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![Page 1: Changes in ASD Rates In Utah from 2002-2010: Explanations for increases? Judith Pinborough Zimmerman, Ph.D. Assistant Research Professor University of.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1577/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Changes in ASD Rates In Utah from 2002-2010: Explanations for increases?
Judith Pinborough Zimmerman, Ph.D.Assistant Research ProfessorUniversity of [email protected]
![Page 2: Changes in ASD Rates In Utah from 2002-2010: Explanations for increases? Judith Pinborough Zimmerman, Ph.D. Assistant Research Professor University of.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1577/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Background•Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group
of developmental disabilities characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
•Cause is unknown▫Genetics and environmental susceptibility
•Challenges in determining the prevalence of autism
•More affected versus more detected?
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ASD Prevalence: Who, where, and how you count counts•Retrospective record reviews (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network)▫1 in 47 in 2008 study year
•Administrative counts•Surveys•Direct Screening and Assessment
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ADDM ASD Prevalence per 1000 Children
2002 2006 20080
2
4
6
8
10
12
6.6
9
11.3
Prevalence per 1000
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Iden
tified
ASD
Pre
vale
nce
per 1
,000
Variation across Sites in Identified Prevalence of ASDsADDM Network, 14 Sites, 2008 (MMWR, 2012)
Alabama
Florid
a
Wisc
onsin
Pennsylvania
Miss
ouri
Arkansa
s
S. Caro
lina
Colorado
Georgia
Mary
land
N. Caro
lina
Arizona
New Jerse
yUta
h0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Prevalence for All Sites Combined
Health-Only Records AccessEducation & Health Records Access
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Change in Identified Utah ASD Prevalence by Sex
2002 20080
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Both SexesMaleFemale
Surveillance Year
Iden
tifi
ed
AS
D P
reva
len
ce
per
1,0
00
157%
103.3%
1168.5%
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Change in Identified Utah ASD Prevalence by Intellectual Ability
2002 20080
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
IQ <70IQ=71-85IQ>85
Surveillance Year
Iden
tifi
ed
AS
D P
reva
len
ce
per
1,0
00
196.6%
NA
29%
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Associated FeaturesEatingSleepingMoodDiscrepancy in cognitive
profileAggressionOppositionalMotor delaysHyperactivityLack or excessive fearOdd responses to sensory
stimuliSelf injurious behaviorSeizures/staring spellsTemper tantrums
9%
91%
Number of Asso-ciated Features
Per Child
<6
>6
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Earliest Known Utah ASD DiagnosisMedian Age and Proportion by Diagnostic Subtype
Subtype of Earliest Diagnosis:Autistic Disorder ASD/PDD Asperger
Disorder
Distribution of Subtypes: 42% 45% 13%
Median Age of Earliest Diagnosis: 52 Months 52 Months 68 Months
Limitations: 1) Diagnostic information obtained from evaluation records may not
capture the exact age of each child’s earliest diagnosis2) Instability of diagnostic subtypes over time
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Utah ASD Administrative Prevalence
2002*
2006*
2008*
2010†
Age
8
4
6
8
4
6
8
4
6
8
Population Size
26,213
33,955
32,801
29,494
35,803
34,368
33,210
37,066
37,134
36,201
Cases
171
256
322
301
293
418
432
342
508
573
Prevalence (per 1,000)
6.5
(1 in 153)
7.5
(1 in 133)
9.8
(1 in 102)
10.2
(1 in 98)
8.2
(1 in 122)
12.2
(1 in 82)
13.0
(1 in 77)
9.2
(1 in 108)
13.7
(1 in 73)
15.8
(1 in 63)
* 2002-2008 includes Davis, Salt Lake, and Utah counties.† 2010 includes Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Utah counties. Source: Pinborough-Zimmerman, J., Intveld, A., Kingsbury, C.M.B. Changes in the Administrative Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Utah from 2002-2010, University of Utah, 2012.
