CHANGI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

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Transcript of CHANGI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

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CHANGI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTCHANGI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Building type : Transport building, Airport facilitiesBuilding type : Transport building, Airport facilities

Location :Location : ChangiChangi, Singapore, Singapore

Completion : 2001Completion : 2001

Owner : Land Transport Authority(LTA)Owner : Land Transport Authority(LTA)Public Works Department(PWD)Public Works Department(PWD)

Design consultant : Skidmore Owings &Design consultant : Skidmore Owings & MerrilMerril LLPLLP(SOM)(SOM)

Structural consultant :Structural consultant : OveOve Arup & PartnersArup & Partners(U.S.A)(U.S.A)

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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Airport is operated by theAirport is operated by the ChangiChangi InternationalInternationalGroupGroup   home base of Singapore Airlines,home base of Singapore Airlines,Singapore Airlines Cargo,Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAirSilkAir, Tiger Airways,, Tiger Airways,JetstarJetstar Asia Airways,Asia Airways, ValuairValuair and Jett8 Airlinesand Jett8 Airlines

Cargo.Cargo. 4340 weekly flights operated by 80 airlines to 1304340 weekly flights operated by 80 airlines to 130

cities in 59 countries.[as of APRIL 2008]cities in 59 countries.[as of APRIL 2008]

In 2009In 2009yy the airport handled 37, 203, 978 passengersthe airport handled 37, 203, 978 passengers

yy 2121stst busiest airport in the world and the 5busiest airport in the world and the 5thth busiest in Asiabusiest in Asiaby passenger trafficby passenger traffic

yy airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world,airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world,handling 1.66 million tons of cargohandling 1.66 million tons of cargo

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HISTORYHISTORY

Singapore International Airport atSingapore International Airport at PayaPaya LebarLebar --Opened in 1955 with a single runway and a smallOpened in 1955 with a single runway and a smallpassenger terminalpassenger terminal

Singapores third main civilian airport afterSingapores third main civilian airport after SeletarSeletar

Airport (main airport from 1930Airport (main airport from 1930--37) and37) and KallangKallangAirport (1937Airport (1937--55)55)

With growth in global aviation transport, theWith growth in global aviation transport, theairport was facing congestion problemsairport was facing congestion problems   inabilityinabilityto cope with the rising traffic became critical byto cope with the rising traffic became critical by

the 1970s: annual passenger numbers rosethe 1970s: annual passenger numbers rosedramatically from 30,000 in 1955 to 1,700,000 indramatically from 30,000 in 1955 to 1,700,000 in1970 and 4,000,000 in 1975.1970 and 4,000,000 in 1975.

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HISTORYHISTORY

In 1972, they decided to keep the airport atIn 1972, they decided to keep the airport at PayaPaya LebarLebar(recommendation of a British aviation consultant). Plans(recommendation of a British aviation consultant). Planswere made for the building of a second runway and anwere made for the building of a second runway and anextensiveextensive redevelopmenyredevelopmeny and expansion to theand expansion to thepassenger terminal building. After a year, the plans werepassenger terminal building. After a year, the plans werereviewed again as the pressure to expand the airportreviewed again as the pressure to expand the airporteases due to the 1973 oil crisis.eases due to the 1973 oil crisis.

19751975   the government subsequently decided to build athe government subsequently decided to build anew airport at the eastern tip of the main island of new airport at the eastern tip of the main island of ChangiChangi, at the existing base of , at the existing base of ChangiChangi Air Base, where theAir Base, where the

new airport would be easily expandable through landnew airport would be easily expandable through landreclamation.reclamation.

The airport inThe airport in PayaPaya LebarLebar was subsequently converted forwas subsequently converted formilitary use as themilitary use as the PayaPaya LebarLebar Air BaseAir Base

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CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

one of the largest single development projectsone of the largest single development projectsin Singapores historyin Singapores history

19751975--land reclamation works involving overland reclamation works involving over

52,000,000 square meters of landfill and sea fill52,000,000 square meters of landfill and sea fill[led by PSA chairman Howe Yoon Chong][led by PSA chairman Howe Yoon Chong]

Canals were built to drain water from threeCanals were built to drain water from threerivers,rivers, SungeiSungei TanahTanah MerahMerah BesarBesar,, SungeiSungei AyerAyer

GemurohGemuroh andand SungeiSungei MataMata IkanIkan.. In total, 8.7 sq km were reclaimed, raising theIn total, 8.7 sq km were reclaimed, raising the

total site area to 13 sq km.total site area to 13 sq km.

