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Transcript of CHANG TE-HUI AND HIS JOURNEY TO QARAQORUM...
Chang Te-hui and his journey toQaraqorum at the summons of Qubilai Qan
Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps
Authors Sontag, Richard Marton, 1947-
Publisher The University of Arizona.
Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such aspublic display or performance) of protected items is prohibitedexcept with permission of the author.
Download date 20/06/2018 13:35:04
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/566716
CHANG TE-HUI AND HIS JOURNEY TO QARAQORUM
AT. THE•SUMMONS OF QUBILAI QAN
by
. R ichard M arton S on tag
A The s i s . S u b m itt ed t o t h e F a c u lty o f th e
DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
In P a r t ia l F u l f i l lm e n t o f th e R eq u irem en ts For th e D egree o f .
MASTER OF ARTS
In th e G raduate C o l l e g e .
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1
1 9 7 8
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
T h is t h e s i s has been su b m itte d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f r e q u ire m en ts f o r an advanced d e g ree a t The U n iv e r s i t y o f A rizon a and ■ i s d e p o s i t e d in th e U n iv e r s ity : L ib ra ry to be made a v a i la b l e to b orrow ers under r u le s o f th e L ib ra ry .
B r ie f q u o ta t io n s from t h i s t h e s i s a re a l lo w a b le w ith o u t s p e c ia l p e r m is s io n , p r o v id e d t h a t a c c u r a te acknow ledgm ent o f s o u r c e i s made. R eq u ests f o r p e r m is s io n f o r ex ten d ed q u o ta t io n from Or r e p r o d u c tio n o f t h i s m a n u scr ip t in w hole or in p a r t may be g r a n ted by th e head o f th e m ajor d epartm ent or t h e Dean o f th e G raduate C o lle g e when in h i s ju d g ment th e p rop osed u se o f th e m a te r ia l i s in t h e ' . i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o la r s h ip In a l l o th e r in s t a n c e s , h ow ever, p e r m is s io n m ust be o b ta in e d from th e a u th o r . 1
SIGNED:
.APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR . .
T h is t h e s i s has been approved on th e d a te shown b e lo w : *
' C. H. H edtke (A c tin g D ir e c to r )
A s s o c ia te . P r o fe s s o r o f O r ie n ta l S tu d ie s
PREFACE
The s tu d y o f th e C h in e s e ■la n g u a g e a n d -c u ltu r e i s a v e r y d i f f i c u l t
t a s k .which i s t o t a l l y im p o s s ib le w ith o u t th e e f f o r t s o f an e n l ig h t e n e d
f a c u l t y . I w ou ld , in p a r t i c u l a r , l i k e t o thank Dr. S tep h en H. W est,
my t h e s i s d i r e c t o r , . la n g u a g e p r o f e s s o r and good f r i e n d , f o r h i s c o n s ta n t ..
e n th u s ia sm and d e v o t io n t o t h i s p r o j e c t . D r s . J in g -s h e n . Tao and
C h a rle s H edtke were on my o r a ls co m m ittee and made many u s e f u l s u g g e s
t io n s . c o n c e r n in g t h is , p r o j e c t . . I w ould a l s o l i k e t o th an k H eather
Murphy f o r t y p in g th e f i n a l c o p y . A l l my lo v e t o my w i f e , C on n ie , f o r .
draw ing th e map and f o r p r o v id in g th e i n s p i r a t i o n , s u p p o r t , and
u n d e r s ta n d in g n e c e s s a r y f o r me t o c o m p le te t h is , p r o j e c t . ..
I have u se d th e modern W ad e-G iles sy s te m o f r o m a n iz a t io n as
found in R ob ert Henry M athew s' , M athew s1 C h in e s e -E n g l is h D ic t io n a r y
(Harvard- U n iv e r s i t y P r e s s , 1963) f o r th e r o m a n iz a t io n o f C h in ese
c h a r a c t e r s . The r o m a n iz a t io n o f Mongol names f o l lo w s th e Y u a n -sh ih
(K uo-fang e d . , T a ip e i , 1 9 6 7 ) . The c i t a t i o n s a re in a cc o rd w ith th e
H arvard J o u r n a l o f A s i a t i c S tu d ie s -S ty le S h e e t .
T here w ere s e v e r a l p l a c e s a lo n g Chang T e - h u i1s r o u t e , in Mon
g o l i a , t h a t I was u n a b le t o l o c a t e . F or c o n t in u i t y , I h a v e in c lu d e d them
in th e map and h ave marked them w ith an a s t e r i s k (* ) d e n o t in g t h a t t h e s e
are ap p rox im ate p o s i t i o n s o n ly .
i i i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
; ; Page
ABSTRACT . . . . . . ........................................ . . . . . ................................... V
1 . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 . BIOGRAPHY OF CHANG TE-HUI .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 . TEXTUAL ACCOUNT . . . ......................... .......................................................................... 13
4 . A N A L Y S IS .................... .... ................................................. .... . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 . ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF CHANG TE-HUI'S"A RECORD OF A JOURNEY BEYOND THE NORTHERN RANGES" ......................... 25
From C hen-yang, The B eg in n in g o f th e J o u r n e y ..............................25From Chung-shan t o th e O-hu Range ............................................................27The Sand Dunes N orth d f P o - l o ..................................................................... 29F ish Marsh and th e P r in c e s s ' Summer P a la c e ................................... 31Lu-chu R iv er and B lack M ountain .............................. .................................. 32From B lack M ountain to Qaraqorum ................................... . . . . . 34The T* a-m i R iv e r , th e S ton e C airn and
Q u b i la i ls Tent P a la c e and Summer R e tr e a t ................................... 35Q u e stio n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I - -
A D is c u s s io n o f W hether o r Not th e Chin D yn asty Was L ost B ecau se o f T h e ir T ru st andEmployment o f C on fu cian S c h o la r s ....................................................... 37
The S e a so n a l S a c r i f i c e and th e C h ih -sun F e a s t .............................. 40Q u e stio n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I I - -
D is c u s s io n s on Why One V e n e r a tes C on fu ciu s and How t o S e l e c t and Use S t e a d fa s t T a le n t t o P a c ify and S e t t l e China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
S a c r i f i c e o f th e Fourth Month and That Which I s Seen o f th e G eneral C o n d it io n s o f Q u b i la i ' s Changing Tent (Camps) f o r W inter and Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Announcement to R eturn and th e SecondRecommendation o f Men o f T a le n t . . . . . .................... . . . 46
A G eneral Record o f Im p ress io n s o f th eN orthern T r a v e l s ......................... .....................................................................48
APPENDIX A: CHANG TE-HUI'S TRAVELING ROUTE FROM CHEN-YANGTO QARAQORUM...................................................................... . . . 50
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 52
i v
ABSTRACT
As th e M ongols c o n q u e r e d .C h in a , t h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e i r :
t r a d i t i o n a l means f o r g o v e r n in g th e s te p p e w ere in ad eq u ate : when .a p p l ie d
t o th e h ig h ly s o p h i s t i c a t e d C h in ese s t a t e . The M ongols r e c o g n iz e d t h a t
in o r d e r f o r them t o s o lv e t h i s prob lem i t was n e c e s s a r y to adopt
t r a d i t i o n a l C h in ese g o v ern m en ta l fo r m s . To a c h ie v e t h i s , t h e M ongols
n o t o n ly em ployed l o c a l C h in ese a d m in is t r a t o r s , b u t a l s o s e n t f o r p e o p le
who ■w ere n o te d fo r t h e i r e x p e r t i s e in g o v ern m en t' t o i n s t r u c t them in
C h in ese b u r e a u c r a t ic t r a d i t i o n s . In t h i s way. C h 'a n g -c h 'u n came t oH M ft - ■
C in g g is Qan, Y e h - lu C h 'u - t s ' a i t o O godei and Chang T e -h u i t o Q u b i la i . ■
. The r o le o f t h e s e t r a v e l e r s and th e r e c o r d s o f t h e i r jo u r n e y s
e n jo y a u n iq u e r o le w it h in th e fram ework o f p rim ary s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s . .
U n lik e , o th e r h i s t o r i c a l d o cu m en ts , su ch as th e d y n a s t ic h i s t o r i e s ,
th e y a re contem porary a c c o u n ts o f e v e n ts and p la c e s t h a t h ave b een
a c t u a l l y w it n e s s e d by th e t r a v e l e r s . . As s u c h , th e y p r o v id e a r a r e
b le n d o f p e r s o n a l i n s i g h t w ith h i s t o r i c a l o b j e c t i v i t y and a re in v a lu a b le
t o o l s in f u r t h e r in g th e s e a r c h f o r a g r e a t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f s p e c i f i c
p e r io d s in h i s t o r y .
v-
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
"Terrajin u n it e d th e t r i b e s o f M o n g o lia and was e l e c t e d Qan
( i . e . , C in g g is Qan) a t th e q u r i l t a i , o f a ssem b ly o f M ongol p r in c e s and
n o b le s , o f 1206 . He th en d e c id e d t o a t t a c k N orth C h in a , and by 1209
.had fo r c e d th e H s i-H s ia K ing, Li A n -ch 'u an ( r . 1 2 0 6 -1 2 1 1 ) in t o v a s s a la g e .
" nIn 1211 C in g g is began h i s a t ta c k " a g a in s t th e C h in . The O n g u t 's , '
a T u rk ic N e s to r ia n t r i b e who w ere e n t r u s t e d w ith t h e d e f e n s e o f th e
n o r th e rn f r o n t i e r ( S h a n s i . p r o v in c e ) by th e C h in , a l l i e d th e m s e lv e s w ith
C in g g is ,, p r o v id in g him w ith e a s y e n tr y i n t o . Chin t e r r i t o r y . T hroughout
1 212 , th e M ongols d e s tr o y e d , th e Chin d e f e n s e s a lo n g th e G reat W all and
in th e f r o n t i e r r e g io n s o f n o r th e r n S h a n s i and H op ei. Then in 1215 ,
C in g g is d iv id e d h i s army in t o th r e e g r o u p s . The C en ter was le d by
C in g g is and h i s y o u n g e s t s o n T u lu i ; th e L e ft was com m anded.by h i s
b r o th e r J o c i- Q a s u r ; and th e R ig h t was. commanded by h i s so n s J O c i, .'" , ,
C h a g a ta i, and O g o d e i. T hese t h r e e f o r c e s marched, th ro u g h S h a n s i,
H o p e i, and S h an tu n g , com ing to g e th e r , a t Y en -ch in g (modern P ek in g ) in
1
1 . The in fo r m a tio n f o r t h i s s e c t i o n has b een c u l l e d fro m :R en e: G r o u s s e t ,: D ie J e n g h iz - lO ia n ite M ongols (The E m pires o f th e S te p p e ,V o l . 2 , New B ru n sw ick , 1 9 7 0 ) , pp . 2 2 6 -2 5 9 ; Igor, de R a c h e w il t z , " P e r so n n e l and P e r s o n a l i t i e s in N orth C hina in th e E a r ly Mongol P e r io d ," J o u r n a l o f th e Econom ic and S o c ia l H is to r y o f th e O r ie n t , 9 , 8 8 -1 4 4 (1 9 6 6 ); and Henry II. H ow orth, . The M ongols P roper and th e Kalmuks (H is t o r y o f th e . M on go ls, V o l . 1 , . London, 1 8 7 6 ) , pp . 4 9 - 1 8 6 .•
1.
2
1 214 . The M o n g o ls , s t i l l in e x p e r ie n c e d and u n p rep ared f o r s i e g e w ar- •,
f a r e , f a i l e d t o ta k e th e c a p i t a l a t Y e n -c h in g , and C in g g is a c c e p te d th e
p e a c e p r o p o s a l made by th e Chin em peror H su a n -tsu n g ( r . 1 2 1 3 -1 2 2 3 ) and
began th e r e tu r n t o M o n g o lia .
A f t e r th e M ongols had l e f t , H su a n -tsu n g , c o n s id e r in g Y e n -c h in g
u n s a f e , moved th e c a p i t a l t o P i e n - l ia n g (modern K a if e n g ) . C in g g is ,
.h e a r in g about th e r e t r e a t a c r o s s th e Y e llo w R iv e r , .c o n s id e r e d ■t h e ' move
a b rea ch o f th e p e a c e .'a g reem en t and r e tu r n e d to la y . s i e g e t o Y e n -c h in g ,
and when th e- g o v ern o r o f Y e n -c h in g com m itted s u ic id e , in 1 2 1 5 , th e c i t y
f e l l .
At t h i s t im e C in g g is s h i f t e d h i s m ajor cam paigns w estw ard , b u t
- b e fo r e he l e f t he p la c e d th e g e n e r a ls M uqali and -Sumuqa in command o f
th e arm ies in C h in a , and th ey , c o n t in u e d t h e w ar a g a i n s t . t h e Chin w i t h . .
c o n s id e r a b le s u c c e s s . A f t e r M u q a li's d e a th in 1223 th e war in China
bogged down, a l lo w in g th e Chin t o r e c a p tu r e some o f t h e i r t e r r i t o r y '
and t o r e b u i l d . t h e i r d e f e n s e s . The army in C hina was now commanded
by M u q a li's s o n , Bo.l,
C in g g is r e tu r n e d t o M o n g o lia in 1 225 . In 1226 he u se d th e
r e f u s a l o f th e H si-H sia ; K ing t o sen d t r o o p s f o r t h e w e s te r n cam paign
as a p r e t e x t t o renew t h e a t t a c k a g a in s t them . B y .1227 th e H s i-H s ia
c a p i t a l , N in g - h s ia , was b e s ie g e d . I t was a t t h i s t im e , w h ile in summer •
r e t r e a t , t h a t C in g g is d ie d . S h o r t ly a f te r w a r d , N in g - h s ia f e l l and th e
M ongols becam e th e m a s te r s o f t h a t t e r r i t o r y . The s u b ju g a t io n o f th e
Chin em pire now f e l l in t o th e hands o f C in g g is * s u c c e s s o r , h i s t h ir d
son, O god ei.
3
O godei was e l e c t e d G reat Qan a t th e q u r l l t a i o f 1229 . In 1230ii ,,
he began th e f i n a l t h r u s t a g a in s t th e C h in . In 1232 O godei d iv id e d h i s
f o r c e s , , s e n d in g h i s b r o th e r T u lu i around th e f la n k s o f th e Chin army
" iiso h e c o u ld a t ta c k from th e s o u th . O g o d e i, m ea n w h ile , p r e s s e d th e
a t ta c k from th e n o r th . P i e n - l i a n g , th e Chin c a p i t a l , was b e s ie g e d by -
th e M ongol g e n e r a l S u b o te i . By t h i s t im e , th e M ongols w ere u s in g
c a t a p u l t s ,- n a p th a , and su ch o th e r s i e g e im p lem en ts a s to w e r s , t o a t t a c k
f o r t i f i e d c i t i e s . .The Chin em peror f l e d t h e c i t y and K a ife n g , a f t e r' 2 •
. o f f e r i n g s t i f f •r e s i s t a n c e , . f e l l in 1 233 . The Sung governm ent saw an
o p p o r tu n ity t o r id th e m s e lv e s o f th e Chin and s e n t t r o o p s to a id th e
M o n g o ls . The Chin em p eror, f in d in g , h im s e l f tra p p e d in h i s l a s t f o r t i
f i e d c i t y , com m itted s u i c i d e .a s th e M ongols b egan t h e i r f i n a l s i e g e . ••
H is d ea th s ig n a le d th e end o f th e Chin d y n a s ty and t h e b e g in n in g o f t:
th e M ongol r e ig n o v e r N orth C hina.
