Chap1 Transport

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Chapter 1: TransportThe important of having a transport system- transport system is needed for

a. the distribution of ____________ and ____________________b. the removal of _________________ such as ____________, ______________

Transport system in unicellular organismsEg-Amoeba sp.- transportation is done through _______________________; simple diffusion is

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- this is becauseAmoeba sp. have a very big __________________________________ (TSA!"

Transport system in multicellular organisms- simple diffusion cannot supply all _____________ and ______________ needed as #ell as the removal of

_______________________ in multicellular organisms due to their ____________- multicellular organisms have the _____________________________ to transport and remove substances

throughout the body

The circulatory system- the functions$

a. transports _____________ to cellsb. transports _____________ to cellsc. removes _________________________d. protects the body against __________________e. blood _____________f. transports _________________

- three ma%or components of the circulatory system are the ________________, the ________________ andthe _______________________

The blood- blood is a ________________ tissue made up of _____________, suspended in a matri& called ________ .- in arthropods, the medium is __________________that fills the entire body cavity called

___________________- in other animals, blood flo#s through blood vessels ( ________________, ______________,

__________________ " and is pump by the ______________

'imension ube of ) cm ube of * cm ube of + cm

Total surface area

!olume

atio of TSA!

onclusion

otether than the ___________, the ___________also affects the TSA!

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/lood 0aemolymph

Transports ______________, ____________and _________________

Transports ________________,___________________, ________________but does not transport

__________________________

The composition of human blood

The composition of plasma

The cellular components- consists of the red blood cells (______________________", the #hite blood cells

(______________________" and the _________________

Erythrocytes- ____________________________ shaped to increase the ______________.- do not have a ________________ to carry more _________________.- 'o not have mitochondria to _________________ .- about _____________ in diameter, #hich is small and thus increase ______________ and %ust able to

move through the blood ______________- lifespan 1 about ____________ days, after #hich they are destroyed in the __________ and the

_______________- manufactured in the ___________________

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Leucocytes- larger than the _______________- forms less than _________ of the blood volume- can s2uee3es through pores in capillariesPlatelets- cell fragments from ___________________- no _______________- important in _______________________ mechanism

Human blood vessels- three types of blood vessels; the ________________, the ______________ and the _________________

artery arteriole capillary venule vein 0EAT artery

- capillaries are the site #here e&change of substances, such as ____________, ____________ and____________ occurs

arteries capillaries veins

Transport blood ___________ fromthe heart

4lasma fluid and interstitial fluid____________________

Transport blood ___________ fromthe heart

Transport __________________blood e&cept ________________

Transport __________________blood e&cept ________________

Thic5 #alls consists of ___________________ and connective tissue

_________________ #all Thinner #alls and _________muscular compared to arteries

Transport blood under ________pressure

Transport blood under ________4ressure

6umen ____________ ___________________ 6umen _________

4ulsation can be felt in _________arteries

4ulsation __________

Semi lunar valves ____________ Semi lunar valves ____________

erve supply ______________ erve supply ______________

The human heartStructure and function- si3e of one7s closed __________- contains ____________ chambers

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Regulation of blood pressure- blood e&erts pressure against the #alls of the blood vessel and the pressure is called

__________________; thisforce that drives blood through the _____________ and the ______________.- blood pressure is the ___________ in the aorta and large arteries, during the contraction of _____________

#hen blood is pumped out of the aorta and pulmonary artery.- a healthy adult #ill have a blood pressure of ______________ mm 0g at _______. The upper figure, )*or e&amplesthe ______________ in the blood and the _________________ (developed ____________" in theinterstitial fluid.

- 4gs *?; engulf, ingest, digest and egest

The third line of defence- if the pathogens manage to overcome the second line of defence, the ___________ line of defence #ill be

activated.- The third line of defence is the __________________ system. The immune system is a __________

or ________________ defence. :t recognises _______________ _______________ and defends the body

against them.- Antigens are ______________ ________________ that enter our body. Antigens are normally found on the

___________ surface of an ____________ microorganism.- The antigens induce the _______________ to release ______________ into the bloodstream to destroy a

particular antigen.- Antibodies are ______________ found on the surface of _____________, or ____________ released by

_________________ into the blood plasma.- They are fe# mechanisms used by _____________ in an immune response$

a. ______________________ - by _________________. Agglutinins are antibodies that can clump________________ ________________ together

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b. ______________________ -by _____________. The antito&ins _______________ the to&insproduced by bacteria by binding to the to&in. This prevents the to&in from attaching to cells and causingdamage.

c. ______________________ - by _____________. psonins are antibodies that bind #ith ___________to act as _____________ so that ______________ can recognise the antigens and destroy them.

d. ______________ - by ______________. 6ysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause theantigens to ________ or __________________.

- 8hen a person has an infection, pathogens and #hite blood cells collect in great numbers in the

_______________. The lymph nodes contain _________________ that destroy bacteria, dead tissue, andother foreign substances. They also contain _________________ that produce

________________.

The various types of immunity- There are t#o types of immunity$ ____________ immunity and _______________ immunity- Ac ti ve immu ni ty means the body __ ___________________________ _ in response to

stimulation by an antigen.- 4ass ive immunity means the body _____________________ from an outside source.- /oth types of immunity may develop either _________________ or ___________________.

- 8hen a person is e &posed to _ ______ ___ __, the immune system #ill produce _____________in response to the antigens. nce the person recovers from the infection, he #ill be immune ife&posed to the _____________ again.

- diseases such as measles are can cause serious illness or death #hen the person is e&posed tothe ______________ for the first time. :n order to protect a person from ge tting this disease,the person can be _________ _______ aga ins t t he disease through ________________. Theprocess is called ______________________.