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Utah ASD Administrative by Gender
2002 2006 2008 20100
5
10
15
20
25
30
Boys
Age 8
Age 6
Age 4
Girls
Age 8
Age 6
Age 4
Pre
vale
nce R
ate
per
1,0
00
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ASD Prevalence: Use of surveys
• Survey: caregiver report of ASD diagnosis.▫2011 National Survey of Children’s Health
telephone survey found 2% of 6 to 17 year olds had a diagnosis of ASD compared to the 2007 estimate of 1.16 %
▫Increase was greater for boys than girls, and among 14-17 years olds than younger children
▫Attribute change to doctors better identifying the disorder
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ASD Prevalence: Direct Assessment
• Direct Assessment: Screening & comprehensive assessment of a population by clinicians. The “gold standard”.• Kim et al., (Am J Psychiatry, 2011) screened and
evaluated 7-12 year olds in a town in South Korea (n=55,000). Reported a prevalence of 1 in 38 or 2.64%
• Brugha et al., (Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2011 ) conducted diagnostic assessments in an adult population in England (n=7461) and found 1% prevalence without a significant reduction in the older part of the sample
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Factors that may influence ASD prevalence trends•Intrinsic Identification: internal
methodology or measurement factors•Extrinsic Identification: external
classification and awareness factors involved in identifying people with ASD in a population
•Risk: Possible etiologic or true change in ASD symptoms among the population
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Factors Explaining increase in ASD prevalence
44%
27%
16%
11%2%
UnexplainedDiagnostic Substi-tutionSocial InfluenceAdvance Parental AgeGeographic Cluster-ing
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Chemical Pollutants and Autism• Traffic related air pollution
▫Volk et al (JAMA, 2013) Exposure to traffic related air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 and PM 10 during pregnancy was associated with autism (AOR, 1.98 during gestation and 3.10 during first year of life)
▫Becerra et al., (Environ Health Perspect, 2013) Association between autism and prenatal air pollution exposure related to traffic sources
▫Windham et al ((Environ Health Perspect, 2013) potential association between autism and estimated metal concentrations and possibly solvents in ambient air around birth residence
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Maternal Residential Proximity to Toxic Release Inventory Sites•Identified by 2002 UT-ADDM (CDC, 2007;
Pinborough-Zimmerman, et al, 2009; Pinborough-Zimmerman, et al., 2007)
•Children living in Salt Lake, Davis, or Utah Counties in 2002 (born in 1994)
•Cases were matched to Utah birth records using a deterministic and probabilistic hybrid approach
•99% of maternal birth addresses geocoded for cases and controls
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Toxic Release Inventory Sites
• Sites listed in a publicly available EPA database ▫ contains information on toxic
chemical releases and waste management activities reported annually
▫ TRI sites operational in 1993-1994 with annual reportable emissions of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, and mercury) and halogenated chemicals (dioxins, PCB’s, trichloroethylene)
▫ Geocoded sites (n=54) (EPHT)
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ChemicalsChemical Suspected
Neurological Toxicant
Recognized Developmental Toxicant
Suspected Endocrine Toxicant
Heavy Metals
Arsenic Yes Yes Yes
Cadmium Yes Yes Yes
Lead Yes Yes Yes
Nickel Yes ND ND
Mercury Yes Yes Yes
Halogenated Chemicals
Dioxin ND ND Yes
PCBs ND ND Yes
Trichloroethylene
Yes ND ND
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Chemical Type and Poundage
Type of Exposure Contaminant Level
1 = Heavy Metals 1 = < 250 lbs2 = Halogenated Chemicals 2 = > 250 <
5,000 lbs3 = Both 3 = > 5,000 <
10,000 lbs4 = > 10,000 lbs
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TRI sites by type of contaminant and poundage level
TRI site type TRI site (N) ASD (N) ID (N) CD (N) ADHD (N) Birth Cohort (N)
Heavy metal
< 250 lbs 7 yes yes yes yes 1843
> 250 lbs < 5,000 lbs 6 yes yes yes yes 571
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 0 0 0 0
> 10,000 lbs 0 0 0 0 0 0
Halogenated chemicals
< 250 lbs 2 yes yes yes yes 269
> 250 lbs < 5,000 lbs 1 0 0 0 0 0
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 5 yes yes yes yes 338
> 10,000 lbs 28 yes yes yes yes 3618
Halogenated chemicals and heavy metals
< 250 lbs 0 0 0 0 0 0
> 250 lbs < 5,000 lbs 0 0 0 0 0 0
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 0 0 0 0
> 10,000 lbs 5 yes yes yes 0 411
Total 54 yes yes yes yes 7050
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Analysis•Primary Aim:
▫Created buffer zones (¼, ½ and 1 mile) around TRI facilities