D uring th e war a g a in s t th e C h in , t h e M ongols had t o s o lv e th e
prob lem o f o r g a n iz in g and a d m in is t e r in g th e l o c a l p o p u la t io n in th e
con q u ered t e r r i t o r i e s . The M ongols' m ethod o f d e a l in g w ith t h i s
s i t u a t i o n was to em ploy d e f e c t o r s , e sp ec ia lly governm ent o f f i c i a l s and
le a d e r s o f l o c a l m i l i t i a . The s a f e t y .a n d w e l l - b e in g o f th e p o p u la t io n
was th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e s e men, who w ere o f t e n in c o n t r o l o f w h o le
c o u n t ie s o r la r g e r com m an d eries. S in c e th e M ongols had e s t a b l i s h e d t h e 2
2 . For a v i v i d a c c o u n t o f th e f a l l o f P i e n - l i a n g , s e e L iu C h ' i , K u e i-c h ' j e n - c h ih (C h ih - p u - t s u - c h a i - t s 1u n g -s h u , T a i p e i , 1968) chuan 1 1 .
4
p r a c t i c e o f s la u g h t e r in g a l l who r e s i s t e d them , t h e s e le a d e r s had
u s u a l ly v o l u n t a r i l y su r r e n d e r e d in o r d e r to sa v e th e l i v e s o f th e p e o p le
under: them .
The d e f e c t o r s w ere u s u a l ly r e t a in e d in t h e i r p r e v io u s p o s i t i o n s
by th e M on go ls, who r e c o g n iz e d t h a t t h e y a lr e a d y had a u t h o r i t y and th e
r e s p e c t o f th e p e o p le . For t h i s r e a s o n , t h e s e d e f e c t o r s w ere e f f e c t i v e
in t e r m e d ia r ie s b etw een th e M ongols and th e l o c a l p o p u la t io n , and t h e r e
fo r e g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e p r o c e s s o f e x a c t in g men and goods n eed ed
f o r th e M ongol c a m p a ig n s . As v ie w e d by th e M ongols and t h e i r a d v i s o r s ,
th e r e t e n t io n o f t h e s e men in p o s i t i o n s o f a u t h o r i t y was a means t o
in s u r e th e c o n t in u a t io n o f l o c a l s t a b i l i t y .. '
When C in g g is w ith d rew from N orth China, a f t e r th e f a l l o f .
Y en -e h in g and' s h i f t e d h i s cam paign w estw a rd , he to o k w ith him a la r g e
c o n t in g e n t o f h i s arm y, th e r e b y s e v e r e ly r e d u c in g th e number o f M ongol
o f f i c e r s and t r o o p s l e f t t o .c o n t i n u e t h e ■war a g a in s t th e C h in . T h is ,
in tu r n ,, le d t o an. even g r e a te r r e l i a n c e , on th e p a r t o f C in g g is ' ■
4g e n e r a ls r e m a in in g in N o r t h .C h in a ,. on th e d e f e c t o r s . T h ese e v e n ts
r e s u l t e d in th e d e f e c t o r s t a k in g a la r g e r r o l e in t h e a d m in is t r a t io n o f
th e s u b ju g a te d a r e a s . They r e l i e d on th e M ongols w here m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s 3 4
3 . The r e a so n s f o r s u r r e n d e r in g w e r e : 1). th e y saw t h a t fh e • . f a l l o f th e Chin was . im m in en t; 2) t h e y s i e z e d upon t h i s s i t u a t i o n t o .. r e b e l a g a i n s t t h e i r , t r a d i t i o n a l enemy ( t h i s r e f e r s t o th e • Kh.ita n ) ; and 3) th e y d e f e c t e d in o r d e r t o be w ith t h e i r r e l a t i v e s a lr e a d y in th e hands o f th e M on go ls. See de R a c h e w il t z , " P e r so n n e l and P e r s o n a l i -
. t i e s , " . 1 0 6 -1 0 7 . -
4 . T h is h as le d de R a c h e w iltz t o doub t w h e th e r .th e M ongols c o u ld have h e ld th e con q u ered t e r r i t o r y in N orth C hina w ith o u t th e aid . o f t h e s e d e f e c t o r s . I b id , 1 1 8 -1 1 9 . -
5
w ere c o n c e r n e d , b u t w ere p e r m it te d t o manage th e a d m in is t r a t iv e a f f a i r s
o f t h e i r d i s t r i c t s w ith o u t any i n t e r f e r e n c e .
T h is same s i t u a t i o n had o c c u r r e d in th e M ongol s te p p e d u r in g
th e r i s e o f C in g g is Qan. The le a d e r s o f d i f f e r e n t c la n s and t r i b e s ,
who o f th e ir .o w n v o l i t i o n had s h i f t e d t h e i r l o y a l t y t o C in g g i s , w ere
a llo w e d to r e t a in hegem ony o v er t h e i r own p e o p le and p o s s e s s i o n s .
They, were; g iv e n t i t l e s and s e a l s o f a u th o r ity ,; and . t h e ir . 'p o s i t io n s w ere .
h e r e d i t a r y . The C h in e s e -d e f e c to r s ,- h a v in g g iv e n t h e i r a l l e g i a n c e •
W ithout r e s i s t a n c e , t o th e .M o n g o ls , w ere a cco rd ed th e same p r i v i l e g e s a s ■
w ere t h e i r s te p p e c o u n t e r p a r t s . They w ere awarded th e same t i t l e s
and s e a l s , and , in f a c t , becam e, so e n tr e n c h e d in t h e i r p o s i t i o n s t h a t ■
th e y w ere o f t e n a b le t o p a s s on t h e i r t i t l e s and la n d h o ld in g s t o t h e i r
s o n s .' ' -
. A f t e r th e d em ise o f th e C h in , t h e s e C h in ese o v e r lo r d s , or
m y ria rch s (wan-.hu)' ,. v iew ed th e m s e lv e s a s th e p r o t e c t o r s o f C h in ese c u l
tu r e , a n d , . as s u c h , . s t a f f e d t h e i r a d m in is t r a t io n s w ith C h in ese' o f f i c i a l s
and p a t r o n iz e d u p r o o te d s c h o l a r s .5
One su ch man was S h ih T ' i e n - t s e . • S h ih d e f e c t e d t o .th e -M o n g o ls
" nin 1 2 1 3 .- When O godei resum ed th e war a g a in s t th e . C h in , h e d i v id e d t h e
C h in ese army in t o t h r e e g r o u p s , th e l e f t , r ig h t and c e n t e r . S h ih was
a p p o in te d t o th e command o f t h e c e n t e r army and w a s■ g iv e n 1 th e rank o f
m y ria rch . Sh ih em erged as one o f th e m ost p o w er fu l C h in e se o v e r lo r d s 0 * 6
71
5 .. -H is b io g r a p h y , i s found in . th e Yuan s h ih (P o -n a , e d . ,) ,1 5 5 ;1 0 a -1 8 a . H e r e a f te r th e Yuan sh ih w i l l be c i t e d as YS•
6 . de- R a c h e w iltz , •’•'P erson n el and P e r s o n a l i t i e s ," 1 2 1 .
■and, in f a c t , became so p o w er fu l and i n f l u e n t i a l t h a t he becam e one o f
th e two C h in ese t o h o ld th e p o s t o f prim e m in i s t e r d u r in g th e Yuan
d y n a s ty . S h ih 's p o s i t i o n and p a tr o n a g e o f C h in ese o f f i c i a l s and
l i t e r a t i f ig u r e s p r o m in e n t ly in Chang T e - h u i 's l i f e , f o r i t was in th e
h e a d q u a r te r s o f S h ih T ' i e n - t s e , a f t e r th e f a l l o f P i e n - l i a n g , t h a t
Chang T e -h u i was f i r s t em p loyed . 7
7 . J in g -s h e n T ao, The Ju rch en in T w e lf th -C e n tu r y C hina: A S tu d y o f S i n i c i z a t i o n ( S e a t t l e and .London, 1976) , p . 9 7 . ■
CHAPTER 2
BIOGRAPHY OF CHANG TE-HUI 8
Chang' T e -h u i's - Tu. f e * t s t y l e i s Y ao-ch ' in g '4-% , He
was b o m in 1194 in C h ia o -c h 'e n g ^ in C h i-n in g w" (so u th w e s tc"- 'TX. 1 -pj' •
T' a i-y u a n ^ jf.„■ , S h a n s i p r o v i n c e ) . D e s p ite h a v in g f a i l e d h i s c h in - s h ih
e x a m in a t io n s he w a s ,. th ro u g h th e r o u te o f h e r e d ita r y : p r i v i l e g e , a s s ig n e d
t o th e p o s t o f a m inor o f f i c i a l in th e C e n so r a te ^ if" • A fte r ,
th e f a l l o f P i e n - l ia n g ( K a i f e n g ) , Chang c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llo w
R iv e r and was l i v i n g in C h ien g -a n C ounty when th e m y ria rch
Sh ih T ' ie n - t s e - , who- w as h e a d q u a rte r ed a t Chen - 1 in g : p S - (modern
H o p ei, b etw een H an-tan and Ta-m ing ^
4 5 2
) , a p p o in te d him
t o a p o s i t i o n in th e F in a n ce O f f ic e . ' B ec a u se o f h i s
s u c c e s s as. an a d m in is t r a t o r , h e was summoned t o th e c o u r t o f th e h e i r - ,
a p p a r e n t , Q u b i la i , in 1 2 4 7 . When he r e tu r n e d in 1 2 4 8 , he was p la c e d in
ch a rg e o f th e C h e n -t in g s c h o o l . Q u b ila i a scen d ed th e th r o n e in 1260
and a p p o in te d Chang P a c i f i c a t i o n C om m issioner o f th e n o r th e r n c i r c u i t
o f Honan J (q. : <S ? » and s u b s e q u e n t ly , H a n -lin 8
8 . I am. f o l lo w in g th e b io g r a p h y .o f Chang. T e -h u i t h a t i s found in Su • T' i e n - c h l le h , K uo-chad m in g -c h 1 en s h ih - l l i e h ( T a i p e i , 1969) , 1 0 .7 a - 1 1 b . A b r i e f e x a m in a tio n o f Chang' s b io g r a p h y in th e YS and K’ 0 S h a o -m in 1s H sin Yuan sh ih (J e n -sh o u -p e n e r h - s h ih - w u - s h ih , ' T a ip e i , 1956) showed t h e s e t o be e i t h e r la c k in g in m a t e r ia l or ta k e n from S u -s w ork .
7
8
A c a d e m ic ia n . In 1261 he was a p p o in te d t o P a r t ic ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a
t i o n s o f th e A f f a ir s o f th e S e c r e t a r ia t ^ ^ l a t e r
t o P a c i f i c a t i o n C a m is s i o n er o f T u n g^ p 'in g C ir c u it ^ ^ (a c o u n ty
i n th e n o r th w e s te r n c o r n e r o f S h a n tu n g ) , Chang was a g a in a p p o in te d P a r t ic -
■ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a t io n s o f th e A f f a i r s o f th e S e c r e t a r ia t in 1 2 6 6 , and
in 1268 h e w as s e l e c t e d t o h e a C ensor in W a itin g A f t e r
s e r v in g in t h i s p o s t , h e r e s ig n e d from s e r v i c e and w ent i n t o r e t i r e m e n t .
Chang d ie d in 1274 a t t h e a g e o f e i g h t y .
From t h i s o v e r v ie w o f Chang T e - h u i ' s t i t l e s and o f f i c e s , i t i s
c l e a r t h a t h i s r i s e t o p rom in en ce was a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e M ongol co n
q u e st ,: and t h a t he had a r e l a t i v e l y u n im p o rta n t r o l e i n t h e Chin b u r e a u
c r a c y . I t i s a l s o q u i t e p r o b a b ly t h a t a t t h i s tim e h e was unknown t o
th e p rom in en t l i t e r a t i t h a t h e was t o a s s o c i a t e w ith and p a t r o n iz e in
h i s l a t e r l i f e . T h ese a ssu m p tio n s a re b o rn e o u t by t h e f a c t t h a t h e
i s n o t m en tio n ed i n any con tem p orary r e c o r d s , su ch as th e K u e i-c h ' i e n -
c h i h . I t i s t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y to exam ine th e e v e n ts i n - h i s - l i f e t h a t
l e d him from h i s t o r i c a l an on ym ity t o th e c o u r t o f Q u b ila i Qan.
W hile Chang was s e r v in g in th e c a p a c i t y o f a m inor o f f i c i a l
in th e Chin C e n s o r a te , h e ju d g ed a m urder t r i a l t h a t r e v e a l s h i s s e n s e
o f j u s t i c e and human i n s i g h t . The c a s e was t h a t o f a c h i e f who had
m urdered a f o r tu n e t e l l e r . The o f f i c i a l s in ch a rg e o f t r a c k in g down
th e c u l p r i t w ere le d t o b e l i e v e t h a t a monk, who was l i v i n g w ith a woman,
com m itted th e c r im e . The monk, a f r a i d o f b e in g f lo g g e d , c o n fe s s e d t o
th e d e e d . When a sk ed why h e had k i l l e d th e f o r tu n e t e l l e r , h e r e p l i e d ,
"In th e p a s t I had d i s c u s s e d my i l l i c i t p la n s w ith h im , t h e r e f o r e
I k i l l e d him t o s to p up h i s m o u th ." The monk was in c a r c e r a t e d w h ile
9
a w a it in g th e f i n a l d i s p o s i t i o n o f th e c a s e . T e^ h u i, s u s p e c t in g th a t
th e monk had b een f a l s e l y a c c u s e d , c o n t in u e d th e s e a r c h fo r th e r e a l
k i l l e r , who was l a t e r a p p reh en d ed , T e - h u i 's t a l e n t in e x e c u t in g h i s
o f f i c e earn ed him th e r e s p e c t o f h ig h e r o f f i c i a l s who recommended
him f o r p r o m o tio n .
