Chap 3 - Theoritcal Framework and Hypothesis Testing

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The Research Process: The broad problem area and

defining the problem statement

CHAPTER 3

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Chapter Objectives1. Discuss how problem areas can be

identified. 2. State research problems clearly and

precisely.3. Explain how primary and secondary data

help the researcher to develop a problem statement.

4. Develop relevant and comprehensive bibliographies for any research topic.

5. Write a literature review on any given topic.

6. Develop a research proposal.

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Broad Problem Area

The broad problem area refers to the entire situation where one sees a possible need for research and problem solving. Such issues might pertain to:

1. Problems currently existing in an organizational setting that need to be solved. →

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Broad Problem Area

2. Areas that a manager believes needs to be improved in the organization.

3. A conceptual or theoretical issue that needs to be tightened up for the basic researcher to understand certain phenomena.

4. Some research questions that a basic researcher wants to answer empirically.

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Examples of Broad Problem Areas that Could be Observed at the Work Place

Training programs are perhaps not as effective as anticipated.

The sales volume of a product is not picking up.

Inventory control is not effective Some members in organization are not

advancing in their careers. The introduction of flexible work hours

has created more problems than it has solved in many companies.

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Preliminary Data Collection The nature of data to be gathered

could be classified under three headings:

1. Background information of the organization (the contextual factors).

2. Prevailing knowledge on the topic (relevant findings from previous research).

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Preliminary Data Collection

The background details of the company can be obtained from available published records, the web site of the company.

Company policies, procedures, and rules can be obtained from the organization’s records and documents.

Data gathered through such existing sources are called secondary data.

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Preliminary Data Collection Secondary data, are data that

already exist and do not have to be collected by the researcher.

Some secondary sources of data are statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished and available from either within or outside the organization, library records, data available from previous research, online data, web sites, and the Internet.

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Preliminary Data Collection Other types of information such as the

perceptions and attitudes of employees are best obtained by talking to them; by observing events, people, and objects; or by administering questionnaires to individuals.

Such data gathered for research from the actual site of occurrence of events

are called primary data.

Prevailing knowledge on the topic

A literature review should help the researcher to identify and highlight the important variables that are related to the problem.

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Literature Survey

Literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher.

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Literature Survey

The library is a rich storage base for secondary data through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, conference proceedings, doctoral dissertations, master’s theses, government publications, and financial marketing, and other reports.

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Literature Survey

The computerized databases is now readily available and accessible, which makes the literature search much easier, and can be done without entering the portals of a library building.

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Reasons for the Literature Survey

1. Helps to find the important variables that are likely to influence the problem situation are not left out of the study.

2. Helps the development of the theoretical framework and hypotheses for testing.

3. The problem statement can be made with precision and clarity.

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Reasons for the Literature Survey

4. Testability and replicability of the findings of the current research are enhanced.

5. One does not run the risk of wasting efforts on trying to rediscover something that is already known.

6. The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as relevant and significant.

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Conducting the Literature Survey

The literature review needs to be done on the specific issues of concern to the researcher and the factors identified during the interview process.

The first step in this process involves identifying the various published and unpublished materials that are available on the topics of interest, and gaining access to these.

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Conducting the Literature Survey

The second step is gathering the relevant information either by going through the necessary materials in a library or by getting access to online sources.

The third step is writing up the literature review.

Data Sources Textbooks Academic and professional journals Theses: phD theses and Master theses. Conference proceedings Unpublished manuscripts Reports Newspapers The internet

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Searching for literature

There are three forms of databases:

1. The bibliographic databases, which display only the bibliographic citations, that is, the name of the author, the title of the article (book), source of publication, year, volume, and page numbers.

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Searching for Literature

2. The abstract databases, which in addition provide an abstract or summary of the articles.

3. The full-text databases, which provide the full text of the article.

Databases are also available for obtaining statistics- marketing, financial, and so on.

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Searching for Literature Online search provides the following

advantages:1. Saving enormous amount of time.2. Are comprehensive in their listing and

review of references.3. The researcher can focus on materials

most central to the research efforts.4. Finding access to references is

relatively inexpensive.

