Throughput-Guaranteed Distributed Channel Assignment and ...
Channel Assignment
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Transcript of Channel Assignment
Channel Assignment
Role of standardizing agency Deciding CH BW Numbering channels Designating channel types
(traffic, access, paging, etc)
Strategies Fixed channel assignment Dynamic channel assignment Hybrid channel assignment Channel borrowing strategies
Governing Factors in grouping the channels
Co-channel Interference
Adjacent channel intereference
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
• Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) – each cell is assigned a fixed number of channels – channels used for both handoff and new calls
• Reservation Channels with FCA – each cell reserves some channels for hand off calls
• Channel Borrowing – a cell may borrow free channels from neighboring cells
• Dynamic Channel Assignment
7C29822.67-Cimini-9/97
Channel Assignment Strategies Fixed Channel Assignments
Each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels.
If all the channels in that cell are occupied, the call is blocked, and the subscriber does not receive service.
Variation includes a borrowing strategy: a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a neighboring cell if all its own channels are occupied.
This is supervised by the Mobile Switch Center: Connects cells to wide area network; Manages call setup; Handles mobility
Channel Assignment Strategies Dynamic Channel Assignments
Voice channels are not allocated to different cells permanently.
Each time a call request is made, the serving base station requests a channel from the MSC.
The switch then allocates a channel to the requested call based on a decision algorithm taking into account different factors: frequency re-use of candidate channel and cost factors.
Dynamic channel assignment is more complex (real time), but reduces likelihood of blocking
Mobility support
1. Maintain the roaming connectivity (mobility management, routing...)
2. Maintain the continuation of com- munication in progress when crossing cells (i.e., handoff).
Handoff in cellular networks
- Handoff denotes the process of changing the channel associated with a connection in progress as a mobile move to the coverage of a new cell.
f1 f2
Movement direction
Handover/handoff Reasons for handover
Moving out of range Load balancing
Cell, BSC (base station controller), MSC (mobile switching center)
Handover scenarios Intra-cell handover (e.g., change frequency due
to narrowband interference) Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover (e.g., movement
across cells) Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover (e.g., movement
across BSC) Inter MSC handover (e.g., movement across
MSC)
Four Types of Handoff
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
Handoffs important task in any cellular radio system must be performed successfully,
infrequently, and imperceptible to users. identify a new base station channel allocation in new base station high priority than initiation request (block
new calls rather than drop existing calls)
Handoff trigger
f1 f2
A B C D E
A B C D E
Signal strength from BS_2
BS_1 BS_2
Signal strength fromBS_1
Decisionpointtime
Ref: - T.S. Rappaport, “Wireless communications, principles & practice”, ISBN 0133755363, Prentice-Hall, 1996, pp31-37.
Handoff threshold selection
Handoff margin =Handoff threshold - Minimum acceptable
signal to maintain the call
too small: Insufficient time to complete handoff before call is
lost More call losses
too large: Too many handoffs Burden for MSC
Styles of Handoff Network Controlled Handoff (NCHO)
in first generation cellular system, each base station constantly monitors signal strength from mobiles in its cell
based on the measures, MSC decides if handoff necessary mobile plays passive role in process burden on MSC
Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO) present in second generation systems mobile measures received power from surrounding base stations
and report to serving base station handoff initiated when power received from a neighboring cell
exceeds current value by a certain level or for a certain period of time
faster since measurements made by mobiles, MSC don’t need monitor signal strength
Mobile Controlled Handoff
Types of handoff
Hard (FDMA and TDMA systems)(both BS and carrier frequency are changed)
Soft (CDMA systems)(BS (thus PN) is changed but not the carrier frequency, its smoother as MS was already processing the signals of this new BS thus it takes place by selecting appropriate receiver.)
Softer (CDMA systems)(between sectors of same BS thus neither BS nor Carrier frequency is changed but only PN is changes)
Hard handoff - (break before make) FDMA, TDMA mobile has radio link with only one BS at anytime old BS connection is terminated before new BS connection is made.
Soft handoff (make before break) CDMA systems mobile has simultaneous radio link with more than one
BS at any time new BS connection is made before old BS connection is
broken mobile unit remains in this state until one base station
clearly predominates
Performance issues during handoff
• Call dropping probability: Probability that a handoff call is dropped.
• Handoff processing time: Time used to complete a handoff process.
• Handoff frequency: Depends on cell size and handoff trigger schemes.
• Unnecessary handoff events: Handoff that could have been avoided. Depends on handoff trigger schemes.