A f t e r T e -h u i c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llo w R iv e r in 1 2 3 3 , i t
was a l s o h i s t a l e n t t h a t b ro u g h t him to th e a t t e n t io n o f Sh ih T’ i e n - t s e ,
who gave him a p o s i t i o n in h i s h e a d q u a r te r s . In 1 2 3 5 , T e -h u i accom pa
n ie d Sh ih T * ie n - t s e on th e so u th e r n cam paign a g a in s t th e Sung. S h ih
r e l i e d on him h e a v i ly f o r h i s a b i l i t y in p la n n in g s t r a t e g y . From t h i s :
cam p aign , s e v e r a l i n c id e n t s have s u r v iv e d t h a t d e m o n str a te T e - h u i ' s
co n cern fo r human l i f e as w e l l as h i s grow in g in f lu e n c e in
S hill T ' i e n - t s e ' s m i l i t a r y h e a d q u a r te r s . ■
At t h i s tim e many s o l d i e r s w ere f l e e i n g from t h e i r d u t ie s and
th o s e who w ere ca u g h t w ere k i l l e d as a w arn in g t o th e r e s t . - T e -h u i
s p o k e : ou t a g a in s t t h i s pun ishm ent and t h i s l e d - t o th e p r a c t i c e o f - -
se n d in g d e s e r t e r s ou t to q u a r te r in and d e fen d b o r d e r c i t i e s in s t e a d
o f p u t t in g them to d e a t h .
A f te r th e f a l l o f K uang-chou A - ?il ( so u th e r n H onan), th e
farm ers and c i t i z e n s o f P i-s h a n j o in e d t o g e t h e r to r e s i s t th e
in v a d in g M on go ls. Chang knew th a t i t was f u t i l e f o r t h e s e p e o p le t o .
r e s i s t , and t h a t many, on b o th s i d e s , w ou ld l o s e t h e i r l i v e s n e e d l e s s l y .
He s u g g e s te d t h a t th e a t ta c k be p o s tp o n e d u n t i l a f t e r h e had made an.
e f f o r t t o d i s c u s s th e s i t u a t i o n w ith th e farm ers and c i t i z e n s . . The
d i s c u s s i o n s r e s u l t e d in th e p e o p le o f P i- s h a n s u r r e n d e r in g an d , t h e r e
f o r e , many l i v e s w ere s a v e d .
10 .
Upon r e tu r n in g n o r t h , T e - h u i , in a d d i t io n to h i s p o s i t i o n in
th e F in a n ce O f f i c e , was a p p o in te d a d i r e c t o r o f th e a f f a i r s o f C h e n -t in g
d i s t r i c t . In t h i s p o s i t i o n he r e v e a l s h i s com p assion f o r th e common
p e o p le . B ecau se o f th e so u th e r n cam p aign , th e p e o p le o f C h e n -t in g w ere
p h y s i c a l l y d r a in e d and w ere n o t a b le t o p erform t h e i r c o r v e e d u t i e s .
The l o c a l o f f i c i a l s , f o l lo w in g th e exam ple, o f th e m er c h a n ts , gave
u s u r io u s lo a n s t o th e p e o p le in o r d e r to b o l s t e r t h e i r t r i b u t e l e v i e s .
T h is l o a n . was • c a l le d ' y a n g - k a o - l i ■ ^ 4^4 , and had a 100%' y e a r ly
i n t e r e s t r a t e , so each y e a r th e amount owed d o u b le d . At th e end o f
th e y e a r , th e o f f i c i a l s came t o c o l l e c t t h e money owed t o th em .an d
found th a t.m a n y o f th e p e o p le w ere u n a b le t o p ay . T e -h u i d is c u s s e d
t h i s a f f a i r w ith S h ih T’ i e n - t s e and th e y r e q u e s te d t h a t th e c o u r t p u t .
an end t o ; t h i s ty p e o f lo a n . As a r e s u l t o f th e r e q u e s t , . i t was.
. d e c id e d t h a t th e p e o p le w ould have t o p ay back o n ly t h e p r in c ip a l and
one y e a r 1s i n t e r e s t . T e -h u i a l s o made su r e th a t th e r ic h w ere th e
f i r s t t o pay t a x e s so th a t th e . t a x e s o f th e p o o r , w h en ever p o s s i b l e ,
c o u ld be r e d u c e d . As a . r e s u l t o f t h e s e a c t i o n s , T e - h u i . was prom oted
. t o P a r t ic ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a t io n s . o f G h e n -t in g - fu \g_
and , in t h i s p o s i t i o n , he b rou gh t many b e n e f i t s , t o th e p e o p le and h i s
fame sp r e a d even t o th e im p e r ia l c o u r t . . I t i s . a t t h is , t im e t h a t Chang
T e -h u i, p r o b a b ly a t th e recom m endation o f S h i h l T ' ie n - t s e , w as c a l l e d t o
Q u b i la i ' s encam pm ent.
As th e M ongols con quered t e r r i t o r y in N orth C h in a , th e y w ould
sen d c a p tu r ed p e o p le o f v a l u e ,. su ch as a r t i s a n s and s c h o l a r - o f f i c i a l s ,
t o a r e a s t h a t w ere s e c u r e ly under t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n . A f te r a p e r io d
o f t im e , t h o s e l i t e r a t i who r e fu s e d t o s e r v e th e M ongols (b e ca u se o f
11
C on fu cian e t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s su ch a s n o t s e r v in g two r u l e r s ) b egan to
roam about th e c o u n t r y s id e . In t h i s w ay, many l i t e r a t i found t h e i r way
t o d i s t r i c t s u n d er th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e m y r ia r c h s , who, a s n o te d
a b o v e , c o n s id e r in g t h e m s e lv e s th e p r o t e c t o r s and p e r p e t u a t o r s o f C h in e se
c u l t u r e , w ou ld g i v e them m oral and f i n a n c i a l S u p p o r t.
Chang T e - h u i ' s p o s i t i o n as an o f f i c i a l in th e h e a d q u a r te r s o f
th e m y ria rch S h ih T ' i e n - t s e gave him am ple o p p o r tu n ity t o a s s o c i a t e
w it h , and p a t r o n iz e , t h e s e d i s a f f e c t e d s c h o la r s . In f a c t , h e com esJ-
down to . u s a s one o f t h e "Three W o rth ie s o f D ragon M ountain" ^ 2-
th e o th e r two b e in g Yuan Hao-wen and Li C h ih .^ He becam e a good f r i e n d
o f Yuan Hao-wen . and c o m p ile d the: f i r s t e d i t i o n .o f Yuan 1 s works . from
a m a n u scr ip t l e f t by Yen C h u n g-ch ieh /jh ^ . ^ He a l s o w rote .
an e p i lo g u e t o Y u a n 's C o l l e c t io n o f th e C e n tr a l P la in -p :jj.|': .,.
- 11- ■d a ted , f i f t e e n t h day o f f o u r th moon (May IS ) o f 1 2 5 0 , • and i t i s c l e a r
t h a t he was in s tr u m e n ta l in h a v in g , t h e C o l l e c t io n p u b l i s h e d .
A c c o r d in g t o Chang T e - h u i1s b io g r a p h y , he made a se co n d t r i p
t o Q araq oru ra^ , t h i s t im e accom p an ied by Yuan H ao-w en, In a m e m o r ia l,
th e y r e q u e s te d t h a t Q u b ila i becom e th e grand p a t r ia r c h o f C o n fu c ia n ism * 10 11 12
•9 . S ee th e f o o t n o t e s on p age 39 f o r th e b io g r a p h ic a l in fo rm a ? t i o n o f t h e s e men.
10 . Yen i s t h e son . o f th e m y r ia rch Yen S h ih ./f% % . . Forin fo r m a tio n on t h i s c o m p ila t io n s e e S u zu k i S h i o j i , Gen Komon ("Kanshi T a i - k e i , T o k y o 1965) , p . 6 7 . .. . — " '
1 1 . S ee H ok-lam Chan, The H is to r io g r a p h y o f th e Chin D y n a s ty : T hree S tu d ie s ("Munchener O s t a s ia t i s c h e S t u d ie n , 4 , W iesb a d en , 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 71 .
1 2 . For more in fo r m a t io n s e e L ing T 'in g ^ k 'a n "Yuan I -s h a n h s ie n -sh 'e n g n ie n - p 'u " in Chiu C h in -je n ch ' i , Wu Ch 1 i n g - h s i , ed .( T a i p e i , 1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 1 0 4 8 -1 0 4 9 . L ing i s o f th e o p in io n t h a t i t was n o t Yuan Hao-wen who accom p an ied Chang T e - h u i .
12
and t h a t th e C on fu cian h o u s e h o ld s be exem pt from t a x l e v i e s .. Both
r e q u e s t s w ere a c c e p te d b y th e k in g .
On th e b a s i s o f t h i s a c c o u n t , i t becom es o b v io u s th a t.C h a n g
T e - h u i 's r i s e to r o y a l r e c o g n i t io n had i t s r o o t s in t h e f a l l o f th e
C h in , f o r i t i s o n ly a f t e r 1233' t h a t h i s t a l e n t s in governm ent a re-
g iv e n a ch an ce t o grow and m a tu re .. I t can be s e e n , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t from
h i s r a th e r in a u s p ic io u s b e g in n in g s (he f a i l e d th e p a la c e .e x a m in a t io n s
fo u r t i m e s p r o b a b l y due to. th e c o r r u p t n a tu r e o f th e e x a m in a t io n s
d u r in g th e l a s t p e r io d o f th e C h in ) , . Chang T e-h u i r o s e t o becom e n o t .
o n ly an o f f i c i a l o f pow er-and i n f l u e n c e , b u t a l s o an a s s o c i a t e o f th e
m ost p rom in en t l i t e r a t i o f h i s tim e.; in a l l . , a c a p a b le man to g iv e
c o u n s e l to Q u b ila i Qan.
■ CHAPTER 3
TEXTUAL ACCOUNT ' .
The o r i g i n a l t e x t o f t h i s t r a v e l d ia r y is - found in th e e ig h th
" ~ . ------ -chuan o f th e P le a s a n t T a lk s in th e Jade Hal l ^ ^ % a lo c a t e d
in th e o n e-h u n d red th chuan o f The C om plete Works o f th e M aster o f .
Autumn R iv u le ts . 13 ■th e c o l l e c t e d w orks o f
th e n o te d Yuan d y n a s ty l i t e r a t u s , Wang Yun i_ c|'"f ( 1 2 2 7 -1 3 0 4 ) . 'i’ne
d i a r y was, f i r s t e n t i t l e d s im p ly , "A R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey if & 1. and
th e a u th o r w a s . n o te d as th e " P a r t ic ip a t o r in D e l ib e r a t io n , Chang Yao-
c h ' in g f i ' l i ^£ f ." At one t im e d u r in g th e -Ming d y n a s ty ,
th e t i t l e was changed t o "A R ecord o f a J ou rn ey to th e B order C a irn s
<5 . ^ , u ^ b u t t h i s t i t l e appears. I n a p p r o p r ia te s in c e th e
jo u r n e y w ent f a r beyond th e th e n known b o r d e r s o f C h in a . ' L a te r , 13 14 15 * *
13 . Wang YUn, C h " iu -c h ie n h s ie n - s h e n g t a - c h 'u a h - c h i ; _____ fSsu-nu t s 1 u n g -k 'a n /_ h e r e a f t e r SPTK / , T a ip e i , 1 9 6 5 ) ,. 1 0 0 .9 3 3 b -9 3 5 b .
14 . B iograp h y found in YS, 1 6 7 .1 9 a -2 2 a ,
15 . P r e s e r v e d in M o -li S h a n -je n ( c a . 1 9 0 0 ) , K u -ch in y u -c h it s 'u n g - s h u . (1914 l i t h o g r a p h ic e d . ) . T h is work, was n o t a v a i la b le f o rmy u s e . "See Yao T s'u n g-w u , "Chang T e-h u i ' L in g -p e i C h i-h s in g ' ts iu p e n . c h ia o -c h u " /h e r e a f t e r LPCH J , W en -sh ih -ch e h su e h -p a o , 11 (1 9 6 2 ) . 2 .
13
14
N orth o f th e Pass.3& j ' was. added t o th e t i t l e by Li W e n -t ' ie n
, 16.f- X (1834^.1895) 1° and th e d ia r y becam e known a s , '''A R ecord
o f a Jou rn ey North o f th e P ass .% j i f ' ." For. e x a m p le , i t i s
c a l l e d t h i s in b o th th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e Hut o f .G r a d u a l L earn in g
' i j i <ti£' '■ ji- ' 17/ t!7 i- //^_ and th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e B order Lands in Our
Im p e r ia l D y n a sty ^ f j | ; S . JBt ^ ' t 18 The t i t l e seem s
vague when com pared t o th e c o n t e n ts o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y i t s e l f ,
Yao T s 'u n g - w u ^ u % , in h i s r e c e n s io n o f th e t e x t , f e l t t h a t
the. t i t l e sh o u ld be "A R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey to Qaraqorum ^ ftE f f , 1
b u t d is c o u n ts t h i s c h o ic e on t h e p r e m ise t h a t th e fame o f Qaraqorum was
w id e sp r e a d o n ly in th e Yuan, and t h e r e f o r e th e t i t l e w ou ld be a b i t
g r a n d io s e . -
Y ao1s r e c e n s io n a r o se from h i s i n t e r e s t in th e ex ch a n g es b etw een
Q u b ila i and th e C h in ese s c h o la r s d u r in g th e M ongols' f i r s t s o v e r e ig n t y v
o v er th e C e n tr a l P la in . The work w as p a r t o f a g e n e r a l r e e v a lu a t io n * 19
•16. B iograp h y fou n d in Min E r h -c h 'a n g ( 1 8 8 6 - ? ) , P e i-c h u a n chl^-pu ( S s u - k 1 u sh a n -p en t s ' .u n g -s h u c h ' u - p ie n , T a i p e i , 1959) 4 .2 2 a^-22b. '
17'. . Hu H sia n g -h u n g ,. C h ie n -h su e h - l u ; t s '.ung- s h u . T h is work w as n o t a v a i la b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2 .
n 18 . P 'u ^unknown g iv e n name.7 ( c a . 190.0.), H u an g-ch ' ao fa n -s h uy u - t i t s 1 u n g -sh u (T a ip e i, . 1 9 6 8 ) , pp . 1 4 4 7 -1 4 5 3 .
19 . LPCH 2.
IS
o f a v a i la b l e t e x t u a l m a t e r i a l s . W ith th e a id o f S e c h in J a g e h i d h e ‘
c o l l a t e d th e v a r io u s e d i t i o n s o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y and co m p iled one
e x t e n s iv e com m entary t h a t drew h e a v i l y on t w e n t ie t h c e n tu r y r e s e a r c h .