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Accessing the online system and getting a printout of all the published works in the area of interest from the bibliographical index will provide a comprehensive bibliography on the subject, which will form the basis for the next step.

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From the bibliography on the subject, the researcher should do the followings:

A look at the titles of the articles or books will indicate which of these may be important.

The abstract of such articles that seem to be relevant will give an idea of the article that need to be looked into in depth.

The full text of which can then be printed out.

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While reading these articles, take notes about the problem that was researched, the design details of the study (such as the sample size and data collection methods), and the ultimate findings of the study.

These notes will facilitates the writing up of the literature review with maximum efficiency.

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Writing Up the Literature Review

The documentation of the relevant studies citing the author and the year of the study is called literature review or literature survey.

The literature survey is a clear and logical presentation of the relevant research work done thus far in the area of investigation.

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The purpose of the literature survey is: To identify and highlight the important

variables. To document the significant

findings from earlier research that will serve as the foundation on which the theoretical framework for the current investigation can be built and the hypotheses developed.

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Such documentation is important to convince the reader that:

1. The researcher is knowledgeable about the problem area.

2. The theoretical framework will be structured on work already done and will add to the solid foundation of exiting knowledge.

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Examples of Literature Surveys

Organizational effectiveness Organization theorists have defined

organizational effectiveness (OE) in various ways. OE has been described in terms of objectives (Georgopolous and Tannenbaum, 1957), goals (Etzioni, 1960), efficiency (Katz and Kahn, 1966), resources acquisition (Yuchtman and Seashore, 1967). As Coutler (2002) remarked, there is little consensus on how to conceptualize, measure, or explain OE.

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Examples of Literature Surveys

Researchers are now moving away from a single model and are taking contingency approaches to conceptualizing OE (Cameron, 1996; Wernerfelt, 1998; Yetley, 2001). However, they are still limiting themselves to examining the impact of the dominant factors in the organization’s life cycle instead of taking a broader, more dynamic approach (Dahl, 2001, p.25) .

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What insights can be gained from the above example?

1. The literature review introduces the subject of study.

2. Highlights the problem (that we do not have a good conceptual framework for understanding OE).

3. Summarizes the work done so far on the topic (by reporting the citations in the body of the research by mentioning the family names and the year of publication only).

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االصول الفكرية والمعلوماتية في اتخاذ القرار االداري من قبل

مديري المدارس في االردن

من التحديات التي تواجه اتخاذ القراراتتعد عملية التنظيمات االدارية وعلى مختلف المستويات. فهي عملية تتعامل مع متغيرات ال ترتبط بالمجال التنظيمي فحسب,

وانما تخرج عنه لتأخذ بنظر االعتبار البيئة المحيطة به, والضغوط االجتماعية والقوى الخارجية التي تؤثر وتتأثر

).1992بها (حسبة, ومع اتساع نطاق التكنولوجيا والحاسوب نالحظ ارتفاع قدرة تقنيات المعلومات واالتصال في ادارة التنظيمات. وهنا تبرز الحاجة الى تطوير سلوكيات

متخذي القرارات ليكون باستطاعتهم التعامل مع التطبيقات المختلفة لتكنولوجيا المعلومات (عبد الوهاب

).1998وشيحا,

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Defining the Problem Statement

After the literature review, the researcher is in position to narrow down the problem from its original broad base and define the issues of concern more clearly.

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What makes a good problem statement?

The problem statement introduces the key problem that is addressed in the research project.

Problem statement is a clear, precise, and short statement of the specific issue that a researcher wishes to investigate.

The three key criteria for problem statement

There are three key criteria to assess the quality of the problem statement:1. It should be relevant2. It should be feasible3. It should be interesting

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From an academic perspective, research is relevant if:

1. Nothing is known about the topic.2. Much is known about the topic, but

the knowledge is scattered.3. Much research on the topic is

available, but the results are contradictory.

4. Established relationships do not hold in certain situations.

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A problem statement is feasible

If you are able to answer the problem statement within the restrictions of the research project.