▫Compared the proportion of cases vs. controls by buffer distance, case type, chemical group, and poundage level
▫Tested for significant difference
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Annual Reportable Emissions
No. of TRI sites
(n=54)
No. of Controls living within 1 mile radius of
TRI site (n=7050) Speech-Language Impaired (838)
Heavy metals P-value Odds RatiosConfidence
Interval
< 250 lbs 7 1843 0.17 0.8 0.58-1.10
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 6 571 0.35 0.78 0.47-1.31
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *Halogenated chemicals
< 250 lbs 2 269 0.23 0.58 0.24-1.42
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 1 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 5 338 0.53 1.21 0.67-2.16
> 10,000 lbs 28 3618 0.05 0.8 0.64-1
Halogenated chemicals and heavy metals
< 250 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 5 411 0.4 1.22 0.74-2.02
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Annual Reportable Emissions
No. of TRI
sites (n=54)
No. of Controls
living within 1 mile
radius of TRI site (n=7050) Intellectual Disability (n=113)
Heavy metals P-value Odds RatiosConfidence
Interval < 250 lbs 7 1843 0.51 0.74 0.30-1.81 > 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 6 571 0.02 2.83 1.31-6.11 > 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * * > 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
Halogenated chemicals < 250 lbs 2 269 0.32 1.75 0.43-7.14 > 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 1 0 * * * > 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 5 338 0.05 3.05 1.12-8.32 > 10,000 lbs 28 3618 0.02 1.74 1.10-2.75
Halogenated chemicals and heavy metals < 250 lbs 0 0 * * * > 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 0 0 * * * > 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * * > 10,000 lbs 5 411 0.7 1.13 0.28-4.59
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Annual Reportable Emissions
No. of TRI sites
(n=54)
No. of Controls living within 1 mile radius of TRI site (n=7050) Autism Spectrum Disorders (99)
Heavy metals P-value Odds RatiosConfidence
Interval < 250 lbs 7 1843 0.13 0.33 0.08-1.34
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 6 571 0.08 2.28 0.92-5.63
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *Halogenated chemicals
< 250 lbs 2 269 0.27 2 0.49-8.19
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 1 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 5 338 0.03 3.5 1.28-9.57
> 10,000 lbs 28 3618 0.0007 2.18 1.37-3.45
Halogenated chemicals and heavy metals < 250 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 5 411 0.67 1.29 0.32-5.26
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Annual Reportable Emissions
No. of TRI sites
(n=54)
No. of Controls living within 1 mile radius of TRI site (n=7050) All Groups Combined
Heavy metals P-value Odds RatiosConfidence
Interval
< 250 lbs 7 1843 0.07 0.76 0.57-1.02
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 6 571 0.24 1.25 0.86-1.8
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
Halogenated chemicals
< 250 lbs 2 269 0.8 1.08 0.6-1.93
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 1 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 5 338 0.03 1.62 1.04-2.5
> 10,000 lbs 28 3618 0.96 1 0.83-1.2
Halogenated chemicals and heavy metals
< 250 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 250 lbs < 5000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 5000 lbs < 10,000 lbs 0 0 * * *
> 10,000 lbs 5 411 0.51 1.16 0.74-1.83
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Strengths
•Completeness of case ascertainment•Population-based sample•Geocoded maternal addresses for
cases and controls•Site specific addresses of TRI sites,
chemical and poundage type•Multiple measures of SES
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Limitations
• Addresses for the first trimester of pregnancy are unknown
• Exposure estimates do not include other sources of chemical exposures
• Chemical concentrations represent annual measures by site
• No actual personal measurements in subjects• Unable to take into account mobility or specific
maternal activities• Findings are preliminary and further analysis
needed
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Service and Research Implications• Better identification among certain subgroups
▫ Still concerned about disparities in identified prevalence
Across sites (methodological: access to records / geographic: access to care) Among children of minority race/ethnicity, low socioeconomic status
• More children than ever are being recognized as having ASDs
• Still concerned that 20% are not classified with autism by community providers, others are not recognized as early as they can be
• Need to accelerate our research into risk factors and causes of ASD
▫ Highlights the need for further scientific investigation into the potential association of exposure to hazardous air pollutants and increased risk of ASD and other developmental disabilities