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Channel is 41

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Response to PBS NOVA, “Triumph of Life: The 4 billion year war” movie

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcX1K8V-ZiA episode one 52 minutes, 4 billion year war

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15fYW4llExQ&feature=related

episode two arms racehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeY8kqAgMCo&feature=related

episode three mating gamehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVlbhwz8irE&feature=related

Episode six the survivors

Population—group of individuals of same species, breeding together on a normal basis

Biological species—organisms of the same type who can breed together under natural conditions and produce healthy, fertile offspring

Evolution—change in the % of individuals with particular variations in traits (alleles) over time—eventually may lead to new species developing

Natural selection—conditions allow some individuals in a population—with certain variations—to leave more offspring than others; over time, the population’s characteristics become more like the survivors.

Speciation—formation of a new species from a group separated (reproductively isolated) from its original group & affected by different natural selectors for a long time

Genetic drift—change in % alleles in a population versus its original population after it is separated (or after its size is decreased)—usually refers to adaptation in a small group

Adaptation—increase % of “fit” alleles due to natural selection

1 What process is referred to as “the 4 billion year war”?

photosy

nthesis

Cell resp

irati...

DNA re

plicatio...

Evolution

Predation

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. photosynthesis2. Cell respiration3. DNA replication4. Evolution5. Predation

20

2 Why is evolution referred to as “a 4 billion year war”?

Only in

dividua...

Animals

fight ..

.

Survival

requi...

People have al...

25% 25%25%25%

1. Only individuals who compete successfully for limited resources pass on their genes

2. Animals fight to find mates and to establish their territory

3. Survival requires fighting4. People have always fought

other social groups

3 Scientific evidence (radioactive dating) shows that the earth is about:

6000—10,000 y

...

4 –5 milli

on y...

4—5 b

illion y.

..

10—15 billi

on ...

25% 25%25%25%

1. 6000—10,000 years old2. 4 –5 million years old3. 4—5 billion years old4. 10—15 billion years old

4 For nearly 1 billion years after earth formed, no cells existed on the earth

because it was:

Too cold

Too hot

50%50%

1. Too cold2. Too hot

5 The first organisms to form from the molecules in the “primordial soup” of the

earth’s oceans were:

viru

ses

Eubact

eria th

e...

protists

fungi

plants

animals

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

1. viruses2. Eubacteria then

archaebacteria3. protists4. fungi5. plants6. animals

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

6 True or False. All other kingdoms are likely to have formed due to mutations in the DNA of the early bacteria. These mutations were harmless to the bacteria that survived, but over many generations as more and more harmless mutations were passed on, new alleles and even new genes formed. These new genes gave the survivors carrying them greater success in competing for limited resources. New genes that formed new kinds of bodies led to development of new kingdoms.

True

False

50%50%

1. True2. False

7 True or False. All mutations are harmful.

True

False

50%50%

1. True2. False

8 True or False. Even the newest species on earth are likely to share many genes in common with bacteria because they are the ancestors of all kingdoms of organisms.

True

False

50%50%

1. True2. False

bacteria

A population is a group where are members are the same species and where all normally breed together. A population can adapt to its surroundings differently from another to its surroundings without giving rise to a new species. If the populations are prevented from breeding together –reproductively isolated—many generations, then a new species does sometimes arise from some of the different populations. E.g., Genus (Strix) species (occidentalis) & populations that are still members of the same species but differently adapted (caurina versus lucida) versus longer separated snowy owls.

Strix nebulosa is a different species in the same genus, adapted to more northern, colder habitats

For example, many different species of the genus Strix (e.g., Strix occidentalis & Strix seloputo & Strix ocellata) have arisen as populations of the same species become isolated and adapt—by genetic drift—to their new environments.

Natural selection (survival of the fittest) causes adaptation due to genetic drift—increased % of population members having the more fit alleles and genes.

Sometimes after long periods of time isolated into different habitats, the separated populations become so different that they need to be classified into a new genus. Bubo scandiacus Genus Bubo species scandiasisBubo bengalensis Genus Bubo species bengalensis

Found in India

Eventually, isolated long enough and adapted to different environments and types of competition for resources, all groups of organisms can arise from a common ancestor. Grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships—as seen by their similarities in traits—is called taxonomy or classification.