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CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

558 buildings, exhuming around 4,100 graves,558 buildings, exhuming around 4,100 graves,

a 38.1 cm gun replacement ata 38.1 cm gun replacement at ChangiChangi andand

diverting the three streams to the western sidediverting the three streams to the western side

of the former Royal Air Force runway, whichof the former Royal Air Force runway, whichwas to be used for the new 4,000 m runwaywas to be used for the new 4,000 m runway

Despite the airport opening in 1981, someDespite the airport opening in 1981, some

sections were not completed. The big aircraftsections were not completed. The big aircraft

hangar was only completed in 1982; 1983hangar was only completed in 1982; 1983  

first runway; 1989first runway; 1989   Terminal 2, NovemberTerminal 2, November

19901990   opening; 1 June 1991opening; 1 June 1991   official openingofficial opening

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THE AIRPORTTHE AIRPORT

The airport has 3 terminals which long haul flightsThe airport has 3 terminals which long haul flightsuse and a 4th budget terminal for regional low costuse and a 4th budget terminal for regional low costcarrierscarriers

Transit between the main three terminals is madeTransit between the main three terminals is made

easy by a system of automated monorail trains whicheasy by a system of automated monorail trains whichspeed between terminals every few minutes.speed between terminals every few minutes. moving walkways are present to speed up journeymoving walkways are present to speed up journey

times even further times even further  all areas of all three terminals can be accessedall areas of all three terminals can be accessed

without clearing security or immigration [except thewithout clearing security or immigration [except the

boarding gate].boarding gate]. This means that transit passengers can explore theThis means that transit passengers can explore the

entire airport with ease and convenienceentire airport with ease and convenience

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TERMINAL 1TERMINAL 1

Configured in a HConfigured in a H--shaped layoutshaped layoutto maximise the number of to maximise the number of aerobridges which may be built,aerobridges which may be built,it underwent two majorit underwent two majorupgrading works over its lifespan.upgrading works over its lifespan.

A major refurbishment wasA major refurbishment wascompleted in 1995 at a cost of completed in 1995 at a cost of S$170 million and work to extendS$170 million and work to extendtwo finger piers to add 14two finger piers to add 14aerobridges at a cost of S$420aerobridges at a cost of S$420million took place from 1996 tomillion took place from 1996 to1999. Today, the terminal spans1999. Today, the terminal spans

an area of 280,020 m² and canan area of 280,020 m² and canaccommodate a maximumaccommodate a maximumpassenger capacity of 21 millionpassenger capacity of 21 millionpassengers a year.passengers a year.

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TERMINAL 2TERMINAL 2

Terminal 2 opened on 22 November 1990Terminal 2 opened on 22 November 1990as part of Phase II in the original airportas part of Phase II in the original airportmasterplanmasterplan. Deploying a linear. Deploying a linearconfiguration parallel to the runways, it isconfiguration parallel to the runways, it islocated adjacent to Terminal 1 towardslocated adjacent to Terminal 1 towardsthe south, and heralded the opening of the south, and heralded the opening of 

the originalthe original skytrainskytrain system linking thesystem linking thetwo terminals via the landside.two terminals via the landside.

Terminal 2 is split into four sections withTerminal 2 is split into four sections withgate numbers carrying the letter of theirgate numbers carrying the letter of theirsection. The terminal hosts a cinema andsection. The terminal hosts a cinema anda Burger King as well as countless numbera Burger King as well as countless numberof shops. The centrepiece is the indoorof shops. The centrepiece is the indoorgarden. The terminal also has an outdoorgarden. The terminal also has an outdoor

rooftop garden and a technology sectionrooftop garden and a technology sectionshowcasing the world's largest plasmashowcasing the world's largest plasmascreen. The carpets are green and thescreen. The carpets are green and thegate information is displayed on LCDgate information is displayed on LCDscreens. Security checks must bescreens. Security checks must becompleted prior to entering the gatecompleted prior to entering the gate.