Y a o 's var ioru m e d i t i o n i s b a sed on r e c e n s io n s o f th e t e x t r e c o r d e d in
th e C om plete Works o f th e M aster o f Autumn R iv u le t s a n d . th e D ocum ents
on th e A d v a n ta g es and D is a d v a n ta g e s o f Commandery and S t a t e in t h e
Empire (fQ ^ ^ He found t h a t t h a t w h ich
i s record ed : in t h e P le a s a n t T a lk s in t h e Jad e H a ll in th e C o l le c t a n e a
o f th e Ink Sea and G old Pot np" 5' "W ' and C o l le c t a n e a
o f th e S h o u -sh a n Kb L ib r a r y 'cf7 , ’> , ^ ^ a re in c o m p le te . He---- ■ ■■■.-- ■ ■■■■■■ : ------ ----: —v— ------ y ■ -l ". ■ * >1).
a l s o - d i s r e g a r d e d th e . c i t a t i o n s o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y in th e seco n d ■
s e c t io n , o f L i t e r a t u r e and A r ts in chuan t h i r t e e n , o f t h e Record o f
th e T hree D e p a r tm e n ts . North- o f th e . .P a s s ^k. 'Xv ^ and
in th e M is c e l la n e o u s s e c t i o n in chuan s i x o f th e G a z e te e r o f
-y 24-Ch! e n g - t e - f u . 7'fy /"jf ‘o w h ich w ere r id d le d w ith s c r i b a l e r r o r s
and c o r r u p t io n s . Yao d id ad op t th e t i t l e u sed in t h e s e tw o r e c o r d s .
w h ich th e y , c h a n g e d - to "A R ecord o f a J o u r n e y Beyond: , th e . N orth ern
Ranges: I 4 The t i t l e ch an ge was .very. a p p r o p r ia te , s i n c e
2 0 . Ku Yen-wu ( 1 6 1 3 - 1 6 8 2 ) , T ' i e n - h s i a ch u n -k u o l i ^ p i n g - s h u . .(SPTK e d . ) . 3 4 . 3 8 a -4 2 p . ;. y ■ v ” " "
2 1 . Chang H a i- p 'e n g ( 1 7 5 5 - 1 8 1 6 ) , M o-hai c h jn -h u t s 1u n g -sh u (S h a n g h a i, 1 9 2 1 ) . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my: u s e . See LPCH 2 ,
• 2 2 . - C h '.ien H s i - t s o ( d . 1844 ) , S h o u -sh a n Ko t s 'u n g - s h u (S h a n g h a i, 1 9 2 2 ) . T h is work was n o t - a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2 . .
2 3 . Huang K 'o - j u n . ( c a . 1 7 5 0 ) , K1o u - p e i s a n - t 1in g ch ib , (c o m p ile d in 1 7 5 8 ) . 1 5 . 1 3 b -1 7 a . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2
24.. Ch1 e n g - t e - fu c h ih (c o m p ile d in 1 8 2 9 ) . T h is work was n o t a v a i la b l e fo r my u s e . See LPCH 2 .
16
th e p la c e s th a t Chang T e -h u i t r a v e le d t o d u r in g t h a t y e a r a re l i s t e d in
th e " T r e a t is e on G eography /o " -n th e Yuan H isto 'ry under
"•The T r a v e lin g S e c r e t a r ia t fo r th e Area N orth o f th e R anges
^ The e n tr y in c lu d e s th e p r im ary c i r c u i t o f Qaraqorum.
B e s id e s Yao T s 'u n g -w u 's v ar ioru m e d i t i o n , th e o n ly o th e r anno
t a t e d e d i t io n i s T in g Ch1i e n ' s ] (1 8 4 3 -1 9 1 9 ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n and ■
V e r i f i c a t io n .o f th e Geography in A R ecord o f a Jou rn ey by .th e P a r t i c ip a
t o r in D e l ib e r a t io n s Chang Y a o -c h ’ in g 4 ^ •& ' f ?
hdL T 'l. ^ ^ ' , found in th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e C hekiang L ib ra ry
wf i t i r . 25 26
For t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n I h ave u se d Yao T s ’u n g -w u 's var ioru m t e x t
"A C om plete C o l la t e d and F o o tn o ted T ext o f Chang T e - h u i ' s ' R ecord o f a •
Jo u rn ey Beyond th e N orth ern Ranges ' ^ ^ v
T his work i s b ased on th e o r ig in a l m an u scrip t 'c o p y o f the-. S su -k 'u t ' i yao ■
£"h e r e a f t e r . SKTY_7 c o l l a t e d w ith Ku Yen-wu' s /1'fiyt -fs -jjv m a n u scr ip t ■ e d it io n o f
Documents on th e A dvantages and D isa d v a n ta g es o f Commandcry and S ta te in th e
Empi r e , and th e ' c i t a t i o n s , from P le a sa n t T alks in . th e Jade- H a ll found in th e ;
C o lle c ta n e a in th e Shou-shan ko L ibrary and C o lle c ta n e a o f th e Ink Sea and
G old P o t .. . Yao d iv id e s t h e o r ig i n a l t e x t in t o t h i r t e e n s h o r t c h a p t e r s .
C h ap ters e i g h t > t e n , and tw e lv e have .been ta k e n from chUan t e n o f th e
2 5 . " L in g -p e i H s in g -c h u n g -s h u -s h e n g " in th e " T r e a t is e on G eograp h y ," in t h e YS, 5 8 . 3 8 b -3 9 a .
26 . T ing Ch1i e n , Yuan Chang T s 'a n - i Y a o -c h 'in g C h j-h s in g t i - l i k 1 a o -ch en g in C h e-ch ia n g t 'u - s h u -k u a n t s ' u n g - s h u , 3 v o l s . , (P ' e n g - l a i - hsixan t i - l i - h s u e h t s 'u n g -sh u , 1 9 1 5 ) , V o l. I l l , la - 1 2 b .
17
B io g r a p h ic a l S k e t c h e s - o f Famous. M in is t e r s in th e R e ig n in g D yn asty
v's| {? and Q iang T e - h u i ’s b io g r a p h y in t h e Yuan H is to r y " ^.
Yao- r i g h t l y 'r e a so n s t h a t th e a d d it io n o f t h e s e th r e e c h a p te r s f i t s w ith
t h e c o n t e x t and rounds- ou t th e d ia r y . I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e
s e c t i o n s w ere e x t r a c t e d from th e t e x t a t one t im e , and I h ave fo l lo w e d
Yao in my t r a n s l a t io n by in c o r p o r a t in g th em , b u t , in k e e p in g w ith t h e i r
s o u r c e , h ave changed th e n a r r a t o r ' s v o i c e from f i r s t to t h ir d p e r s o n . 27 28
2 7 . Su T 'i.en -ch u eh . (1 2 9 4 -1 3 5 2 );, Kuo-Chao m in g ^ ch 'en s h ih - lu e h . ( T a ip e i , 1969) 1 0 .7 a -1 1 b .
2 8 . YS, 1 6 3 .9 b -1 3 b .
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSTS
The Mongol p e r io d (120.6-156.8) p rod u ced a r ic h , s t o r e o f t r a v e l
d i a r i e s , b o th in European and C h in ese ' l i t e r a t u r e . Through th e e y e s o f
p a p a l en voys and m is s io n a r ie s ' , su ch as John o f P i an d i C arp ine and
W illia m o f Ruhruck., Europe le a r n e d o f M on golian s o c i e t y and c u s to m s .
The g r e a t t r a v e l e r Marco P o lo t o ld o f th e c u l t u r a l , t e c h n o lo g ic a l and .
econ om ic w onders o f C h in a .' T h ese t r a v e l d i a r i e s r e n d e r d e t a i l e d
d e s c r ip t io n s o f th e h a r d s h ip s e n c o u n te r e d on th e j o u r n e y , th e m i l i t a r y
s k i l l . and r e l i g i o u s . b e l i e f s o f th e M on go ls, d e s c r i p t io n s o f th e g r e a t .
Qans (F r ia r John was p r e s e n t a t th e en th ron em en t o f Guyilg)., and much.
' 29g e o g r a p h ic a l and e th n o g r a p h ic a l d a ta . .
In c o n t r a s t t o t h e s e l i v e l y a c c o u n t s , th e C h in e se t r a v e l e r s .
t r e a t t h e i r jo u r n e y s as - m a t t e r s - o f .- f a c t . . • T h e ir n a r r a t iv e s o n ly make,
g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e s to su ch t h in g s as t h e h a r s h n e s s o f . th e c l im a t e , ■:
th e rough t e r r a in and th e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n te r e d on t h e j o u r n e y .
A jo u r n e y o f a th o u sa n d h i i s d is p e n s e d w ith in a s i n g l e p a ra g ra p h . •
2 9 . For exam p les s e e Igor , de R a c h e w iltz , P ap a l .Envoys t o th e G reat Khans ( S ta n fo r d , 1 9 7 1 ) , a n d .C h r is to p h e r Dawson, e d . , The M ongol M is s io n : N a r r a t iv e s and L e t te r s o f th e F r a n c isc a n M is s io n a r ie s inM on go lia and C hina in th e T h ir te e n th and F o u r te e n th C e n tu r ie s (New Y ork, 1 9 5 5 ) .
18
19
• Even though;, th .e se r e c o r d s a re not. imbued w.i_th_. th e v i y i d d e s c r i p t io n s o f .
th e European j o u r n a ls , th e y do r e l a t e f a c t u a l , f i r s t - h a n d - in f o r m a t io n
about th e p e o p le , cu stom s and p la c e s o b se r v ed by th e t r a v e l e r ,
Li C h ih -c h 1ang <o ,p , in h i s R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey to th e
West ijj? d e s c r ib e s h i s j o u rn ey w ith th e T a o is t P a tr ia r c h
Ch' a n g -c h ' un . / s_ from C hina t o A fg h a n is ta n . The jo u r n e y
was- u n d erta k en a t th e r e q u e s t o f C in g g is Qan, who- w anted t o l e a m of-
govern m en t-an d p r o lo n g in g l i f e from Ch1a n g -c h 'u n , t h e le a d e r o f t h e .
Ch'1 u a n -ch en .l 5 - , s e c t o f T aoism . . T h is t r a v e l d ia r y i s o f s in g u la r
im p ortan ce as a p r im ary so u r c e f o r g e o g r a p h ic a l and c u l t u r a l in fo r m a
t io n as w e l l -as - "a s o u r c e ■ f o r e a r ly Mongol h i s t o r y , e n a b l in g us as i t
d oes to f i x w ith a b s o lu te c e r t a in t y t h e . o th e r w is e o b sc u r e and much
d is p u te d d a te s o f C h in g iz K han's movem ents d u r in g h i s W estern •
3:1c a m p a ig n ."
B e fo r e C h 'a n g -c h 'u n l e f t C in g g i s ' encam pm ent,1 h e s e c u r e d c e r t a in••• • , ,
p r i v i l e g e s i n c l u d i n g ta x -e x e m p t io n , f o r th e . C h 'u an -ch en s e c t . Upon .
h i s r e tu r n t o C h ina , th e T a o is t s u se d t h e s e p r i v i l e g e s to ta k e o v e r t h e
30. A rth u r W aley T r a n s . , The T r a v e ls o f an A lc h e m is t : ■ The J o u rn ey o f th e T a o is t C h 'a n g -ch 'u n from C hina to t h e H indukush a t th e Summons o f C h in g iz Khan R ecorded b y h i s D i s c ip l e L i C h ih -c h ' ang (L ondon, 1 9 6 5 ) . W a ley 's in t r o d u c t io n c o n t a in s in fo r m a t io n about th e C h 'u an -ch en s e c t and in c lu d e s b r i e f b io g r a p h ie s o f C h 'a n g -c h 'u n and Li C h ih -c h ! ang.
31. I b i d . , v i i i .
20
B u d d h ist c le r g y and t e m p le s . This- prom pted Y eh -lu Ch'-Ur-tsr-a i t o w r i t e
32h i s R ecord o f a Jou rn ey to th e W est.
Y e h -lu C h 'u - t s ' a i ' s t r a v e l d ia r y d i f f e r s from th e o th e r a c c o u n ts
d is c u s s e d in t h a t - i t was w r i t t e n a f t e r he r e tu r n e d to C hina f o r th e
np u rp o se o f condem ning th e a c t io n s o f C h 'a n g -c h 'u n and t h e •C h 'u an -ch en
s e c t . This r e c o r d c o n s i s t s o f two p a r t s , b o th in th e form o f an: ■ • ■ „ ■ ■ • - : . ■
im a g in a ry d ia lo g u e b etw een Y e h -lu C h 'u - t s ' a i and a " G u e st ." The f i r s t
p a r t i s a b r i e f g e o g r a p h ic a l a cco u n t w h ich by no means r i v a l s t h a t o f
Li C h ih -c h ’ an g . The. seco n d p a r t , th e m ain body o f th e t e x t , sy s te m - •
a t i c a l l y ' a t ta c k s Ch' a n g - c h ' un and. th e b e l i e f s o f th e C h 'u an -ch en s e c t .
Chang T e -h u i began h i s jo u r n e y in 1247 a t th e r e q u e s t o f th e .
h e i r ap p aren t Q u b i la i , and t r a v e l e d w ith Q u b i la i ' s e n to u r a g e f o r •
a p p r o x im a te ly one y e a r . C hang's d ia r y i s th e m ost c o m p le te a cco u n t
a v a i la b l e o f Q u b i la i ' s encampment a n d . t h e . l i f e t h a t su rrou n d ed i t .
The f i r s t p o r t io n o f th e d ia r y c o n s i s t s o f g e o g r a p h ic a l i n f o r
m ation as i t r e c o r d s th e r o u te t h a t Chang T e -h u i f o l lo w e d from C hen-yang
to Qaraqorum. The f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s jo u r n e y , to th e M in g -ch 'a n g
b o r d e r , can be u se d as v e r i f i c a t i o n o f th e in fo r m a tio n in Li C h ih -
ch' a n g ' s . Record o f a J ou rn ey t o th e W est, as t h e y b o th fo l lo w e d t h e ■
same r o u t e . Chang T e -h u i n o t e s th e M ongol p r a c t i c e o f d iv id in g th e
lan d among th e im p e r ia l c la n and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s , He a l s o m e n tio n s - ,
s e e in g nomads and t h e i r y u r ts and c a r t s m oving from p la c e to p la c e t o 32
32 . Ig o r de R a c h e w iltz , ''The H s i-y u lu by Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i ," Monument a S e r ic a , 21,■ 1.-128 (1 9 6 2 ) ,
21
p a s tu r e t h e i r a n im a ls , a s u r e s ig n t h a t he was l e a v in g C hina and th e
cu stom s o f th e C e n tr a l P la in .b e h in d h im , Chang b r i e f l y d e s c r ib e s th e
p la c e s t h a t he s e e s , su ch a s a s l e e p in g h a l l w ith a cu rv ed r o o f , th e
b o r d e r s o f t h e - d e s e r t , and a' s to n e c a ir n .