Prioritizing handoff Dropping a call is more annoying than line busy Guard channel concept
Reserve some channels for handoffs Waste of bandwidth But can be dynamically predicted
Queuing of handoff requests There is a gap between time for handoff and time to
drop. Better tradeoff between dropping call probability and
network traffic. Reduce the burden for handoff
Cell dragging Umbrella cell
Cellular networks: Examples
Marco cell
Base-station
Mobile user
Cellular networks: Examples
Small cells
Umbrella Cells
Roaming All cellular systems provide a service called
roaming. This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed.
When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area.
Registration MSC polls for unregistered mobiles Mobiles respond with MINs MSC queries mobile’s home for billing info
Calls MSC controls call and bills mobile’s home
Trunking theory
A system which has limited number of resources is known as a trunk system (telephone, mobile, etc)
Trunking theory is about serving a large number of users in a trunk system and finding various performance measures.
Two types of trunk systems are used Blocked Calls Cleared (Erlang-B) Blocked Calls Delayed (Erlang-C)
Various terms Service rate
(inverse of holding time; number of requests served in unit time)
1- Erlang (a channel is said to have 1-erlang traffic if it is busy all the time)
Traffic intensity (it is a ratio of request rate to service rate measured in erlang)
Blocked/lost call (an arrived request which cannot be completed, as all resources are busy)
Request Rate (avg. number of requests per unit time)
Holding time (avg. duration of a call)
(Ability of a user to get service in busiest hour. In telephone system, it is measured as blocking probability of a call.)
In cellular mobile systems dropping of calls should also be considered in defining GOS.
Trunking efficiency : measure of no. of users which can be offered a particular GOS with a particular configuration of channel.
HO calls have greater priority over new calls in cellular systems
GOS = Pbnew+ a.Pbho ; a is any suitable constant
Grade of Service
Trunking Theory Each user generates a traffic intensity of Au Erlangs.
Au=H, where H is the average duration of a call and is the average number of call requests per unit time for each user
A=UAu, where U no. of users and A is the total offered traffic intensity
Ac=UAu/C, where C is the number of channels Offered traffic >= the traffic carried by the trunked system
First type of trunked system Blocked calls cleared: no queuing for call requests, no
setup time M/M/m/m: memory-less, Poisson arrival, exponential
service, finite channels. Erland B formula GOS
KA
blockingC
k
kCAC
0
!
!
)Pr(
Blocked Calls Delayed Blocking calls are delayed until channels are
available, queuing
Erlang C
1
0 !)1(!
)0Pr(C
k
k
CAC
C
kA
CA
Adelay
Blocked Calls delayed system
P [call delayed] = Erlang-C formula
P [wait>t|call delayed]= e-(C-A)t/H
P[wait>t]= P [wait>t|call delayed].P[call delayed]
Average delay = ∫(0 to ∞)P[wait>t]dt
= P[call delayed] H/(C-A)
Approaches to Increasing Capacity Frequency borrowing
frequencies are taken from adjacent cells by congested cells
Cell splitting cells in areas of high usage can be split into
smaller cells Cell sectoring
cells are divided into a number of wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of channels
Microcell Zoning antennas move to buildings, hills, and lamp posts
Cell Splitting Subdivide a
congested cell into smaller cells
Each with its own base station, reduction in antenna and transmitter power
More cells more clusters higher capacity
Achieves capacity improvement by essentially rescaling the system.
Cell splitting from radius R to R/2
Cell Splitting Example
Power reduction is 16 times and 12 dB for half cell radius for a propagation factor of 4.
Antenna downtilting
Umbrella cell Example 3.8
Sectoring In basic form, antennas are omni-directional Replacing a single omni-directional antenna at base station
with several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified sector achieves capacity improvement by essentially rescaling the system.
less co-channel interference, number of cells in a cluster can be reduced, more clusters, larger capacity
Sectoring Examples Only two co-channel
cells S/I improvement 7.2dB Capacity 12/7 Intracell handoff Trunking efficiency low Urban area not good Example 3.9
Repeater Extend coverage range Directional antenna or distributed antenna systems
Micro Cell Zone
Superior to sectoring, any base station channel may be assigned to any zone by the base station
Same channel No handoff Only the active
zone
Micro Cell Zone Concept Large control base station is replaced by several
lower powered transmitters on the edge of the cell.
The mobile retains the same channel and the base station simply switches the channel to a different zone site and the mobile moves from zone to zone.
Since a given channel is active only in a particular zone in which mobile is traveling, base station radiation is localized and interference is reduced.
Example For N =7, D/R = 4.6
gives SIR = 18 dB
In zoning concept, Dz/Rz should be 4.6 for SIR = 18 dB D/R is 3.
N =3 , down from 7
2.33 times increase in capacity