Changes in Succession 1.As succession approaches a climax, which changes are likely to occur in an...

Changes in Succession1.As succession approaches a climax, which changes are likely to occur in an ecosystem?

GPP of ecosystem

NPP of ecosystem

Inorganic mineral storage

A increase increase increase

B decrease increase decrease

C increase decrease decrease

D increase decrease increase

Changes in Succession

2. Compared to pioneer communities, climax communities usually have…

A.A higher net productivityB.A higher gross productivityC.Inverted pyramids of biomassD.Shorter food chains

Demographic Stages

What is this difference called?

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

What is the natural increase rate (NIR) @ this point?

You Call ItJustify whether the following

organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.

1)Blue Jay• Form monogamous pair bonds for

life• Both sexes build the nest & rear

the young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal

sources• Easy prey for hawks and owls • It is adaptable & aggressive & has

been colonizing new habitats for many decades.

You Call ItJustify whether the following

organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.

1)Blue Jay = Both r & K strategist. 2) Form monogamous pair bonds for

life• Both sexes build the nest & rear

the young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal



You Call It

2) Cichlid Fish• Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or

crevices. • 200–300 eggs laid & incubated.• Parental care of both eggs & free-swimming fry.• Can reach sexual maturity as young as 16 weeks

of age.• Endemic to C. America also occurs outside its

natural range in Australia, Japan, Mexico, & the U.S.

Justify whether the following organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.

You Call It

2) Cichlid Fish = Both r & K strategist. • Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or





You Call It

3) California Condor• Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172

in the wild.• Have a huge range, travel up to 150 mi searching for

food.• Female lays one bluish-white egg every other Feb or

March.• Low birth rate & late age of sexual maturity .


You Call It

3) California Condor = K strategist. • Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172





• A survivorship curve shows the fate of a group of individuals of a species.

You Call It

1) Blue Jay = Type 2 (r and K)

• Form monogamous pair bonds for life• Both sexes build the nest & rear the

young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal



Justify whether the following organism would have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.

You Call It

2) Cichlid Fish = Type 2 (r and K)• Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or




Justify whether the following organism would have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.

You Call It

3) California Condor = Type 1 (K only)• Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172




Justify whether the following organism would be have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.

Herring Gull shows which types of survivorship? Justify your answer.

Type ?

Type ?

Herring Gull shows type III as chicks & Type II as adults

Type III

Type II

Which type of feedback mechanism is shown here?

Which type of feedback mechanism is shown here? Positive

What assumption is made about the bacteria here?

What assumption is made about the bacteria here?

No death (reached biotic potential)

en erg y c o n su m ed

C

en erg y re sp ire d , lo st a s hea t R

en erg y a ss im ila te d

seco nd ary p ro d u c tiv ity

S P

en e rg y c o n su m e d

C

e n erg y lo st in u r in e U

en e rg y lo s t in faeces F

The diagram shows energy transfer in a cow.

1. Use the symbols above to create the formula for calculating SP for the cow.


C




S P


C




• SP = C – (R + U + F)

• SP = C (Inputs) – (R + U + F) (Outputs)


C




S P


C




2. C = 4000 kJ day–1 and SP = 200 kJ day–1, the efficiency of conversion is…


C




S P


C




2. C = 4000 kJ day–1 and SP = 200 kJ day–1, the efficiency of conversion is… 5%

Organism Gross Production

Respiration Net

Productivity

Plants 31215 17965.5

Herbivores 5052 2835

Carnivores 574.5 474

Top Predators 31.5 22.5

1.1.Complete the NP column Complete the NP column using your notes…using your notes…2.What are the units used here?2.What are the units used here?

Organism Gross Production

Respiration Net

Productivity

Plants 31215 17965.5 13249.5

Herbivores 5052 2835 2217

Carnivores 574.5 474 100.5

Top Predators 31.5 22.5 9

1.1.Complete the NP column.Complete the NP column.2.2.What are the units used here?What are the units used here?3.3.What is the overall trend?What is the overall trend?

Gross & Net Productivity practice

• An animal population is given 50 kg of feed per day, of which 40 kg is consumed. 20 kg of feed per day is used in respiration and 15 kg of faeces per day is released. Which of the following are the correct values for gross and net productivity?

GP kg day–1) NP (kg day–1)

• A. 40 25• B. 25 5• C. 50 35• D. 40 5

Organism Area A Area B

Eucalyptus 42 25

Casurina 8 25

Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for stations 1 & 2

The Simpson’s Diversity Index for Area A

N (N-1)= 50(50-1)

∑ n(n-1) = 42(42-1) + 8(8-1)

D = 1.38

D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species

Organism Area A

Eucalyptus 42

Casurina 8

Organism Area B

Eucalyptus 25

Casurina 25

The Simpson’s Diversity Index for Area B

N (N-1)= 50(50-1)

∑ n(n-1) = 25(25-1) + 25(25-1)

D = 2.04


The Simpson’s Diversity Index


Organism Area A Area B

Eucalyptus 42 25

Casurina 8 25

Diversity Index 1.38 2.04

Suggest a reason for the difference between the values for these two areas.