Chang T e -h u i b r i e f ly - sp ea k s o f th e M o n g o l's t r a v e l i n g h a b i t s
and c u sto m s. . He says- t h a t th e M ongols moved to a h ig h , c o o l p la c e in
summer, and in w in te r t h e y t r a v e l e d t o a p la c e t h a t was warm w here
f ir e w o o d , and w a ter w ere r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . T h e ir m oving from p la c e t o
p la c e w a s, t h e r e f o r e , t o a v o id th e extrem es- in th e s te p p e c l im a te and
t o . ensure, w a te r and p a s tu r e , f o r t h e i r s t o c k , Chang n o t e s t h a t . in w in ter-
a l l c lo t h e s w ere made o f an im al .h id e s and. t h a t th e fo o d s t a p le was
m u tto n , f o r t h e r e was l i t t l e g r a in and r i c e . The n in t h d a y o f th e
fo u r th month and th e n in th , day o f th e n in th month w e r e , a c c o r d in g t o
Chang, th e o n ly days: t h a t the. M ongols h e ld im p o r ta n t r i t u a l . s a c r i f i c e s .
He a l s o n o te d t h a t a l l th e s u p p l i e s he n eed ed w ere p r o v id e d by t h e •
M ongols, i n . p l e n i t u d e .
The t r a v e l d ia r y a l s o in c lu d e s , a r e co r d o f th e c o n v e r sa t io n s -
t h a t Chang had w ith Q u b i la i , The record s, have b een w r i t t e n in t h e
t h ir d p erso n p o in t o f v ie w , a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r a d a p ta t io n in t o
h i s t o r i c a l works..- and t h e i r l a t e r r e c o v e r y in t o t h e m ain n a r r a t iv e .
Chang a d v i s e s Q u b i la i t o e m b ra ce .C o n fu c ia n ism an d , when. Q u b ila i
a sk s him i f th e C o n fu c ia n s w ere t o blam e f o r th e c o l l a p s e o f th e C h in ,
Chang r e p l i e s t h a t s in c e th e Chin d id n o t c o n s u l t th e C o n fu c ia n s on
m a tte r s o f s t a t e and w a r f a r e , th e y c a n n o t .be h e ld r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e .
d o w n fa ll o f th e C h in . Chang t e l l s Q u b ila i t h a t he s h o u ld u se s k i l l e d
men in h i s a d m in is t r a t io n and recommends more th an tw e n ty men f o r t h i s
22V.
p u r p o se . At t h i s j u n c tu r e we le a r n t h a t O u b ila i i s s e m i - l i t e r a t e in
C h i n e s e f o r he is . a b le to read s e v e r a l c h a r a c te r s : in th e names o f33
th e recommended men. Chang a l s o a rg u es w ith Q u b ila i t h a t th e p e o p le
w ere l e d t o p o v e r ty b e c a u se th e y w ere o v e r ta x e d and w ere c o n s t a n t ly
a t th e m ercy o f r a p a c io u s c l e r k s and yamen u n d e r l in g s . . T h is , Chang
s a y s , i s a g r e a t e r harm th an t h a t c a u se d b y th e u n r u l in e s s o f th e
army. To rem edy t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s , Chang s u g g e s t s th e em ploym ent o f
c la n .membei's who a re n o te d fo r t h e i r a b i l i t i e s in t h e s e a r e a s , th u s
p r o v id in g e v id e n c e o f t h e s e M ongol's, fame as a d m in is t r a t o r s .
The t r a v e l d ia r y o f/C h a n g T e -h u i i s important n o t o n ly as a
g e o g r a p h ic a l ' a cc o u n t and as a s o u r c e f o r th e cu stom s and h a b i t s o f
th e M ongols on th e step p e;, b u t a l s o fo r : i t s i n s i g h t s i n t o th e c o n c e r n s
o f Q u b ila i a t t h i s e a r ly s t a g e in h i s c a r e e r .
The nom adic M on go ls, h a v in g d e f e a t e d th e C h in , found t h a t t h e i r
t r a d it io n a l .m e t h o d s f o r a d m in is t e r in g t h e s te p p e i n v i t e d d is o r d e r among
th e s e d e n ta r y p o p u la t io n o f North. C h in a . To rem edy t h i s s i t u a t i o n ,
th e M ongols c o n s u l t e d , a n d . em p loyed , C o n fu c ia h s c h o la r s who had
p r a c t i c a l s k i l l s in th e a r t s o f governm ent.. - T h ese a d v i s e r s , co n cern ed .
w ith p r e s e r v in g th e C o n fu c ia n t r a d i t i o n , d em o n stra ted t h a t i t was
more f e a s i b l e , b o th p o l i t i c a l l y and e c o n o m ic a lly , t o ad op t C h in ese
i n s t i t u t i o n a l forms/.. 33
3 3 , For more in fo r m a tio n on w h eth er th e M ongols c o u ld read C h in ese s e e H erb er t F ran k e, "Could th e M ongol Emperors. Read and W rite • C h in e s e ," A sia M ajor new s e r i e s , 3 , 2 8 -4 1 (1952)..
23
The f i r s t a d v o c a te f o r re fo rm was th e s i n i c i z e d K bitan s t a t e s
man , Y e h - lu Ch' u - t s ' a i w ho, under th e a e g i s o f Ogode.i ( r . 1 2 2 9 - 1 2 4 1 ) ,
b egan t o r e i n s t i t u t e t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se a d m in is t r a t io n in N orth C h in a .u ,,
U n f o r t u n a t e ly , th e d ea th o f O godei o v e r tu r n e d t h e s e e f f o r t s and th e
governm ent o f N orth C hina r e v e r t e d t o t h e h a r s h , t r a d i t i o n a l Mongol
r u le o f t h e s t e p p e s .
Even in h i s y o u th , Q u b ila i had a g r e a t i n t e r e s t in th e p rob lem s
o f m anaging N orth C h ina.. To g a in a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e s et# *
p r o b le m s , h e summoned p e o p le who w ere n o te d f o r t h e i r k n ow led ge and
s k i l l in a d m in is t r a t iv e t e c h n iq u e s t o a d v i s e h im . Due t o t h e s e a d v is e r s - ,
Q u b ila i becam e c o n v in c e d t h a t in o r d e r t o s t a b i l i z e and c o n s o l id a t e
M ongol r u l e in C h in a , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o ad op t t r a d i t i o n a l C o n fu c ia n
p a t t e r n s o f g o v e r n m e n t. The m ost n o t a b le o f t h e s e a d v i s e r s was t h e. 35
B u d d h is t - T a o is t statesm an-: Liu P in g -c h u n g , ■ who w as in t h e s e r v i c e o f
Q u b ila i from 1242 u n t i l h i s r e t ir e m e n t in 1 2 6 8 . When Q u b i la i . a sc e n d e d
th e th r o n e in 1 2 6 0 , h e b egan a re form p ro g ra m . t h a t , u n d er th e d e s ig n ,
o f L iu P in g -c h u n g , r e o r g a n iz e d th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f N orth C hina a lo n g
t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se l i n e s . 34 35
3 4 . I g o r de R a c h e w iltz , " Y eh -lu C h ' u - t s ' a i ( 1 1 8 9 -1 2 4 3 ) :B u d d h ist I d e a l i s t and C o n fu c ia n S ta te s m a n ," C o n fu c ia n P e r s o n a l i t i e s , A rth u r F. W right and D en is T w it c h e t t , e d s . ( S ta n fo r d : 1 9 6 2 ) , p p . 1 8 9 -2 1 6 .
3 5 . H ok-lam Chan, "L iu P in g -c h u n g ( 1 2 1 6 - 1 2 7 4 ) , A B u d d h is t- T a t i is t S ta te sm a n a t :th e C ourt o f K h u b ila i Khan," T jo u n g -p a o , .53 : (1 9 6 7 ) , v 9 8 -1 4 6 .
A lth o u g h i t c a n n o t be s a id t h a t Q u b ila i a c c e p te d C o n fu e la n
v a l u e s , i t can be s a id t h a t t h e c o u n s e ls o f su ch men as C h a n g 'T e-h u i
(who was. th e . f i r s t C h in e se s c h o la r to be summoned by Q u b i la i ) and
Liu P in g -c h u n g , r e s u l t e d in Q u b i la i , a t l e a s t fo r p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s ,
r e i n s t i t u t i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se b u r e a u c r a t ic s y s te m in C h ina .
CHAPTER 5
ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF CHANG TE-HUI'S "A RECORD OF A JOURNEY BEYOND-THE NORTHERN RANGES"
From. C h en -yan gjb l ,The B eg in n in g o f th e Jou rn ey
I n . th e f i r s t q u a r te r o f th e s ix t h m onth, in the- summer o f th e
y e a r t in g - w e i .(1 2 4 7 ), I a t te n d e d to an im p e r ia l summons t o go. n o r t h .
I s e t .out from C hen-yang, s ta y e d fo r two n ig h t s and th en p a sse d Chung-
shan ‘ e lf. At t h i s t im e th e r e was an a ccu m u la tio n o f dark c lo u d s b u t
i t d id n o t r a in . In a l i t t l e w h ile th e sky c le a r e d and I gazed,
w estw ard t o th e ja g g ed peak o f H eng-shan ( th a t w h ic h . i s c a l l e d •' . 7 ; - - ; ■ ' ■ ‘ ' ' ' . ,
one o f th e sa c r e d p e a k s) th a t s to o d ou t p r o m in e n tly £ from th e o th e r
peaks_J7 l ik e , a- green a r c h . The r e s t o f th e p eak s c o u ld a l l be co u n ted
one a f t e r th e o th e r . . Thereupon I. tu rn ed to . my com panions and s a id , 36 *
3 6 . I am. f o l lo w in g Yao. Ts 1 un g-w u ' s LPCH. f o r th e l o c a t io n o f p la c e names.. A l l m ajor I o c a t io n s a re in d ic a t e d on th e map found in . A ppendix A.
.3 7 . G reat L u xu rian t M ountain / V / y , d-i i s a n o th e r name fo r H en g-sh an , w hich i s th e .N o r th e r n M ountain o f th e F iv e S acred M ountains o f C hina. D uring th e N orthern Sung ( 9 6 0 -1 1 2 7 ) , H eng-shan was l o s t to th e K hitan and was r e p la c e d , as th e N orth ern M ountain , by H suan-yueh "gj ("Dark Peak") in S h a n s i . The Ming and C h 'in g fo llo w e d t h i sp r a c t i c e b u t , in s a c r i f i c i a l c e re m o n ie s and by p o p u la r cu stom , Heng- shan was s t i l l regard ed as th e tr u e N orth ern M ountain . LPCH 6 n_. In chuan fo u r te e n o f Ku T s u - y u ' s - (1 6 5 1 -1 6 9 2 ) T u -sh ih fa n g -y il c h i - y a o , ..3 v o l s . , (P e k in g , 1 9 5 5 ) , I , 6 24 , i t s a y s ^ " a n o th e r name j~ for. G reat Luxu r ia n t M ountain J7 i s Sacred P o in ted . Rock ^ " The S acred Peakin th e t e x t i s p ro b a b ly a r e fe r e n c e to S acred P o in ted Rock. LPCH 6 n_.
25
26
"Our group ta k e s , th is - journey- i s . . i t p o s s i b l e we w i l l , come back soon ?
This, kbs: in d e e d th e 1 good fo r tu n e , o f T’- u i - c h ih ML a t Heng-.shan
iU 38 i. tr
3 8 . T h is i s an a l l u s i o n t o th e poem, " V is i t in g a Temple on Heng Peak; a fterw a rd s- 1 spend th e n ig h t in a B uddist tem p le on th e peak and w r i t e th is , on th e g a te t o w e r ," by- Han Yu. ( 7 6 8 -8 2 4 ) , w hose s t y l e , name i s . T’ui^ch.ih .: . In th e poem, he w r ite s -;
I; have j u s t com e, m e e tin g w ith . ...The season , o f autumn r a i n s , .
The Yin S p i r i t made i t . dark and d is m a l ,There was no c le a r w in d .
Deep in my h e a r t I p rayed s i l e n t l y , ..- And i t seem ed t h e r e was a r e s p o n s e -
Of c o u r se i t i s b e c a u se th e r e i s one h o n e s t and u p r ig h t , That i t can f e e l and com prehend.
In an in s t a n t , i t was. sw ep t c l e a r y A h o s t o f p eak s came o u t , -
L ooking up I saw them t h r u s t in g forw ardTo prop up th e b lu e s k y .
-
/T r a n s la t io n by S tep h en Owen, The P o e tr y o f Meng C hiao and Han Yu (New H aven, 1 9 7 5 ) , pp . 9 7 -9 8 JZ. . Su S h ih (1 0 3 6 -1 1 0 1 ) , in t h e Sung, in
h i s s t e l e f o r Han W e n -k u h g 's -te m p le , s a id , "The c o n c e n tr a te d s i n c e r i t y o f th e n o b le c o u ld open th e .c lo u d s o f H en g -sh a n , b u t c o u ld n o t tu rn back t h e . s u s p ic io n s o f H s ie n - t s u n g ." The m eaning of- t h e a l l u s i o n i s t h a t a s Chang T e -h u i b e g in s h i s jo u r n e y n o r th , p a s t . t h e N orth ern Mount a i n , and Han Yu i s on h i s jo u r n e y o f e x i l e s o u th , p a s t th e S ou th ern M ou n ta in , t h e i r f u tu r e s are. u n c e r t a in , ju s t , as t h e r e a r e dark c lo u d s c o v e r in g th e two Heng M o u n ta in s . As th e y gaze a t th e m o u n ta in s , th e c lo u d s d is a p p e a r e x p o s in g th e p e a k s , and th e y b o th e n jo y a moment o f r a r e n a t u r a l b e a u ty in s p i t e o f t h e i r p e r s o n a l u n c e r t a i n t y . The poem 1'found, in .Han Yu, / ~Chu Wen-kung c h ia o _/ C h 'a n g - l i h s i e n - s h e n g - c h i , a n n o ta te d by Chu H si (SPTK e d . ) 3 . 3 7 b -3 8 a . Su S h ih ' s comments a re found in Su S h ih , " C h 'ao -ch ou Han Wen-kung m ia o -p e i" in T u n g-p ' o h o u -c h i found in T u n g-p ' o c h ' i - c h i (S su -p u p e i -y a o /" h e r e a f t e r SPPY J , S h a n g h a i, 192 7 -1 9 3 6 ) 1 5 .6 a .