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TERMINAL 3TERMINAL 3

Designed by CPGDesigned by CPGCorporation, with Skidmore,Corporation, with Skidmore,Owings and MerrillOwings and Merrilldesigning the roof featuredesigning the roof featureand interior design byand interior design by

WoodheadWoodhead Wilson, TerminalWilson, Terminal3 departs from the largely3 departs from the largelyutilitarian architecture in theutilitarian architecture in thefirst two terminals. Likefirst two terminals. Likeother new airports in theother new airports in theregion, it has a structureregion, it has a structure

mainly made of glass, withmainly made of glass, withbig transparent spacesbig transparent spacesinside the terminal.inside the terminal.

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TERMINAL 3TERMINAL 3

The design of the terminalThe design of the terminalbuilding utilizes the consistentbuilding utilizes the consistentequatorial sun to limit theequatorial sun to limit theamount of energy required foramount of energy required forlighting and minimizes thelighting and minimizes the

cooling load of the building. Acooling load of the building. Asingle flat roof spans the majorsingle flat roof spans the majorspaces of terminal 3. At 250spaces of terminal 3. At 250meters by 300 meters it coversmeters by 300 meters it coversapproximately 22 acres. Withinapproximately 22 acres. Withinthe structural framework of thethe structural framework of theroof a pattern of 2000 skylightroof a pattern of 2000 skylight

openings has been establishedopenings has been establishedthat will allow the terminal to bethat will allow the terminal to beilluminated completely by naturalilluminated completely by naturaldaylight for eight hours a day,daylight for eight hours a day,regardless of cloud cover.regardless of cloud cover.

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TERMINAL 3TERMINAL 3

Daylight is modified by aDaylight is modified by asystem of louvers both abovesystem of louvers both aboveand below the roof to meetand below the roof to meetthe requirements of the zonesthe requirements of the zonesof the building. On cloudyof the building. On cloudy

days they open to admit thedays they open to admit themaximum amount of maximum amount of illumination. If the electronicillumination. If the electronicsensors detect a cloudless skysensors detect a cloudless skythe louvers close to limit thethe louvers close to limit theamount of light and heatamount of light and heat

entering the building.entering the building.

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TERMINAL 3TERMINAL 3 In landscaped areas theIn landscaped areas thelouvers are designed to reflectlouvers are designed to reflect

additional daylight towardsadditional daylight towardsthe plants. More light is alsothe plants. More light is alsoallowed into the circulationallowed into the circulationand retail areas whereand retail areas wherechanging patterns on the floorchanging patterns on the floor

and walls help animate theand walls help animate thespace. The louvers below thespace. The louvers below theroof are fixed at specific anglesroof are fixed at specific anglesthat allow some to channelthat allow some to channeldaylight to the floor of thedaylight to the floor of theterminal while other reflectterminal while other reflect

light up to the ceiling. By night,light up to the ceiling. By night,artificial light from easilyartificial light from easilyaccessible sources near theaccessible sources near thefloor is reflected off thefloor is reflected off thelouvers to provide uniformlouvers to provide uniformillumination within theillumination within theterminal.terminal.

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JETQUAY CIP TERMINAL

Privately run terminal, locatedPrivately run terminal, locatednext to T2.next to T2.

It was converted from theIt was converted from theformer VIP terminal that usedformer VIP terminal that usedto handle foreign dignitaries.to handle foreign dignitaries.

It is an elite, dedicated CIPIt is an elite, dedicated CIP(Commercially Important(Commercially ImportantPeople) terminal that can nowPeople) terminal that can nowbe used by any passengerbe used by any passengertravelling in any class, on anytravelling in any class, on anyairline, through any of theairline, through any of the

main terminals (T1, T2, or T3).main terminals (T1, T2, or T3). JetQuayJetQuay provides privateprovides private

checkcheck--in, baggage handling,in, baggage handling,and immigration clearanceand immigration clearanceservices.services.