These restrictions are possibly related to time and money and the expertise of the researcher (a problem statement may be too difficult to answer).

Thus, it is important that you develop a narrowly defined question that can be investigated with a reasonably amount of time and efforts.

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The problem statement is interesting

Because research is a time-consuming process and you will go through many ups and downs before you present a final version of your research report. It is therefore vital that you are interested in the problem statement that you are trying to answer, so you can stay motivated throughout the entire process.

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Examples of broad problem areas that a manager could observe at the workplace :

Training programs are not as effective as anticipated.

The sales volume of a product is not picking up.

Minority group members are not advancing in their careers.

The newly installed information system is not being used by the managers for whom it was primarily designed.

The introduction of flexible work hours has created more problems than it has solved in many companies.

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Examples of Well-Defined Problem Statements

To what extent do the structure of the organization and type of information systems installed account for the variance in the perceived effectiveness of managerial decision making?

To what extent has the new advertising campaign been successful in creating the high-quality, customer-centered corporate image that it was intended to produce?

How has the new packaging affected the sales of the product?

What are the effects of downsizing on the long-range growth patterns of companies?

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Examples of Well-Defined Problem Statements

عليها يعتمد التي الفكرية االصول هي مااالدارية؟ القرارات اتخاذ في المدارس مديرو

بين الضريبي الوعي نشر يساهم هلتقليل في المكلفين

في الدخل ضريبة مقدري تواجه التي المشاكلاالردن؟

التعليم فاعلية في تؤثر التي العوامل هي ماالجامعي؟

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Format for ReferencingRelevant Articles

At least three modes of referencing are followed in business research. These are based on the format provided on the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (2001), the Chicago Manual of Style (1993), and the Turabian Style (1996).

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Format for ReferencingRelevant Articles

Each of these manuals specifies how books, journals, newspapers, dissertations, and other materials are to be referenced in manuscripts.

In this course, we will follow the APA format for referencing books, journals, newspaper articles, dissertations, and so on.

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Specimen Format for CitingDifferent Types of References

Book by a single author Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on

the World Wide Web. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Book by more than one author Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., and Sankar,

S. (1998). The pleasures of nurturing. London: McMunster Publishing.

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More than one book by the same author in the same year

Roy, A. (1998a). Trade theory. New York: McMillian Publishing Enterprises.

Roy, A. (1998b). Traditional Trade. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bamar.

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Journal Article Barry, H. (1996). Cross-cultural research

with matched pairs of societies. Journal of Social Psychology, 79, 25-33.

Jeanquart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the workforce and management models, Journal of Social Work Studies, 43, 72-85.

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Conference proceedings Publication

Yeshwant, M. (1998). Revised thinking on Indian philosophy and religion. In S. Pennathur (Ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Religion, (pp. 100-107). Bihar, India: Bihar University.

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Doctoral/Master Dissertations

Kiren, R.S. (1997). Medical advances and quality of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Omaha State University.

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Paper Presentation at Conference

Bajaj, L. S. (1996, March 13). Practical tips for efficient work management. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Enterpreneurs, San Jose, CA.

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Unpublished Manuscript

Pringle, P. S. (1991). Training and development in the 90s'. Unpublished manuscript, Southern Illinois University, Diamondale, IL.

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Newspaper Article The new GM pact. ( 1998, July 28).

Concord Tribune, p.1.Referencing Electronic Sources Author, I. (1998). Technology and

immediacy of information [On-line] Available http://www.bnet.act.com

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Examples of the Referencing In the Literature Review Section:

When a work is authored by two individuals, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

When a work has more than two authors but fewer than six authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs, and subsequently include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." as the example in the next slide:

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• Sekaran, U., Martin, T., Trafton, N., and Osborn, R.N., (1980) found…….(first citation).

• Sekaran et al. (1980) found…… ….(subsequent citation).

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When a work is authored by six or more individuals, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Join the names in a multiple-author citation in running text by the word and. In parenthetical material, in tables, and in the reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&). Examples are in next slide

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As Tucker and Snell (1989) pointed out…..

As has been pointed out (Tucker & Snell, 1989),…….