22
from C hung-shan t o ■th e 0 !hu 'Range -0 %
Tne n e x t day we w ent ou t o f t h e f o r t i f i e d p a ss and p a s s e d th e
Hsu R iv er B rid ge ^ .. I g a zed w estw ard t o L an g-shan t ( | J-l *
The t h ic k f o r e s t f s t o o d J l ik e , swords- and h a lb e r d s and th e h a lc y o n g r e e n
was so lu x u r ia n t i t c o u ld h e la d le d up /" w ith a s p o o n / . In a w h ile we
.a r r iv e d a t Chuo-chun ' 4 '7kX . th ro u g h L iang-m en . and T in g -
h s in g idZ - , I g a zed ea stw a rd to t h e tem p le o f t h e F ir s t Lord o f
Shu 'ij' f u ' in L o u -s a n g .^ ^ We w ent p a s t L ia n g -h s ia n g
4 | f , c r o s s e d o v e r th e Lu-kou B r i d g e and a r r iv e d in Yen . 39
39 . The Shu ch ih , s a y s , "The F i r s t L ord1 s surnam e was L iu and h i s p e r s o n a l name _was Pei/^& . He was a n a t iv e o f Chuo C ounty ..in Chuo Commandery'/$. %^- hhen he was yo u n g , h e and h i s m other p e d d le d s a n d a ls , and wove. m ats, f o r a. l i v i n g . On th e f e n c e a t th e so u th e a s te r n c o r n e r o f t h e i r h o u se grew a m u lb erry t r e e . ■ I t was more th a n f i v e /C h in e s e J f e e t h ig h and when lo o k e d a t from a d i s t a n c e i t ap p eared
. t o be an u m b r e lla / s h a p e d j i l i k e a c a r t can op y . The p a s s e r s - b y a l l m arveled a t t h i s u n u su a l t r e e . Some s a id th a t , / t h i s house_7 w ould • p rod u ce a man o f h ig h p o s i t i o n . When th e F i r s t Lord was y o u n g , he was s i t t i n g b e n e a th th e t r e e w ith s e v e r a l y o u th s in h i s c la n and he j o k in g - • i y s a id , ’ I w i l l i n e v i t a b l y mount th is - w in ged p a r a s o l !' /-A r e f e r e n c e j 7 t o th e Im p e r ia l c a r r i a g e . . H is u n c le , Tzu G oing y %% , s a i d , 'You sh o u ld n o t t a lk f o o l i s h l y . You w i l l d e s t r o y ' our . g a t e . / ' f a m i l y / 7! ’ Found in . C h'en Shou ( 2 3 3 - 2 9 7 ) , San-kuo c h i h . (SPRY e d . ) 2 . l a . L ater, p e o p le d e s ir i n g t o p r e s e r v e th e memory o f th e F i r s t Lord b u i l t a tem p le a t th e s i t e o f t h i s a f f a i r . The f i r s t com m em orative s to n e was e r e c t e d in 8 9 7 . A c c o r d in g ’ to . Wang T ' in g -y u n ’s (1 1 5 1 -1 2 0 2 ) " C h u n g-h siu Han Chao- l i e h - t i m ia o - p e i- c h i" (d a te d 1 1 9 8 ) , found in Chin Wen T su i ( T a ip e i , 1967) 5 6 .2 : "The tem p le i s t e n ■ l i s o u th w e s t o f /"Cho/'-chou, and. th e r e i s a s to n e in th e d i s t a n t c o u r ty a r d w hich i s a r e c o r d o f r e c o n s t r u c t io n by th e M a g is tr a te Lou, d a te d fo u r th y e a r o f th e K an-n ing e r a o f T 'ah g ( 8 9 8 ) . T here h a v e b een / t h e a n c e s t r a l . / s a c r i f i c e s o f b lo o d and food h e r e f o r . a lo n g t i m e ."
28
We r e s i d e d t h e r e f o r ten' days and th e n l e f t . To th e n o r th we
went p a s t S h u a n g - t 1 a F ort ’x " ^ x , H s i n - t i e n H o s t e l 0 f J,l !| | , e n t e r e d
t h e S o u th ern Mouth i|f O , and c r o s s e d th r o u g h Chu-yung P a ss / s J'^ ' f ^ '. ■
We went ou t o f t h e p a s s th r o u g h N orth ern Mouth P , and t h e n . t r a v e l
in g westward,;, we went: p a s t t h e Elm F o r e s t H o s t e l -tinv , th e Lei,
Fam ily inn %- J?i , a n d 'a r r iv e d a t H u a i - l a i County “pS •
E a st o f t h e c o u n ty t h e r e i s .a B r i d g e , i t s . m i d d l e p la n k e d h o r i
z o n t a l l y w i th t im b e r s But / t h e r e s t ' / , above and b e lo w , i s a l l o f s t o n e .
W e s t .o f t h e .b r id g e th e i n h a b i t a n t s are c l u s t e r e d in s e t t l e m e n t s , and
t h e o u t e r p e r im e t e r o f t h e c o u n t y d i s a p p e a r s in rank g r o w t h . . .
To t h e w e s t , a s we went p a s t t h e s o u th s id e- o f Cock Crow
M ountain J,.j , t h e r e was- a lo d g in g , h o u se c a l l e d P ' i n g - y u t - t L . ■
On th e m ountain • t h e r e had been, b u i l t a r e s i d e n c e f o r monks . We
f o l l o w e d th e w e s t s i d e .o f the. m ountain n o r th w a rd , and went: u pstream
f o l l o w i n g t h e S a n g - c h ' i e n RiWer ^ / /L y in g a c r e s s _ 7 t h e r i v e r •
there , i s a s t o n e b r id g e ' , and w estw ard from, th e b r id g e i s T e - h s in g ^ f u
C i r c u i t j i t To t h e n o r th we went p a s t a r e s i d e n c e t h a t i s
c a l l e d T in g - f a n g ff* , and c r o s s i n g t h e r i v e r a t S to n e Ladder Tfjfi &
we. a r r i v e d a t Hsua.n-te. C h ou'S j\.J , '
A gain t r a v e l i n g n o r t h w e s t , we c r o s s e d th r o u g h t h e S h a - l i n g - t z u
M o u t h / / ’ X2 . and a r r iv e d a t t h e H su a n -p ' i n g County H o s t e l ^
^ . We w en t out th ro u g h the; T e - s h e n g Mouth t?: and a r r i v e d
a t t h e Q -h u . R ange. 40
40 . The r e s i d e n c e f o r monks i s a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e M on astery o f E t e r n a l P eace I t i s s a i d t o h a v e been b u i l t in 1024. LPCH9n. ^
29is 7
The Sand Dunes North o f P o - lo T / '£
Beneath ZTthe m ounta in r a n g e j / t h e r e i s a h o s t e l c a l l e d P o - l o .
From t h i s p o i n t n o r th w a rd , a l l t h e h o s t e l s a re a p p o r t io n e d t o .a n d run
by t h e v a r io u s 'M o n g o l . c l a n s , e a c h t a k i n g . t h e name o f t h e m a ste r o f .
t h e clan.*"*"
Going up from t h e r a n g e , we th e n t r a v e l e d n o r t h e a s t and began
s e e i n g y u r t s and y u r t c a r t s t h a t s im p ly f o l lo w e d , t h e /T a v a i la b le .? w a te r
and g r a s s t o p a s t u r e t h e i r s t o c k . No l o n g e r were t h e r e any custom s o f
t h e C e n tr a l P l a in i t -
- We s u b s e q u e n t ly went p a s t Fu-chou 'j'J.j , ' f i n d i n g o n l y d e s o l a t e
w a l l s . To t h e n o r th w e 'e n te r e d : 'C h 'a n g -c h o u :^ , where t h e i n h a b i t a n t s
numbered, o n ly a h u n d r ed .. ■ In i t s - c e n t e r are o f f i c i a l r e s i d e n c e s t h a t w ere
.43': * 42 43c o n s t r u c t e d by the- s t a t e ' s r e g e n t .
b e lo n g s t o th e S a l t O f f i c e .
There i s a l s o a s t o r e h o u s e t h a t
. 4 1 . P ’ eng T a -y a , in t h e book H e i - t a S h i h - lu e h (T s 'U n g -sh u c h i - c h ' e n g , S h a n g h a i , . 1 9 3 5 ) , p . 7 , s a y s t h a t th e v a r i o u s : T a r ta r c h i e f t a i n s w e r e .p e r m i t t e d t o d e ter m in e f o r t h e m s e l v e s . the' d i s t a n c e betw een s t a t i o n s in t h e i r own t e r r i t o r y . • Hsu T ' i n g ' s .^ | s u p p le m e n t , on page, e i g h t , s a y s t h a t a l l o f th e lan d was d i v id e d among".the Im p e r ia l c la n and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s . T h e ir p e o p le s e n t f o r t h o x e n , h o r s e s , c a r t s , w eap on s, s l a v e s , m utton and kum iss f o r t a x l e v i e s ' . The head o f each t e r r i t o r y was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e t a x q u o ta s o f t h e s t a t i o n s w i t h in t h e i r own a r e a . The b io g r a p h y o f B o sq a r , YS, 1 1 8 .5 b , s a y s t h a t i n 1214 C in g g is i s s u e d t h e o r d e r t h a t B osqar (who was a s u c c e s s f u l commander i n th e Mongol a r m y ) . and h i s you n ger b r o t h e r s Huo Hu “A h " , T s 'e -S g - , and t h e r e s t were t o be g iv e n a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d as
f i e f s . T h is p r a c t i c e , f o l l o w e d from t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e Yuan d y n a s t y , was c a l l e d " D iv id in g t h e T e r r i t o r y ;" .
4 2 . Chung-yuan i s a h i s t o r i c a l sy n e c d o c h e f o r C hina.
4 3 . T h is would be M u p ali'S ^ - (one o f C in g g i s Qan'sg e n e r a l s ) second, grandson Sugumca -gg . Sugumca s u c c e e d e d t o t h ep o s i t i o n o f S t a t e R egent i n 1239 and c f ie d 'd u r in g th e r e i g n o f H s ie n - t su n g ( 1 2 5 1 - 1 2 5 9 ) . LPCH.ll n . . . .. .
30
E ast o f th e chou t h e r e i s S a l t Lake I t s c i r c u m fe r e n c e
i s a p p r o x im a te ly one hundred _li 'J? . The n a t i v e s c a l l i t Dog Marshes) ;4?:
b e c a u s e o f t h e i r s i m i l a r i t y o f form,
W"e t r a v e l e d - n o r t h of. t h e . chou f o r more than one hundred l i
where t h e r e i s a h a l f - h i d d e n a n c i e n t f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h a t s t r e t c h e s a c r o s s
m ountain and v a l l e y . South o f th e f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h e r e i s a sm a l l d e s e r - '
t e d : c i t y . . We asked a r e s i d e n t about i t , and he s a i d t h a t t h i s i s a f o r t
b a r r i e r t h a t had been b u i l t by t h e p r e v io u s d y n a s t y , and t h a t th ere ' a r e44
now o n ly f r o n t i e r guards l i v i n g in t h e c i t y .
From t h e f o r t b a r r i e r .we t r a v e l e d - fo u r s to p s llS and began, t oT
e n t e r th e sand, d u n es . Wherever th e dunes on th e b o r d e r r e a c h e d , t h e r e 44
44 . Li C h ih -c h ' ang' s (1 1 9 5 -1 2 7 8 ) Ch1 a n g - c h '.u n - c h e n - j en h s i yu c h i f SPPY e d . ). 1 . 5 a - 5 b , s a y s , '^/'Northward from Fu-chou)/ t h e r e a re no r i v e r s .. Tliere a re many h o l e s .dug in t h e sand in o r d e r t o draw / w a t e r / , ' . A lso th e r e , are no la r g e , m o u n ta in s . A f t e r r i d i n g on h o r s e b a c k f o r f i v e days we went ou t o f t h e M in g -c h rang b o r d e r .” A cco rd in g t o Wang Kuo-wei (1 8 7 7 - 1 9 2 7 ) , in h i s K u a n -t ' ang c h i - l i n (S h a n g h a i , 1 9 7 5 ) , 7 34 , t h i s i s a f o r t b a r r i e r t h a t was b u i l t in th e M in g -c h 'a n g r e ig n p e r io d o f ..Chin Chang- t s u n g ( 1 1 9 0 - 1 1 9 5 ) . In t h e same book (p . 7 1 3 ) . Wang d e s c r i b e s two m eans,. o f b o r d e r d e f e n s e .u s e d by th e C hin. One i s th e w a l l e d f o r t t h a t w as . . b u i l t in an a r e a o f v i t a l d e f e n s e in . .o r d e r t o house , f r o n t i e r g u a rd s .These f o r t s had t o be. b u i l t in an .area where w a ter and g r a s s w e r e . a v a i l a b le .; S in c e t h e y ..were p l a c e d a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , t h e y were s u b j e c t t o e n c ir c le m e n t and s i e g e . . The o t h e r . i s a b a r r i e r t h a t was c o n s t r u c t e d in o r d e r t o impede th e N orthern, c a v a l r y . The b a r r i e r c o u ld n o t be e n c i r c l e d but i t to o k a g r e a t amount o f la b o r t o c o n s t r u c t . A l s o , s i n c e .• th e n o r th e r n b o r d e r la n d s were m o s t ly d e s e r t , th e b a r r i e r s would f i l l w i t h d r i f t i n g sand and had t o be c o n s t a n t l y r e c la im e d . D uring th e r e ig n o f .. .- C h an g-tsu n g (1 1 9 0 -1 2 0 9 ) th e b o r d e r c o n f l i c t s became more i n t e n s e and t h i s b a r r i e r was c o m p le ted i n 1198 . I t was n e a r l y 3 ,0 0 0 1 1 i n l e n g t h .
31
was n e i t h e r a shard o f ro c k nor an in c h o f loam. When we w ere s t i l l a t
a d i s t a n c e and gazed a t them , t h e y were l i k e h ig h mounds and l a r g e hum
mocks . But. o n ce we a r r i v e d , we saw th a t , t h e y were p i l e s o f san d . Elms
and w i l l o w s are th e o n ly t r e e s t h a t , have a d a p te d . And t h e y a l l are
c r o o k e d , s c a t t e r e d and grow in Clum ps. The w ater h e r e i s c o m p le t e l y
b r a c k i s h .
In a l l , we p a s s e d th ro u g h s i x s t o p s b e f o r e g o in g out o f . t h e .
d u n e s .
F is h Marsh ll?. H, > ^ and t h e "P r i n c e s s 1 Summer P a lace^ b -
T r a v e l in g n o r th w e s t one more s t o p , we p a s s e d F i s h M arsh. There
a re two m arshes w i t h a c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f more than a hundred l i , w i th a
lan d road ru n n in g ^ b e tw e e n them ? n o r th t o s o u t h .
