Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion...

20
ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook 1 October 19, 2016 Sep 27:23 AM Chapter 3: Accelerated Motion * objectives: 1) define acceleration 2) recognize acceleration as a vector quantity 3) relate velocity and acceleration to the motion of an object uniform motion = straight line on a graph "unchanging" time t (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 position d (meters) This chapter analyzes motion with a changing velocity 0 8 m m 0m 8m Sep 27:23 AM Changing Velocity (velocity is speed in a direction) uniform motion non uniform motion no increase or decrease in speed no change in direction something about velocity is changing speed or direction AND

Transcript of Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion...

Page 1: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

1

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Chapter 3:  Accelerated Motion

* objectives: 1) define acceleration 2) recognize acceleration as a vector quantity3) relate velocity and acceleration to the motion of an object

uniform motion = straight line on a graph

"unchanging"

time  t   (seconds)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5 10 15 20

position  d

(meters)

This chapter analyzes motion with a changing velocity

0 8mm

0m 8m

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Changing Velocity   (velocity is speed in a direction)

uniform motion non uniform motion

no increase or decrease in 

speed

 no change in direction

something about velocity is changing

speed or 

direction

AND

Page 2: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

2

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

time

(s)

velocity

(m/s)

0.00 0.00

1.00 5.00

2.00 10.0

3.00 15.0

4.00 20.0

you get a straight line = the car is speeding up at a constant rate

the slope of the line =  the rate at which the car's velocity is changing

calculate the slope of this line  

rise          y vf ­ virun    x tf ­ ti

==

position

(m)

time (s)

1020304050

6070

80

Sep 2­7:23 AM

slope of v­t graph = acceleration

the rate at which an object's velocity changes

when velocity changes at a constant rate,

the object has constant acceleration

Page 3: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

3

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

constant velocity ­ vector arrows are all the same length

in the second example, the vector arrows are longer between each one second interval, indicating that the object's velocity is increasing

1 second between each dot

Sep 2­7:23 AM

pick two time points and find the slope

slope =  vf ­ vitf ­ ti

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s

acceleration

Page 4: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

4

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

12

10s 11s 12s 13s 14s 15s

Sep 2­7:23 AM

draw a motion diagram for the graph, include velocity vectors

Page 5: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

5

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

draw a motion diagram for the graph, include velocity vectors

What is the instantaneous acceleration at 2.0 seconds?

at 8.5 seconds?

What is the average acceleration for the 9.5 seconds?

Sep 2­7:23 AM

velocity

  (m/s)   

time (s)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180

1.0

0.5

1.5

0s 2s 14s 18s

motion of the elevator is always upward

acceleration is positive when acceleration is upward

acceleration is negative when acceleration is downward

In this problem

vf ­ vi   vf ­ vi  

Page 6: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

6

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

positive acceleration does NOT always mean an object is speeding up and negative acceleration does NOT always mean an object is slowing down

ex:  Let's make right  positive and left  negative

begin end

is this a positive or negative acceleration?

is this a positive or negative acceleration?

begin end

beginend

is this a positive or negative acceleration?

beginend

is this a positive or negative acceleration?

is this positive or negative velocity? speeding up or slowing down?

is this positive or negative velocity? speeding up or slowing down?

is this positive or negative velocity? speeding up or slowing down?

is this positive or negative velocity? speeding up or slowing down?

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Joseph is skateboarding along a level surface into a very strong wind, which slows him and eventually moves him backward.  As his motion changes direction, what is his velocity?  Is his acceleration as his motion changes positive, negative or zero?

time (s)

+ velocity

­ velocity

Page 7: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

7

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Sep 2­7:23 AM

­3.0m/s

4.5 m/s

Known

vi = ­3.0 m/s

vf = 4.5 m/s

 t = 2.5 s

unknowna

formulaa =  vf ­ vi

tf ­ tia =  4.5 m/s ­ (­3.0 m/s) 

2.5 s

a = 7.5 m/s2.5 s = 3.0 m/s2+

Page 8: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

8

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

At main engine cutoff (MECO), the Space Shuttle is at an altitude of 113 km (70 miles), traveling 7600 m/s (17,000 mph) relative to the earth. This occurs 7 minutes 40 seconds into the mission. Determine the magnitude of the average acceleration experienced by the shuttle astronauts from lift off to MECO.

Sep 2­7:23 AM

When ejection seats were being developed, it was not known if a human could survive the intense acceleration needed to clear a jet fighter in an emergency. In 1954, US Air Force Colonel John Stapp was strapped into the seat of a rocket sled and blasted across the New Mexico desert at 282 m/s (632 mph) to examine the physiological effects of high speed ejection. The sled traveling at eight­tenths the speed of sound, a land speed record at that time, was then guided into a large trough of water, stopping it in a mere 1.4 s. Determine the magnitude of the average acceleration during the critical portion of this experiment. (Colonel Stapp subjected himself to several extreme acceleration experiments and survived all of them relatively unharmed.)

Page 9: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

9

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

3.2 Motion with Constant Acceleration

1)   rearrange                        to solve for final velocity   

2)  What is the acceleration of a car traveling  at a constant velocity?

3)  A skateboard is rolling downhill with an acceleration of 4.50 m/s2 .  It began moving at 1.3 m/s and had a final velocity of 3.5 m/s.  How long did it take to go down the hill?