- A vaccine is a preparat ion of ____________, __________ or _____________ fo rms of apathogen.

- 8hen the vaccine is in%ected in to the bod y, i t #il l act ivate the body to p roduce____________. Si nce th e pathogen is modif ie d or #e a5e ned, an indi vidua l ge ts mi ld or nosymptoms of the disease. The bod y ac2uires ______________by vaccination.

- for certain diseases, ________________ doses of the vaccine are to be given periodically. The firstdose usually results in the production of a ______ level of antibody concentration #hich is not

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- contains four types of cells;a. the _____________ c. the _____________b. the _____________ d. the _____________

- ___________ substances are transported along the _______________. The sieve tube is a_______________ column of long cells ar ranged ______________ _.The sieve tube is a_______ cell, #hich has no __________ and its cytop lasm is adapted to flo# from _______ to______ cont inuously. The en d #a ll s of ea ch ce ll are pe rfora ted by _________ to form______________ that allo#s the ___________ to pass through.

- Each sieve tube cell is supported in their function by one or more ______________. A companioncell is a normal cell #ith a ___________ and a large number of ______________, indicatingthat it is very active _________________.

- The function of the parenchyma is to store __________ substances #hile the function of thefibres is to provide ______________.

- _______________ can be ca rr ied out on a plant to see the e f fect of removing ____________tissue from a plant.

Transport of organic substances in plants- Transport of organic substances in plant is 5no#n as _____________________.- :n the ringing e&periment, the removal of _____________interrupts the do#n#ard movement of

______________ substances (mainly ___________, ____________, and other metabolites". The_______________ of these ______________ substances causes ____________ to occur %ust above the

ring.- The transport of dissolved organic solutes in the phloem is called _________________.- Translocation is important because a plant@s survival depends on the transport of ____________ substances

from the ______________ to the ___________ organs and the __________ region.

Transport of &ater in plantsTranspiration and its importance- Transpiration is the ________ of ___________________ from a plant due to _____________.- About )B of #ater absorbed is used by plants cells for ______________ and for ____________ and CCB

evaporates from the leaves and is lost to the atmosphere through _____________.- about C


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-ovement of &ater through the roots- Soil particles are usually covered by a thin film of ___________, 5no#n as ______ _______.- The cytoplasm of root hair cel ls are _______ _____ as c ompared to the surrounding soil

#ater. This means that root cells have a ____________ concentration of _____________ thanthe #ater in the surrounding soil.

- 8ater diffuses from the _________ to the root cell via ___________.- The cell becomes ________________ compared to ____________ cells.- 8 ater then ______________ into the ad%acent cell via ____________.- :n this #ay, #ater moves in#ards to the ____________.- 8ater flo#s through the ______________, _____________ and ______________ of the

_____________ cells in the corte& until it reaches the _______________.- At the endodermis, the #ater moves through the ______________ and ___________ of the

endodermal cells but not the ____________ due to the ____________________ #hich line its sidesbecause the _______________ is impermeable to _____________.

- The ____________ of #ater concentration that e&ists across the corte& creates a ____________ force thatresults in the __________ of #ater into the _____________ vessels. At the same time, ________ from thesoil are _________ secreted into the &yl em and thi s cau ses ___ ___ ___ ___ pressu re in the&yl em t o ___ ___ ___ _. onse2uently, #ater flo# ______________ into the &ylem.

- This generates pressure 5no#n as _______________.- oot pressure results in the _______________ of #ater and mineral ions into the &ylem of

the stem.

- :n small plants, root pressure can push #ater all the #ay up the stem and out of special pores called_______________ at the edges of leaves. This process is called ____________.

- oot pressure is ______________ to overcome the force of ___________ for #ater to movesup#ards to the height of most trees. :n addition, root pressure moves #ater too _____________.

-ovement of &ater through the stem- The continuous ____________ movement of #ater through the &ylem vessels in the stems can be

e&plained by the __________ and ________________ properties of the #ater molecules.- Dylem vessels are _________, ____________ and ____________tubes and provide a continuous

__________________ from the _________, through the ________ and to the ___________.- The narro# __________ of the &ylem vessels increase the fo rces ge nerated by __ ______ .- apillarity is the __________ and _______________ forces #hich enables the li2uid to enter and

move along very narro# spaces. apillarity is also 5no#n as ______________.

- 8ater molecules adhere to one another by ___________ forces. They adhere to the #alls of the&ylem vessels by _____________ forces.

- The cohesion and adhesion of #ater molecules are due to ___________ bonding.- apillary action ma5es a small contribution to the _____________ movement of #ater.

-ovement of &ater from the leaves to the atmosphere- 'ue to the process of _______________ pull.- Transpiration in the leaves is the _______ driving force for the mo vement of #ate r from the

soil up the stem.- The __________ of #ater molecules from the surface of ____________cells replaces the

_________________ that is lost f rom the leaf@s _____________.- The loss of #ater creates a tension or _________________ in the leaves.The regulation of transpiration by the stomata-

:n the lo#er epidermis of a _______________ leaf, small _________ called __________ presentand each stoma is surrounded by t#o ________________.- The t#o guard cells regulate inta5e of_________________ and ____________ by opening and

closing the stoma.- : f the pla nt is to obt ain suf f ic ien t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ for photosynthesis, it is necessary

that the stomata are _________. 0o#ever, #hen the stomata are open, _________ can be lostthrough these stomata through ____________. losing the stomata stops _____________ and butprevents _____________ from entering the leaf.

- To balance the need for _____________ and at the same time to prevent the ___________ lossof __________, a plant usually opens its s tomata in re sponse toa. an increase in ______________

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Chap1 Transport

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