The P r i n c e s s ' Summer P a la c e l i e s on th e e a s t e r n bank o f th e '
m arsh. The o u t e r w a l l o f . th e p a la c e i s more than t e n /7C hinese .7 f e e t
h ig h and has a sq u are c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f a p p r o x im a te ly two l i . A s l e e p i n g
h a l l has been b u i l t in t h e c e n te r , , f la n k e d by two b u i l d i n g s . I t s r o o f .
beam i s / c u r v e d ? l i k e / th e s h e l l ? o f a. t u r t l e , and th e s i d e s are / l i n e d
by7 two c o r r i d o r s . In f r o n t s ta n d s a w atch tow er w h ic h , when a s c e n d e d ,
sh a rp en s th e power o f t h e e y e . 45
45 v T h is i s th e P r i n c e s s Yesu Buqa C- hE T % . . She i s th e d a u g h te r o f J u i - t s u n g ^ . tfc ( th e tem p le name o f T u lu i ) . T h is w ouldmake h e r C in g g i s ' gra n d d a u g h ter and Q u b i l a i ' s s i s t e r . See” LPCH 14 n_.
32
E ast o f t h e p a l a c e c i t i z e n s , and c r a f t s m e n l i v e s c a t t e r e d about
in more or le s s ; o f a s e t t l e m e n t . In t h e c e n t e r / o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t /
t h e r e i s a b u i l d in g , w h ic h h as a s t e l e t h a t i s - c a l l e d R e c e iv in g R ad iance
l i P 46
T r a v e l in g fo u r s t o p s n o r th w e s t from t h e m arsh , t h e r e are t h e
d e c a y in g rem ain s o f a g r e a t w a l l . I g azed a t i t and i t s t r e t c h e d away
w ith o u t end . . T h i s • i s •an. o u t e r f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h a t h a d a l s o been b u i l t
b y . t h e p r e v io u s d y n a s t y . 47
Lu-chu R iv e r andB lack Mount a i n . # .J |
From t h e o u t e r f o r t i f i c a t i o n , we t r a v e l e d f i f t e e n s t o p s and
a r r iv e d a t a r i v e r t h a t i s a p p r o x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d o f ten . t im e s t h e .
d ep th and w id th o f th e H u-t 'o )%%. In n o r th e r n la n g u a g e i t ' i s
c a l l e d th e K eru len H j'"£ and in C h in e se i t i s c a l l e d t h e Lu-chu
(or Donkey F o a l) R i v e r . 46 47
4 6 . F a th e r G e r b i l l o n . w a s t h e e a r l i e s t European t r a v e l e r . , t o r e c o r d F ish M arsh. He went p a s t t h e marsh in 1689 on a t r i p from Peking-, t o N e r c h in s k . • He r e c o r d e d t h e name . of. t h e marsh as T a a l -n o r "
and s a i d , t h a t i t was f i f t e e n m i l e s i n c i r c u m f e r e n c e . He a l s o - s a i d th a t , o n e - h a l f m i le from t h e marsh t h e r e was a m arble s t e l e , i n C h in e s e , t h a t d a te d from t h e Yuan d y n a s t y . See LPCH 14 n .
4 7 . T h is w a l l was c o n s t r u c t e d d u r in g th e T a s t i n g r e i g n . p e r i o d o f Chin S h i h - t s m g ( 1 1 6 1 - 1 1 8 9 ) . .
33
I t s banks a re l i n e d w i t h many clumps o f w i l l o w s and i t s w a te r s
f lo w e a s tw a rd r a p id and r o i l i n g . An i n h a b i t a n t s a i d , "In i t a re f i s h
t h a t are a p p r o x im a te ly t h r e e or fo u r f e e t l o n g . From s p r in g and summer
up t o autumn you may £ t r y to_7 c a t c h them but none can be c a u g h t . In
48 ■w in t e r t h e y can be cau gh t by c u t t i n g a h o l e in th e i c e . "
The i n h a b i t a n t s n e a r t o th e r i v e r a re mixed b a r b a r ia n and
C h in ese and' t h e r e a re a few b u i l d i n g s t h a t a re a l l c o v e r e d w ith e a r t h .
/T h e . in h a b ita n tsJ T ’ als.o.: know a l i t t l e o f t h e s k i l l s o f p l a n t i n g but
/'jblantj? o n ly hemp and w h eat .
North o f th e r i v e r t h e r e i s a l a r g e m ountain t h a t i s c a l l e d
Q a ra -u la ^ % * In C h in e se i t i s ' c a l l e d B lack M ountain .' .When-
I g a z e d 'a t i t from one s t o p away i t had a d en se and dark .c o lo r l i k e ■
t h a t o f a t h i c k f o r e s t . But when I grew n e a r and lo o k e d a t i t , i t
was d e e p . g r e y s t o n e . E th e r s o f c lo u d y h a z e c o n s t a n t l y enshroud i t s t o p .
48V In the. t h i r d chuan of. th e , f i r s t , volume o f h i s work. Y e n - f a n - l u '.*1 If! ( t h i s work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e ) , C h 'eng T a -c h 'a n g . fp'i V% ' (1 1 2 3 -1 1 9 5 ) d e sc r ib e s" t h e m ethod t h a t : t h e K hitan u se d f o r . c a tc h in g , th e b u f f a l o f i s h 9 . He s a y s t h a t t h e y d id n o t f i s h w i t hb a i t but u se d hooks f o r g i g g i n g th e f i s h . - . The K hitan f i r s t c u t one h o le : in t h e i c e t h a t went th r o u g h t o th e w a t e r . They w ould th e n c u t t h r e e .-. more h o l e s around t h e f i r s t . T hese t h r e e h o l e s d id n o t p e n e t r a t e a l l th e way t o th e w a t e r , b u t l e f t a t h i n l a y e r o f i c e t h a t c o u ld be s e e n th r o u g h . They w atched f o r f i s h th r o u g h th e t h r e e h o l e s , and- were r e a d y w it h t h e i r g i g s when t h e f i s h came t o th e s u r f a c e t o b r e a t h e . Yao T s ' ung-wu s a y s t h a t t h i s method o f c a t c h i n g , f i s h i n t h e w in t e r was a l s o u sed by th e M ongols. LPCH 15 n .
34From Black. Mountain t o Qaraqorum
• From th e s o u th s i d e o f B lack Mountain we t r a v e l e d n in e s to p s
so u th w e s t when 'we a g a in came upon a r i v e r . /The r i v e r / i s o n e - t h i r d a g a inf f
th e depth and w id th o f t h e K eru len . The l a r g e n e s s o f th e f i s h are l i k e
t h o s e in t h e K erulen and the m ethods f o r c a t c h i n g them are a l s o th e same.
Where i t s w a ter f i r s t f lo w e d westward i t was so deep and s w i f t /"we// were-
u n a b le t o c r o s s . In n o r th e r n lan gu age i t i s c a l l e d th e Gun-Tula
which i s Rabbit ^ ^ in C h in ese .
F o l lo w in g t h e r i v e r w estw ard , we t r a v e l e d one s t o p t o where
t h e r e i s an o ld c i t y w a l l t h a t had been b u i l t by th e K bitan .- /T h e w a l l j
i s about t h r e e l i sq u a r e and i t backed up t o th e m ountain f a c i n g th e
w a te r . From h e r e th e w a te r f 1 owed n o r th w a r d .
From th e o ld c i t y w a l l , we t r a v e l e d t h r e e s t o p s n o r th w e s t and
p a s s e d B i i i g t u Ijl J f Az- which i s th e land w h ere , f o r a lo n g t i m e , -
t h e makers o f bows had been r a i s e d .
Again t r a v e l i n g one s t o p , we p a s s e d the Great Swamp Marsh ?£ y-|'
which h a s a c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f r o u g h ly s i x t y or s e v e n t y l i and has w a te r .
t h a t i s e x tr e m e ly c l e a r and l im p id . In n o r th e rn la n g u a g e i t i s c a l l e d
G ujege-nor: ~2% * < " . . W estward,:.from th e s o u th e r n s i d e o f
th e m arsh, th e road d i v i d e s and e n t e r s Qaraqorum. • Both / o f th e roads_/ .
a re s e p a r a te d by more th a n one hundred l i . . Due w est o f th e marsh
35
t h e r e i s a s m a l l , . o ]d c i t y w a l l t h a t had a l s o been b u i l t by th e Kin t a n .
From t h e c i t y w a l l in a l l d i r e c t i o n s , th e lan d i s v e r y f l a t and open
f o r about a hundred l i , and beyond i t i s a l l m o u n ta in s . The n o r th
s i d e o f t h e m ou n ta in s a re m o s t ly p i n e f o r e s t , and s u n n y -g r e e n clum ps
o f w i l l o w s l i n e t h e w a t e r . Through t h e c e n t e r runs Qaraqorum Stream
ij -ft' i'j • The i n h a b i t a n t s are m o s t ly engaged in p l o u g h i n g and so w in g
and t h e y a l l l e a d w a te r t o i r r i g a t e /"the f i e l d s ^ . O c c a s i o n a l l y t h e r e
a r e v e g e t a b l e g a r d e n s . At t h i s t im e , I t i s th e l a s t t e n d a y s o f . t h e
f i r s t month o f autumn and t h e g r a in s a r e a l l w i t h e r e d . ' T'.’e a sked a
farm er /a b o u t t h i s / F who s a i d t h a t t h e r e had a l r e a d y b een t h r e e f r o s t s .
The- T 'a -m i. R i v e r s # . / ,th e S to n e -Cairn, and' Q u b l l a l 1 s ' h ; h .) ' ;
Tent P a la c e and Summer R e t r e a t -
T r a v e l in g ' n o r t h w e s t from t h e s tr e a m f o r one s t o p , we p a s s e d
H orse Head M ountain ! | f f . tiq . A r e s i d e n t s a i d , "On t o p / o f th e moun-
t a i n j / t h e r e i s a l a r g e h o r s e ' s head and , b e c a u s e o f t h i s , i t was so
nam ed." From -the n o r t h s i d e o f H orse Head M ounta in , w e: tu r n e d .a n d
a g a in t r a v e l e d s o u t h w e s t . . We p a s s e d U la 'a n C ik in -e - 5% ' <4- IT (a moun-49
t a i n name f s o named;/7 b e c u a s e i t i s shaped l i k e a red e a r ) w h ic h ,
i n d e e d , i s t h e p l a c e t h a t was b e s to w e d on t h e d e p e n d e n ts (p u - c h ' u y .
. c i t i z e n s , c r a f t s m e n , and v a r i o u s a r t i s a n s . I t h a s a r i v e r ,
c a l l e d t h e . T 'a -m i R i v e r , t h a t f u n n e l s i n t o i t . .
49.- U la 'a n C ik in in Mongol means Red E ar .
56
To th e n o r t h e a s t , we a g a in p a s s e d through one s t o p and went by
a s t o n e c a i r n . The s t o n e c a i r n i s a t t h e s i d e o f t h e p o s t road and i s
a p p r o x im a te ly f i v e f e e t h ig h w i t h a lo w e r c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f more th a n
f o r t y s t e p s . I t i s sq u a r e w i t h sharp c o r n e r s and i s e s p e c i a l l y im p o s in g
as i t s ta n d s on f l a t ground. I t s shape i s v e r y n o v e l and em inent and
when gazed a t from a d i s t a n c e i t i s l i k e a l a r g e / ' C h i n e s e / / c a i r n , h e n c e
i t s . name. T r a v e l in g s o u t h w e s t from th e c a ir n f o r t h r e e s to p s , , we p a s s e d
a r i v e r c a l l e d th e Tan gu t y/f" .. / I t i s c a l l e d t h i s _ / b e c a u s e i t
~-r ~r> 'o r i g i n a t e s from t h e / l a n d o f / / . t h e H s i - h s i a v& '5 . I t s . w a ter a l s o
f lo w s t o th e n o r t h e a s t , and w e st o f t h e r i v e r t h e r e i s a to w e r in g r a n g e
o f . p e a k s . The s t o n e s o f th e p ea k s a r e a l l i r o n - l i k e . , The n o r th s i d e
o f t h e p eaks a r e m o s t ly p i n e f o r e s t and on: t h e i r s o u th e r n s i d e i s t h e
t e n t p a l a c e ; t h i s i s t h e summer, r e t r e a t . ■
A f t e r th e Mid-Autumn F e s t i v a l f-/.', we began t o t r a v e l . . . E a s t
ward a lo n g th e p o s t road we p a s s e d th e s to n e c a i r n , com ing n o r t h e a s t •
t o U la 'a n C ik in , where we meandered i n t o s lo p e d h i l l s . From t h i s p o i n t
we t r a v e l e d and s to p p e d ; our t r a v e l i n g n e v e r e x c e e d in g one d a y ' s j o u r n e y
and our s t o p p in g n e v e r e x c e e d in g two n i g h t s . The p l a c e s t h a t we p a s s e d
were n a m e le s s m ou n ta in s and l a r g e s tr e a m s and I was u n a b le t o r e c o r d
them in e n t i r e t y . '
37
Q u e s t io n s and Answers in t h e Royal C ou rt: I - - A D is c u s s io n o f Whether o r Not th e Chin D yn asty
Was Lost B ecause o f T h e ir T ru st and Employment o f C o n fu c ia n S c h o la r s
Then i t came t h a t t h e y m e t . The King l e i s u r e l y a s k e d , s a y in g ,
" C o n fu c iu s ■ has been dead now f o r a lo n g t im e . Now where d o es h i s
s p i r i t e x i s t ? " / j e - h u i / r e p l i e d , s a y i n g , "The Sage ends and b e g in s
w ith heaven a n d 'e a r t h . There i s no p l a c e t h a t one can go where he d o e s
n o t e x i s t . I f Your M a je s ty can im plem ent th e Way. o f t h e Sage then
/Y o u r M ajesty j? w i l l become a.- S a g e , f o r t h e s p i r i t in d e e d r e s i d e s w i t h i n
t h i s t e n t p a l a c e . "
Again- / t h e .K in g / / i n q u i r e d , "There a r e t h o s e who s a y rThe. L iao . .
was d e s t r o y e d b e c a u s e - o f . Buddhism and th e . Chin was l o s t b e c a u se o f
C o n fu c ia n ism . 1 I s t h i s , tr u e ? " /T e -h u i/7 r e p l i e d , s a y i n g , : "As t o th e
a f f a i r s o f t h e L ia o , I am n o t c o m p le t e l y k n o w le d g e a b le , but as t o th e
l a s t y e a r s , o f th e Chin,. I have p e r s o n a l l y w i t n e s s e d i t . Among -the Coun-
5 0c i l o r s o f S t a t e , a l th o u g h t h e r e .were em ployed one. o r two C on fuc ian .