Sep 2­7:23 AM

3.2 Motion with Constant Acceleration

1)  What is the acceleration of a car traveling  at a constant velocity?

2)  A bus that is traveling at 30.0 km/h speeds up at a     constant rate of 3.5 m/s2.  What velocity does it       reach 6.8 s later?

Page 10: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

10

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

3.2 Motion with Constant Acceleration

acceleration = change in velocity in a time interval 

a =  vf ­ vit

this can be rearranged to solve for any of the variables

when acceleration is constant, a is also the instantaneous acceleration

Sep 2­7:23 AM

A v­t graph contains information about an object's displacement

remember:     v  =   dt

so    d =  v    tv

t

v

t

area    =    base  x  height

Page 11: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

11

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Sep 2­7:23 AM

area of a rectangle = base  x  height

area of a triange  =   1/2  base  x  height

total area under line =  bh  +  1/2 bh

d = tf vi + 12 a   tf 

2

a =   vt

no acceleration

v = a   t

tfvi 1/2 tfvfdf ­ di

df = tf vi + 12 a   tf 

2di +

Page 12: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

12

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

page 68

another variation  d = 1/2  (vf ­ vi) t

this is just the triangle under the V­T graph line

same thing as    1/2 a t2

any equation can be rearranged to solve for alternative variables

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Page 13: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

13

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff. 

Sep 2­7:23 AM

You start your bicycle ride at the top of a hill. You coast down the hill at a constant acceleration of 2.00 m/s2 for 6.0 s.   When you get to the bottom of the hill, you are moving at 18.0 m/s and you pedal to maintain that speed.  If you continue at this speed for 1.00 min, how far will you have gone from the time you left the hilltop?

Page 14: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

14

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

The highest speed achieved by a standard nonracing sports car is 3.50 x 102 km/h.  Assuming that the car accelerates at 4.00 m/s2,  how long would it take for this car to reach its maximum speed if it is initially at rest?  Calculate the total distance the car travels during this time.

Sep 2­7:23 AM

In 1993, Ileana Salvador of Italy walked 3.0 km in under 12.0 min.  Suppose that during her walk, Salvador is observed to steadily increase her speed from 4.20 m/s to 5.00 m/s in 25.0 s.  What is the distance traveled by Salvador during the time of acceleration?

Page 15: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

15

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Two part motion motion problems must be broken apart whenever the acceleration changes

Sep 2­7:23 AM

3.3 Free Fallmotion of a body when air resistance is 

negligible and the action is due to gravity alone

acceleration due to gravity :  studied by Galileo, but he couldn't get the object to move slow enough for his primitive equipment to gather the info

conclusion:    all objects in free fall have the same accelerationindependent of mass or height the object is dropped from

Page 16: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

16

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Acceleration due to gravity  :     "g"

on Earth ­ averages  9.80 m/s2

      on moon  ­ averages  1.67 m/s2

the force of gravity is determined by:

a) mass of the object causing the gravity

b) distance from the center of the object causing the gravity

we use the average because the actual number varies slightly as distance from Earth' center varies

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Is "g" positive or negative?the magnitude of "g" on Earth is 9.80 m/s2

the direction of "g" is indicated by the +/­

it all depends on the coordinate system YOU decide on

if you decide "up" from Earth's surface is the positive direction, then g is negative because gravity pulls things "down" to Earth.

if you decide "down" to Earth's surface is the positive direction, then g is also positive because it is pulling thing "down" to Earth

Page 17: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

17

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Ex:  A flower pot falls from a third story window.

If you decide UP is positive direction, then g is negative

If you decide DOWN is positive direction, then g is positive

motion diagram

open to page 72 in text

2 groups : find time for an object falling 2.0 m from rest

Sep 2­7:23 AM

p­t graph v­t graph

d (m)

t(s) t(s)

v(m/s)

10

20

­10

­20

1 2 3 4 00

20

­20

1 2 3 4

a ball tossed straight up in the air and then it falls back into your hand

Page 18: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

18

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Acceleration due to gravity  (9.80 m/s2) is still acting on that ball when it is traveling at 0.0 m/s at the top of its peak.

If there were zero acceleration at the peak, then the object would remain at 0.0 m/s and hover in the air rather than accelerating toward Earth (falling).

At the peak.... is the ball accelerating?

That is only an instantaneous velocity.   It is changed in the very next instant.  So velocity IS changing, there IS acceleration.

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Plug "g" into your formulas including accelerated motionWhat are the 3 main formulas from this chapter?

Page 19: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

19

October 19, 2016

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Mrs Stowell accidentally drops her paint brush when she's restoring the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

a) What is the velocity of the paint brush after 2.50 s?

b) How far does the paint brush fall during this time?

      c) Conceptually ­ neglecting air resistance, if Mrs. Stowell has 120x the mass of the paintbrush and she falls from the ladder,  what is her velocity after 2.50 s?

Sep 2­7:23 AM

Practice Problem 45   P 74A tennis ball is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 22.5 m/s.  It is caught at the peak of its flight.

a) How high does the ball rise?

b) How long does the ball remain in the air?

Page 20: Changing Velocity non uniform motion...... (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 ... his motion changes direction, what is his velocity? Is his acceleration as his motion ... 3.50 x

ch 3 lecture notes 2016.notebook

20

October 19, 2016

Oct 9­8:40 AM