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When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous", cite in text, the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date: (Anonymous, 1979). In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.

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When the same author has several works published in the same year, cite them in the same order as they occur in the reference list, with the in press citations coming last. For example:

• Research on the mental health of dual- career family members (Sekaran, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1999, in press) indicates…

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When more than one author has to be cited in the text, these should be in the alphabetical order of the first author's surname, and the citations should be separated by semicolons as the example below:

• In the job design literature (Aldag & Brief, 1976; Alderfer, 1977; Beatty, 1982; Jeanquart, 1998),…

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Quotations in Text

Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source. The original wording, punctuation, spelling, and italics must be preserved.

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Quotations in Text

The citation of the source of a direct quotation should always include the page number(s) as well as reference

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Quotations in Text

Use three ellipsis points (…) to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.

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Quotations in the Text

If the quotation is of more than 40 words, set in a free-standing style starting on a new line and indenting the left margin a further five spaces.

Example: In trying to differentiate dual-earner and dual –career

families, Sekaran (1986) states:

Various terms are used to refer to dual-earner families: dual-worker families, two-paycheck families, dual-income families, two-job families, and so on. Spouses in dual-earner families may both hold jobs, or one of the partners may hold a job while the other pursues a career…

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Quotations in the Text

If you intend publishing an article in which you have quoted extensively from the copyrighted work, it is important to seek written permission from the owner of the copyright.

The research proposal contains the following:

Key elements: Purpose of the study Specific problem to be investigated. Scope of the study Relevance of the study Research design:

Sampling design Data collection methods Data analysis

Time frame Budget Selected Bibliography

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Example

While Chrysler’s minivans, pickups, and sports utilities take a big share at the truck market, its cars trail behind those of General Motors, Ford, Honda, and Toyota. Quality problems include, among other things water leaks and defective parts

( Business Week, No.10, 2007).

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Example-cont.

1. Identify the broad problem area. 2. Define the problem? 3. Explain how you would proceed

further.

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Answers

1. The broad problem is that the Chrysler cars are lagging in market share.

2. The problem statement: How can the market share of Chrysler cars be improved?

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answers

3. It is best to interview the users of GM, Ford, Honda, and Toyota car users and obtain from them their reaction – both positive and negative- to the cars they use, and why they prefer them.

Similar reactions from the users of Chrysler cars should also be gathered. One should proceed further based on the analysis of these responses.

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الدراسات توثيق كيفية حول أسئلة

في باالرقام الواردة الدراسات وثق: التالية البحثية الفقرات متن

في االردني الفرد اسهام معدل انالى يصل العلمي البحث على االنفاق

5 , الذي الوقت في سنويا دوالراتاالنفاق في الفرد مساهمة فيه تبلغ

العلمي البحث سنويا 1000على دوالراالمريكية ) المتحدة الواليات (.1في

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العلمي( 2وارجع ) البحث مستويات تدنيعدم أهمها عوامل مجموعة الى محليا

القرار صناعة في العلمي البحث تقدير , المخصصات وضعف وسياسيا اقتصاديا

. البحث الغراض الماليةالبحوث( 3أكد ) على التكيز ضرورة على

االنتاج تحسين الى تهدف التي العلميةوخاصة الطبيعية المصادر استخدام وتطوير

. والصناعة والزراعة المياه مجال في

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دراسة ) أكدت الشركات( 4لقد انتولي التي تلك هي نجاحا االكثر

, انه سيما ال اهماما العلمي للبحثاليه توصلت ما اخر تقديم في يسهم

, الوقت في الشركات لهذه العلومالدراسة ) فيه تثبت ثمة( 5الذي ان

المالي االداء تحسن بين عالقة. العلمي البحث على واالنفاق

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المراجع

( 1 : المؤلف( Nial Bolgerاسم

: البحث The Effect ofاسمResearch on Productivity.