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BUDGET TERMINALBUDGET TERMINAL Opened as a dedicated terminal catering

to the budget traveller. The name of theBudget Terminal was decided as a result of a naming contest open to the public. Theterminal is not included in the numberingscheme even though it is the thirdterminal to be opened and Terminal 3 isactually the fifth terminal opened at theairport.

A range of duty-free shops and Food andBeverage outlets, and free internetterminals are available. There is notransfer facility at the Budget Terminal.Passengers who need to make transfersneed to clear immigration (and get theappropriate visas at their homecountry if applicable), collect their luggage, clearcustoms, make their way to the mainterminal by taking the zero-fare shuttlebuses and check-in again with therespective airline.

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TRANSPORTATION:TRANSPORTATION:

THE CRYSTAL MOVERTHE CRYSTAL MOVER

Also called Also called ChangiChangi  Airport AirportSkytrainSkytrainyy a people mover system thata people mover system that

connects Terminals 1, 2 and 3 atconnects Terminals 1, 2 and 3 atSingaporeSingapore ChangiChangi  Airport. Airport.

yy Opened 1990Opened 1990-- first autofirst auto--guidedguidedsystem in  Asiasystem in  Asia

yy Initially consisted of Bombardier Initially consisted of Bombardier CXCX--100s, jointly built by100s, jointly built byWestinghouse andWestinghouse and  Adtranz Adtranz(acquired by Bombardier).(acquired by Bombardier).

yy 20022002--work began on a newwork began on a newS$135 million Mitsubishi CrystalS$135 million Mitsubishi CrystalMover Mover--based system tobased system toaccommodate the plannedaccommodate the plannedopening of Terminal 3 and theopening of Terminal 3 and theprojected increase in demand asprojected increase in demand asthe airport expands.the airport expands.

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SERVICESSERVICES

Passenger ServicesPassenger Servicesyy Airport has over 70,000 sq m of space Airport has over 70,000 sq m of space

spread between its three main terminals for spread between its three main terminals for shopping and eating outlets, with Terminal 3shopping and eating outlets, with Terminal 3

having the largest amount of retail space athaving the largest amount of retail space at20,000 sq m20,000 sq m

yy 2 different lounges with 242 different lounges with 24--hour nappinghour nappingareas, showers and spa facilities, to hotelareas, showers and spa facilities, to hoteland pool amenitiesand pool amenities

yy Singapore Yours (created for those in transitSingapore Yours (created for those in transitfor up to 5 hours who are granted a specialfor up to 5 hours who are granted a specialpass to leave the airport on one of four citypass to leave the airport on one of four citytour options)tour options)

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SERVICESSERVICES

Nature Trail (six themed garden reserves)Nature Trail (six themed garden reserves)

Comprehensive dining and entertainmentComprehensive dining and entertainmentoptionsoptions

Wide array of dutyWide array of duty--free and eating outletsfree and eating outlets Within the international transit area of theWithin the international transit area of the

interconnected Terminals 1 and 2: internet andinterconnected Terminals 1 and 2: internet andgames facilities, prayer rooms, showers, spas,games facilities, prayer rooms, showers, spas,gym, swimming pool and a hotel area providedgym, swimming pool and a hotel area provided

Various lounge areas, children¶s play areas or Various lounge areas, children¶s play areas or television showing news, movie and sporttelevision showing news, movie and sportchannelschannels

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 Aircraft Maintenance Aircraft Maintenance

Five hangars house facilities toFive hangars house facilities toprovideprovide aircraft maintenanceaircraft maintenance supportsupportbyby SI A Engineering CompanySI A Engineering Company and STand ST Aviation Services Company. This Aviation Services Company. Thisincludes a 20,000includes a 20,000 mm22 (215,300(215,300 sqsq ft)ft)columncolumn--free hangar which was thefree hangar which was the

world's largest when opened in 1981.world's largest when opened in 1981.

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Sources:

http://www.changiairport.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi

 _  Airport

http://www.neverflyeconomy.com/changi-international-airport-guide/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_  Airport_S

kytrainhttp://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/projec

t.cfm?id=711http://www.mhi.co.jp/technology/review/pdf/e4

42/e442010.pdf