeattle
Frank O. Gehry & Assoc. (FOGA) Architect“free-form curvilinear structure”
ENR 2/28/00
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Rock -’n’- Roll Museum as seen from the Space Needle
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Some of the ‘Exterior’ Skin for the Rock -’n’- Roll Museum
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UNI DomePneumatic Structure (air supported)Built 1975Failed 3 times
Mechanical failureStrong storm (winds & power failure)Melting snow and high winds
Vancouver Convention CenterTensile StructureMasts, and cable
Fabric StructuresTensile &Pneumatic
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University of Iowa Air Dome
Football Practice Facility
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University of Iowa Air Dome (Inside)
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Side Anchorage of Netting
University of Iowa Air Dome
Exterior Steel Restraint ‘Netting’
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Fans to Provide the Internal Pressure necessary for Support of the Structure
University of Iowa Air Dome
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University of Iowa Air DomeEntrance Door
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Steel & the Building Codes
Without Fire Protection:Building heights & areas severely limited
With Proper Fire Protection:Unlimited Building Heights & Areas Permitted
for most occupancy groups