Classification or Taxonomy—grouping organisms into smaller and smaller categories according to how related they are through

evolution and to their trait similarities:

Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Spaghetti?

Three domains (blue bacteria, purple archaebacteria, yellow eukaryea—all the eukaryotes whose cells have nuclei)six kingdomsSeveral phyla in each kingdom, etc

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Which population is the same species as the owl Strix occidentalis caurina?

Bobus occi

dent...

Strix

occident..

.

Occ

identalis

s...

33% 33%33%

1. Bobus occidentalis2. Strix occidentalis

lucida3. Occidentalis strix

Which population is the same genus as the owl Strix occidentalis?

Strix

ocella

ta

Bobus occi

dent...

Occ

identalis

s...

33% 33%33%

1. Strix ocellata2. Bobus occidentalis3. Occidentalis strix

9 The arising of new alleles or genes in a population OR the loss from the population of certain alleles or genes OR an increase or decrease in the percent of individuals with a particular allele

Macro

evolution

Genetic d

rift

Parasiti

sm

Symbiosis

Extincti

on

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. Macroevolution2. Genetic drift3. Parasitism4. Symbiosis5. Extinction

10 When genetic drift results in a population of a species becoming more fit to compete for resources & to survive & reproduce in its environment, the population has ___________.

Gone exti

nct

Deve

loped into

...

Destr

oyed all ...

Adapted to

its...

25% 25%25%25%

1. Gone extinct2. Developed into a new

species3. Destroyed all the other

populations in its community

4. Adapted to its environment.

11 The requirement for competition for resources within a population, such that those bearing new alleles or genes giving them better ability to compete for limiting resources, is called ______.

Natu

ral s

elect...

Survival

of th...

Continental dr..

.

Both a and b

A, b, a

nd c

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. Natural selection2. Survival of the fittest3. Continental drift4. Both a and b5. A, b, and c

12 All of the species on earth today arose from ancestors who lived:

In th

e air

On th

e land

In th

e oceans

Underg

round

25% 25%25%25%

1. In the air2. On the land3. In the oceans4. Underground

13 According to this phylogenetic tree and according to the sequence of events shown in the movie, the kingdom that arose after bacteria was:

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. animals2. fungi3. plants4. protists5. eubacteria

13 According to this phylogenetic tree, the newest kingdom on earth is the:

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

1. animals2. fungi3. plants4. protists5. Eubacteria6. archaebacteria

14 In the movie, ______ were the first animals thought to occupy land—after photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen for ozone O3 to form. Fl

ightle

ss inse

cts

Flyin

g inse

cts

Ancesto

rs of in

sects, th

e...

Amphibians

Reptiles Bird

s

Mammals

14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%

1. Flightless insects2. Flying insects3. Ancestors of insects, the

horseshoe crabs4. Amphibians5. Reptiles6. Birds7. Mammals

15 The horseshoe crabs’ who had more fit traits left more offspring than other members of their population, so over time the fit alleles increased. That is,

A new specie

s ...

Natu

ral s

elect...

Genetic d

rift ...

Land dwellin

g ...

All of t

he abo...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. A new species better adapted to life in the ocean arose

2. Natural selection increased the number of fit crabs, laying eggs on land, compared to the number still laying eggs in the ocean.

3. Genetic drift resulted in new species who could survive on land

4. Land dwelling arthropods evolved from horseshoe crab descendents

5. All of the above

16 Does the order that phyla of animals evolved in the movie match the order that evolutionary biologists and taxonomists report?

yes

no

50%50%

1. yes2. no

17. According to the phylogenetic tree, also called a cladogram, for which animal phyla would the oldest fossils be newer than the oldest amphibian fossils, but older than the oldest bird fossils?

Mollu

sks l

ike ... fish

Reptiles like

...

mammals

Arthro

pods lik...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. Mollusks like clams2. fish3. Reptiles like snakes

& dinosaurs4. mammals5. Arthropods like

insects

18. According to the movie, 65 million years ago, what event resulted in natural selection that favored survival of mammal species over dinosaur species—which underwent a mass extinction? .F

ormati

on of

superco

ntinent...

Pangea?