: المجلة Management Journalاسم : النشر وتاريخ ,Vol.69 No.5عدد

2006

: 35- 20الصفحات

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المراجع

( 2 : عبد( رفعت محمد المؤلف اسم. شيحا العزيز عبد ابراهيم و الوهاب , : العامة االدارة اصول الكتاب اسم

. الجامعية: المطبوعات دار مصر : 2003السنة

. : الثانية الطبعة : 311الصفحة

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المراجع

( 3 : المؤلف( Daniel A. Girdanoاسم

George S. EverlyDorothy E. Dusek

: البحث ControllingاسمProductivity

: المجلة Applied Economicsاسم

: والتاريخ Vol.2, no.1, 2001العدد

: 30- 15الصفحات

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المراجع

( 4 ) , , : محمد و الشريف علي بدوي محمد المؤلف اسمالشامي.

: زيادة في تساعد التي العوامل البحث اسمالتنافسية.

:) ( : االدارية العلوم دراسات المجلة 44- 30اسم

: المجلد والتاريخ 2004, 2العدد, 20العدد

( 5 : المؤلف( Jordan Investment Boardاسم

: البحث Investing in Jordanاسم

: والتاريخ 2000العدد

www.jordaninvestment.com

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الدراسة متن في المراجع توثيق

البحث على االنفاق في االردني الفرد اسهام معدل انالى يصل , 5العلمي الذي الوقت في سنويا دوالرات

البحث على االنفاق في الفرد مساهمة فيه تبلغالمتحدة 1000العلمي الواليات في سنويا دوالر

(.Bolger, 2006) االمريكية

, وارجع وشيحا) الوهاب تدني (311صفحة, 2003عبدعوامل مجموعة الى محليا العلمي البحث مستويات

القرار صناعة في العلمي البحث تقدير عدم أهمها , المالية المخصصات وضعف وسياسيا اقتصاديا

. البحث الغراض

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الدراسة متن في المراجع توثيق) تابع)

على( Girdano et. al, 2001أكد ) التكيز ضرورة علىوتطوير االنتاج تحسين الى تهدف التي العلمية البحوث

المياه مجال في وخاصة الطبيعية المصادر استخدام . والصناعة والزراعة

, واخرون ) بدوي دراسة أكدت الشركات( 2004لقد ان , ال اهماما العلمي للبحث تولي التي تلك هي نجاحا االكثر

العلوم اليه توصلت ما اخر تقديم في يسهم انه سيما , الدراسة فيه تثبت الذي الوقت في الشركات لهذه

(Jordan Investment Board, 2000 )عالقة ثمة ان. العلمي البحث على واالنفاق المالي االداء تحسن بين

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قائمة في السابقة المراجع توثيقالمراجع

العربية المراجع 1 , الشامي. ومحمد الشريف؛ على محمد؛ بدوي

(2004 . التنافسية(. زيادة في تساعد التي العوامل ,) االدارية ) العلوم .44-30(: 2)20دراسات

2 , العزيز. عبد وابراهيم رفعت محمد الوهاب عبد, 2003شيحا ) , الثانية(. الطبعة العامة االدارة أصول

. , مصر الجامعية المطبوعات دار

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قائمة في السابقة المراجع توثيق) تابع ) المراجع

االجنبية المراجع 1.Bolger, Nial (2006). The Effect of Research

on Productivity. Management Journal, 69(5): 20-35.

2.Girdano, Daniel A.; George S. Everly; and Dorothy E. Dusek (2001). Controlling Productivity, Applied Economics, 2(1): 15-30.

3. Jordan Investment Board (2000). Investing in Jordan. www.jordaninvestment.com.

Practice projects Do the project assigned below, following

the step-by-step process outlined:1. Compile a bibliography on any one of

the following topics, or any other topic of interest to you:

a. service quality b. product development c. open-market operations

d. information systems

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Practice projects

2. From this bibliography, select 10 references that include books, periodicals, and newspaper items.

3. Based on these 10 articles, write a literature review using the citation forms as described in our lectures.

4. Formulate a problem statement.

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Visit the following websites

Intel http://www.intel.com Microsoft

http://www.microsoft.com

write a paragraph on each of these companies.

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Chap 3 - Theoritcal Framework and Hypothesis Testing

Documents

Transcript of Chap 3 - Theoritcal Framework and Hypothesis Testing