Slide 1Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Learning Goals
What is organizational commitment? What is withdrawal behavior? How are the two connected?
What are the three types of organizational commitment, and how do they differ?
What are the four primary responses to negative events at work?
What are some examples of psychological withdrawal? Of physical withdrawal? How do the different forms of withdrawal relate to each other?
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Organizational Commitment
Organizational commitment
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Figure 3-1
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Discussion Question
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Table 3-1
Figure 3-2
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Affective Commitment
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Continuance Commitment
Continuance commitment exists when there is a profit associated with staying and a cost associated with leaving.
Tends to create a more passive form of loyalty.
Embeddedness
Table 3-2
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Normative Commitment
Normative commitment
The sense that people should stay with their current employers may result from personal work philosophies or more general codes of right and wrong developed over the course of their lives.
Build a sense of obligation-based commitment among employees
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Stars
Citizens
Is withdrawal always bad?
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Psychological Withdrawal
Psychological withdrawal consists of actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment. (“warm-chair attrition”)
Daydreaming
Socializing
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Physical Withdrawal
Physical withdrawal consists of actions that provide a physical escape, whether short term or long term, from the work environment.
Tardiness
Psychological and Physical Withdrawal, Cont’d
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Psychological and Physical Withdrawal, Cont’d
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Psychological and Physical Withdrawal, Cont’d
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Figure 3-5
Trends that Affect Commitment
Diversity of the workforce
By 2012, minority groups will make up one-third of the workforce
47 percent of the jobs are filled by women
The workforce is aging
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Trends that Affect Commitment, Cont’d
The change in employee–employer relationships brought about by a generation of downsizing makes it more challenging to retain valued employees.
Psychological contracts
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From a normative commitment perspective, the employer can provide various training and development opportunities for employees.
IBM
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Takeaways
Commitment and withdrawal are negatively related to each other—the more committed an employee is, the less likely he or she is to engage in withdrawal.
There are three types of organizational commitment.
Affective commitment occurs when an employee wants to stay and is influenced by the emotional bonds between employees.
Continuance commitment occurs when an employee needs to stay and is influenced by salary and benefits and the degree to which he or she is embedded in the community.
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Employees can respond to negative work events in four ways.
Exit is a form of physical withdrawal in which the employee either ends or restricts organizational membership.
Voice is an active and constructive response by which employees attempt to improve the situation.
Loyalty is passive and constructive; employees remain supportive while hoping the situation improves on its own.
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Takeaways, Cont’d
Consistent with the progression model, withdrawal behaviors tend to start with minor psychological forms before escalating to more major physical varieties.
Psychological withdrawal examples include daydreaming, socializing, looking busy, moonlighting, and cyberloafing.
Physical withdrawal examples include tardiness, long breaks, missing meetings, absenteeism, and quitting.
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