2.Form

ation of...

early auto

trop...

Impact

of gia...

Astero

id causi.

..

14% 14% 14% 14%14%14%14%

. Formation of supercontinent Pangea?2. Formation of O2

by early autotrophs3. Impact of giant Asteroid causing

dark,cold climate

19. Which fossil formed 1st (which is oldest)?

Top layer

Seco

nd from to

...

Third fr

om top

Bottom layer

25% 25%25%25%1. Top layer2. Second from top3. Third from top4. Bottom layer

Evolution OGT Questions

Set responder to Go 41 GoKeep a record of what questions you

answered correctly and incorrectly to use in studying.

1. Scientists have hypothesized for years that Earth’s continents once formed a single landmass that broke apart and became the continents as we know them today. The model below shows the landmasses (Gondwanaland) as they started to break apart to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia. What evidence best supports the model proposed above?

0%

0%

0%

0% A. Igneous rocks have been found on all the continents.B. Similar fossils have been found in parts of Africa and South America.C. Australia has marsupial species that are not found on other continents.D. Indications of sea level changes have been recorded on all the

continents.

index

2. The following diagram is found in an evolutionary biology textbook.

This branching tree diagram is most likely used to represent the theory

that suggests

0%

0%

0%

0%

A. new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.

B. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.

C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.

D. all species originated during

Question 3

index

Use the information and tables to answer

3. Kettlewell’s results indicated that black moths in industrialized areas

0%0%0%0%

had greate... could out-... had a high... could chan...

Info

index

1. had greater genetic variation than light moths.

2. could out-compete light moths for food and habitat.

3. had a higher survival rate than light moths in the same area.

4. could change their phenotype when environmental conditions changed.

Use the information to answer questions 4-6Butterflies

The monarch is a bright orange butterflywith black stripes. It acquires toxins from the milkweed plants it eats as a caterpillar. Adult monarchs retain these chemicals. Experiments have shown that blue jays that eat poisonous monarchs become sick within 15 to 30 minutes. The viceroy is also an orange, black-striped butterfly, which is difficult to distinguish from a monarch. Viceroy larvae consume primarily non-toxic poplar or willow tree leaves. Scientists have long suggested that viceroys have avoided predation by mimicking the monarch’s coloration pattern. New evidence indicates that this may not be the case. Descriptions of two sets of experiments with monarchs and viceroys are given below.

Experiment 1 (1958): Blue jays that were raised in captivity were offered viceroys. The hungry jays devoured the viceroys. The same jays were offered monarchs. After eating one or two monarchs, the blue jays refused to eat monarchs or viceroys. All butterflies’ wings were intact when given to the birds.

Experiment 2 (1991): Researchers fed the wingless abdomens of monarch, viceroy, queen, and non-toxic control butterflies to red-winged blackbirds and monitored the percentage of each type eaten. While 98% of control butterflies and 70% of queen butterflies were eaten, only 40% of viceroys and 40% of monarchs were eaten.

index

4. The diagram shows a partial classification scheme for monarch and viceroy butterflies. Based on this diagram, monarchs and viceroys belong to the same

index

0%

0%

0%

0% 1. genus.2. family.3. species.4. subfamilies.

5. What statement regarding the similarities between monarchs and viceroys best agrees with Charles Darwin’s theory of natural

selection at the time of its publication in 1859?

0%0%0%0%

Monarch butterfli... Similarities betw...

Viceroy butterfli... Variations in DNA...

1. Monarch butterflies are an older species than viceroy butterflies.

2. Similarities between monarch and viceroy butterflies result from their diets.

3. Viceroy butterflies avoid predation due to their resemblance to monarch butterflies.

4. Variations in DNA sequences are responsible for the similarity between monarch and viceroy butterflies.

6. A scientist studying a large population of a particular species of bird concludes that monarch butterflies are toxic to that bird species. However, upon studying a second, smaller population of the same bird species, he discovers that the second population is able to eat monarchs without becoming sick. How could the scientist best explain his findings?

0% 0%0%0%

1. The larger bird population has a small gene pool.

2. Monarchs are only toxic if eaten in large quantities.

3. Genetic drift has occurred in the smaller population.

4. Natural selection has increased populations of non-toxic butterflies.

index