Organism Station 1 Station 2

Saltmarsh cordgrass

8 25

Saltmeadow cordgrass

42 25

Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for stations 1 & 2

Organism Station 1

Saltmarsh cordgrass 8


42

The Simpson’s Diversity Index for station 1

N (N-1)= 50(50-1)

∑ n(n-1) = 42(42-1) + 8(8-1)

D = 1.38


Organism Station 2

Saltmarsh cordgrass 25


25

The Simpson’s Diversity Index for station 2

N (N-1)= 50(50-1)

∑ n(n-1) = 25(25-1) + 25(25-1)

D = 2.04


You call it. The remora hides from predators by swimming close to

the shark.1.Which type of symbiosis?

commensalism

You call it. The Jay bird eats scraps from the alligators

mouth.2.Which type of symbiosis?

= mutualism

You Call it! You Call it! The Sea Lamprey attaches & The Sea Lamprey attaches &

drinks blood from the fish.drinks blood from the fish.3.Which type of symbiosis?3.Which type of symbiosis?

= parasitism

Sea anemone living on the shell of a hermit crab.

4.Which type of symbiosis?

You call it.You call it.

You call it! The Ox bird eats biting insects off of a Rhinoceros.5.Which type of symbiosis?

You call it! Mycorrhizae fungus living in the roots of the trees breaking down soil nutrients. 6.Which type of symbiosis?

You Call it! You Call it! The Guinea worm living in a human The Guinea worm living in a human host. host. 7. 7. Which type of symbiosis?Which type of symbiosis?

You Call it! You Call it! The Varroa mite attached to The Varroa mite attached to a Honeybeea Honeybee8. 8. Which type of symbiosis?Which type of symbiosis?

A. B. C. D.• Identify these 4 salt marsh organisms

Classification using a dichotomous key

1. Has roots, stems, or leaves….. go to 32. Has no roots, stems, or leaves…………. go to 43a. Has scaled needle-like leaves……….. E. Red Cedar3b. Has rounded lobe-like leaves………. N. Bayberry4a. Has floats at the tips…………………… Rock Weed4b. Is a thin folded sheet………………… Sea Lettuce

A. B. C. D.

1. Has roots, stems, or leaves….. go to 32. Has no roots, stems, or leaves…………. go to 43a. Has scaled needle-like leaves……….. E. Red Cedar (Plant D)3b. Has rounded lobe-like leaves………. N. Bayberry (Plant C)4a. Has floats at the tips…………………… Rock Weed (Plant A)4b. Is a thin folded sheet………………… Sea Lettuce (Plant B)

A. B. C. D.


C




S P


C



1.What type of system is shown by the 1.What type of system is shown by the cow?cow?


C




S P


C



1.What type of system is shown by the 1.What type of system is shown by the cow? cow? OpenOpen


C




S P


C



2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)?

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)? 500 Cal of the Original 5,000 Cal?500 Cal of the Original 5,000 Cal?

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)? 500Cal/5,000 Cal * 100 = 10%500Cal/5,000 Cal * 100 = 10%

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



3.What % of the energy consumed is 3.What % of the energy consumed is the cow losing (2the cow losing (2ndnd Thermo. law)? Thermo. law)?

4,500/5,000 = 4,500/5,000 = ??

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



3.What % of the energy consumed is 3.What % of the energy consumed is the cow losing (2the cow losing (2ndnd Thermo. law)? Thermo. law)?

4,500/5,000 * 100 = 4,500/5,000 * 100 = 90%?90%?

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



4.Is this system balanced? How can 4.Is this system balanced? How can you tell? Compare inputs/outputs.you tell? Compare inputs/outputs.

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



5.Where can all the energy be traced 5.Where can all the energy be traced back to? (The source)back to? (The source)

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



5.Where can all the energy be traced 5.Where can all the energy be traced back to? (The source) back to? (The source) The sunThe sun

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



6.What % of all energy lost comes 6.What % of all energy lost comes from urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lostfrom urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lost

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal


C




S P


C



6.What % of all energy lost comes 6.What % of all energy lost comes from urine? from urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lost1,500 Cal/4,500 lost

1500/4500 * 100 = 33%1500/4500 * 100 = 33%

5,000 Cal500 Cal

1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal

1,500 Cal

Which are producers?

Which are secondary consumers?

Which are tertiary consumers?

If P decreases what will happen to F?

Label a primary, secondary, tertiary consumer. Draw in a quaternary consumer.

Changes in Succession 1.As succession approaches a climax, which changes are likely to occur in an...

Documents

Transcript of Changes in Succession 1.As succession approaches a climax, which changes are likely to occur in an...