, ^ . 5 0 . These o f f i c e s , were t h o s e , i n the . Departm ent o f M i n i s t r i e s'4 '■% % , . The o f f i c e o f P r e s id i n g M i n i s t e r o f th e Department o f Mini s t r i e s hj , rank l a , was n o t f i l l e d on a perm anent b a s i s . TheC h ie f C o u n c i lo r s o f S t a t e £§ , a l s o c a l l e d th e Upper Four O f f i c e s
'3 /Q » ^Gre th e L e f t and R igh t grand c o u n c i l o r s 3. ^ 7|;@. . , rank l b , a n d . t h e two E x e c u t iv e s o f t h e S e c r e t a r ia t - - C h a n c e l l e r y *{- '% u S - , rank l b . ^ The A d m in is te r s o f S t a t e 'A- 3% % a l s o c a l l e d th e Lower Four O f f ic e s . t/i JlA ,. were t h e . L e f t and R ig h t e x e c u t i v e a s s i s t a n t s o f th e D epartm ent o f M i n i s t r i e s / f / t . , rank 2 a , and t h e two A s s i s t a n t
38
m i n i s t e r s , a l l th e rem ain d er were m i l i t a r y o f f i c i a l s or / t h o s e w i t h j 7
h e r e d i t a r y t i t l e s . When i t came t o d i s c u s s i n g th e g r e a t a f f a i r s o f th e
s t a t e , or o f w a r f a r e , a g a in / /C o n fu c ia n m i n i s t e r s , / were n o t p e r m i t t e d t o
t a k e p a r t i n / t h e d i s c u s s i o n / or t o be h e a r d . Among t h e m i s c e l l a n e o u s
p o s t s w i t h i n and w i t h o u t / ' th e c o u r t , / , t h o s e t o which C o n fu c ia n s w ere
advanced were one o f t h i r t y , and t h e y d i d no more t h a n ■r e v ie w o f f i c i a l
docum ents , l i s t e n t o l i t i g a t i o n s . , o r a d m in is t e r t o f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s !v
As f o r the: e x i s t e n c e or dem ise o f t h e s t a t e - , t h e /"Jurchen/ t h e m s e lv e s
a re t h o s e who must b e a r t h e b la m e . How can t h e . C o n fu c ia n s be b la m e d !"
The King was p l e a s e d , . Thereupon he in q u ir e d o f T e - h u i s a y i n g ;
"The law s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f our p r o g e n i t o r s and a n c e s t o r s , are a l l h e r e .
and y e t v e r y many o f them are n o t p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e . What can be done
about t h i s ? " The M aster p o i n t e d t o a s i l v e r washbowl, i n f r o n t o f H is
M a je s ty and made an a n a lo g y , . s a y i n g , " T h e main p o i n t i n b e g in n in g an
e n t e r p r i s e i s l i k e c r e a t i n g t h i s u t e n s i l . C a r e f u l l y s e l e c t , t h e f i n e s t
s i l v e r and s k i l l e d .w o r k m e n t o m easure a n d .c o m p le te i t , / t h e n i t can b e . / .
g i v e n t o . l a t e r g e n e r a t i o n s and handed down w ith o u t end,. Now /Y our
M a j e s t y / sh o u ld s e e k t h o s e who a re c o n s c i e n t i o u s and s i n c e r e t o t a k e
c h a r g e , and th e n f o r e v e r make them o f t r e a s u r e d u s e . I f t h i s i s n o t
done /y o u r t r e a s u r e " w i l l n o t o n ly be c h ip p e d and b r o k e n , b u t p erh ap s
t h e r e w i l l be one who w i l l s t e a l i t aw ay!" The King / t h o u g h t / , f o r a l o n g
t im e ./and. t h e n / / s a i d , "This, i s t r u l y som ething, my mind w i l l n o t f o r g e t ! ". . . . . ‘
E x e c u t iv e s o f t h e S e c r e t a r i a t - C h a n c e l l e r y ^ , rank 2b. .These ;m i n i s t e r s were c o l l e c t i v e l y : c a l l e d - the^ C o u n c i lo r s o f S t a t e 1 " .. .See Yuan Hao-wen, I - s h a n w e n -c h i (SPTK e d . ) 1 6 .1 b .
39
A lso /"the K in gJ in q u ir e d o f C h in e se men o f t a l e n t and T e -h u i
th e re u p o n recommended Wei Fan I As- 5-^ , Yuan Yu /u, j Li Chih
f . '4 , , 53 and. more th an tw e n ty o t h e r s . The King cr o o k e d h i s f i n g e r
t o co u n t them and e v e r y now and th e n t h e r e were t h o s e whose names he
was a b l e t o sp ea k .
The King a l s o i n q u i r e d , "The farm ers a l s o work. How i s i t t h a t
t h e y do n o t have enough c l o t h e s and food?" T e -h u i r e p l i e d , s a y i n g ,
" A g r ic u l t u r e and s e r i c u l t u r e , a r e . t h e r o o t s o f t h e w orld and th e p l a c e
See t h e b io g r a p h y o f Wei Ch'u 'jM* T/l , YS, 1 6 4 . 1 7 b -2 0 a .
52 ’. Yuan Hao-wen /L (1 1 9 0 -1 2 5 7 ) . H is b io g r a p h y i s foundin th e Chin Sh ih (P o-n a e d . ) 1 2 6 . l l b - l S a . Yuan H ao-w en' s s t y l e name i s Y u -c h ih 2:. . S i n c e t h e t e x t r e f e r s t o him o n ly a s Yuan Yu, s e v e r a lo p i n i o n s have ap peared t h a t : tr y t o a c c o u n t f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e . In b r i e f , t h e r e a r e t h r e e main a r g u m e n ts . (1) The m is s in g c h a r a c t e r i s s im p ly as c r i b a l e r r o r due t o th e c a r e l e s s n e s s o f t h e c o p y i s t . (2 ) A f t e r Yuan •Hao-wen c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llow R iv e r and was h e l d i n d e ta in m e n t by t h e M ongols, he changed h i s name t o Yuan Yu. ' (5) Yuan Yu i s n o t Yuan Hao-wen but someone e l s e . The f i r s t two t h e o r i e s , th ou gh b a se d on d i f f e r e n t a s s u m p t io n s , b o th c o n c lu d e t h a t Yuan Yu i s Yuan Hao-wen. , The. t h i r d , h o w e v e r , i s o f c o n se q u e n c e s i n c e i t a s s e r t s , t h a t Yuan Yu i s a n o th e r p e r s o n . Yao T s'ung-w u d i s c o u n t s t h i s t h e o r y o n th e b a s i s t h a t S u . T ' i e n - chueh ( t h i s segm ent o f t h e t r a v e l d i a r y i s c o p ie d , from S u 1s B io g r a p h ic a l S k e tc h e s Of Famous M i n i s t e r s in th e R e ig n in g D y n a s ty . S ee T e x tu a l A c c o u n t , f o o t n o t e # 2 7 , p age 17.) was a h i s t o r i a n o f t h e Yuan d y n a s t y , and was e x tr e m e ly m e t i c u lo u s i n zr e c o r d in g a f f a i r s . . He .was a l s o , from t h e same s m a l l v i l l a g e (L u a n -c h 'e n g t j i ) as was- Li C h ih .. Su was w e l l v e r s e d i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e Three E ld e r s o f F e n g - lu n g - s h a n ^ 1% Ju 5- y who- :he r e f e r s t o , more th an o n c e , as Yuan H ao-w en, Chang T e - h u i , and • Li C hih .. . T h e r e f o r e , Yao c o n c lu d e s , th e Yuan Yu r e c o r d e d in t h e . YS b i o g r a p h i e s o f Chang T e - h u i , Li C hih, and .Kao Ming f ^ on th e b a s i s , o f common s e n s e , i s . a c t u a l l y Y uan.H ao-w en. LPCH 3 6 -3 7 n .
53 . Li Chih' ( 1 1 9 2 - 1 2 7 9 ) . H is b io g r a p h y i s found in t h e YS, 1 6 0 . 9 b - l l b .
40
from w hich c lo t h i n g ' and fo o d come. T h e men p lo u g h , t h e women w e a v e , ,
and t o t h e end o f t h e y e a r t h e y t o i l d i l i g e n t l y . Then t h e y s e l e c t
t h o s e / a r t i o l e s j / t h a t a r e r e f i n e d and b e a u t i f u l and se n d them t o t h e
o f f i c i a l s . ' Those / [ a r t i c l e s / / t h a t a r e l e f t b e h in d a r e c o u r s e and u g l y ,
b u t t h e y t a k e them t o r a i s e t h e i r f a m i l i e s . And y e t t h e lo w e r o f f i c i a l s
who s h o u ld be c l o s e t o t h e p e o p l e r a p a c i o u s l y c o l l e c t / e v e n t h e s e
r e m n a n tsJ and so e x h a u s t them . T h is b e i n g s o , t h e r e a r e r a r e l y , . among
t h e p e o p l e , t h o s e who do n o t f r e e z e o r s t a r v e ! "
w h ere he g a v e a l i b a t i o n o f w h i t e m a r e ’ s m i lk s o a s t o c u l t i v a t e t h e
s e a s o n a l s a c r i f i c e s . The m i s c e l l a n e o u s u t e n s i l s / u s e d i n t h e s a c r i f i c e s /
o r n a m e n ta t io n a s t h e y v a l u e t h e s u b s t a n c e [ o f b i r c h / ( i . e . , t h e s i m p l i -
c i t y o f i t ) .
5 4 . For d e t a i l s o f t h e C h ih - s u n F e a s t s e e Y a n a i V’a t a r u ^"Moko n o ’ c h ia - m a - y e n ' • t o ’ c h i h - s u n - y e n ’” , i n • S h i r a t o r i h a k u s e i kan-reki k i n e n T o y o sh i r o n s o ( C o l l e c t e d E s s a y s in ,C om m em oration o f P r o f e s s o r S h i r a t o r i ' s S i x t y ^ - f i r s t B i r t h d a y ) 1 9 2 5 . T h is work was , n o t , a v a i l a b l e . f o r my u s e .
5 5 . In a l e t t e r t o P r o f e s s o r S t e p h e n West ( O r i e n t a l S t u d i e s D e p a r tm e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a ) , P r o f e s s o r S e c h in J a g c h i d ( H i s t o r y D e p a r tm e n t , Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y ) : s a y s , "Your q u e s t io n - r e g a r d in g t h e
.p r o b le m o f t a - y a - c h a n g o r o r d o i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o a n sw e r b e c a u s e a l a r g e y u r t l i k e t h a t h a s no d e f i n i t e s i z e . As f o r my p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , I s a w .o n e i n t h e West S u n id B an n er o f S h i l i n - g h o l L ea g u e , I n n e r
The S e a s o n a l S a c r i f i c e and t h e C h ih -su n 'A % .F e a st :
At t h e a r r i v a l o f Doubl e' N in e , Day, t h e King . l e d t h o s e
b e n e a t h h i s b a n n e r t o a m eetin g : a t t h e G re a t P o i n t e d T en t ,7c ^
a r e a l l made o f b i r c h wood. / .T he M o n g o l s / / do n o t .u se . g o ld or s i l v e r . a s
41
In t h e m id d le t e n days o f th e t e n t h m onth, we j u s t a r r iv e d ' in
a b road m ounta in v a l l e y to a v o id / t h e . c o ld o fj7 w i n t e r . The f o r e s t s and
t r e e s a r e v e r y lu s h and th e w a ter i s a l l f r o z e n . The men s t r i v e in th e
a m a ss in g o f f i r e w o o d . and th e s t o r i n g up o f w a te r as a way o f d e f e n d in g
a g a i n s t t h e c o l d . C lo t h e s must n e c e s s a r i l y be /"made o f 7 anim al h i d e s .
As f o r f o o d , m utton i s as c o n s t a n t as g r a in and r i c e a r e r a r e .
On th e day b e f o r e New Y ear, t h e y o f t e n moved t h e i r t e n t s and
changed l o c a t i o n s t o make a p l a c e f o r c e l e b r a t i n g th e New- Y ear . On
t h i s d a y , a p l a c e was arranged in f r o n t o f a t e n t f o r a g r e a t f e a s t .
From t h e King on down, a l l wore pure w h i t e f u r c o a t s . Three days l a t e r ,
we d i r e c t l y went t o t h e Great P o in te d T ent t o . d e l i v e r / o u r / c o n g r a t u l a
t i o n s ; t h i s was r i t u a l .
On t h e f i f t e e n t h day o f th e f i r s t month we a g a in t r a v e l e d s o u t h
w e s t . In t h e m id d le t e n days o f the. s e co n d month we a r r i v e d a t U l a ' an .
C i k i n . Then t r a v e l i n g eastw ard we. r e a c h e d H orse Head M ountain and .
s to p p e d i n o r d e r t o hunt w ith f a l c o n s . a lo n g s p r in g w a t e r s .
M o n g o l ia , b i g enough t o c o n t a in 12D p e r s o n s , and I saw a n o th e r in th e West Ujumuchin Banner o f t h e same l e a g u e l a r g e enough f o r 500 p e r s o n s . ■ They a l l had w h it e f e l t c o v e r i n g s w i t h l a r g e red la q u e r e d wooden s u p p o r t colum ns and b eam s. In sum m ertim e, c o n f e r e n c e s or b a n q u e ts were u s u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t in a l a r g e t e n t or c h a c h i r w h ich was l a r g e enough t o s e a t 200 p e r s o n s ."
42
Q u e s t io n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I I - - D i s c u s s i o n s on Why One V e n e r a te s C o n fu c iu s and
How t o S e l e c t and Use S t e a d f a s t T a le n t t o P a c i f y and S e t t l e China.
In t h e s p r in g o f t h e yea r v,-u-shen ( 1 2 4 8 ) , T e -h u i poured a l i b a
t i o n and d e l i v e r e d s a c r i f i c i a l meat t o ' t h e K in g .55 The King s a i d , "Where
in r e s i d e s th e p r i n c i p l e o f p r o v id in g s a c r i f i c i a l food t o a C onfucian
tem ple?" ■ / T e - h u i . / r e p l i e d , s a y in g , "Confuc:i.us i s th e t e a c h e r o f t e n ;
th ou san d g e n e r a t io n s - o f K ings . Those who p o s s e s s a s t a t e v e n e r a te - him.
T h e r e fo r e they, make im p o s in g . t h e e x t e r n a l appearance o f h i s t em p le and.
r e f i n e t h e s e q u e n t i a l s a c r i f i c e s ( : i . e . , : t o a cco rd w ith th e p rop er t i m e ) .
Now,: w h eth er he i s v e n e r a t e d ;or n o t i s n e i t h e r . b e n e f i t nor harm t o
/fK'ungZ, t h e Sage . . B u t , one can s e e on- th e b a s i s o f t h i s / ’s a c r i f i c e / •
what t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t r u l e r i s l ik e , toward th e v e n e r a t i o n o f
th e C on fu c ian Way." The King s a i d , "From t h i s day on , t h i s - r i t u a l - w i l l
n o t be a b a n d o n e d ."
The King a l s o i n q u ir e d , s a y in g , "Now, o f t h o s e who are in ch arge
o f th e army and t h o s e who a r e s te w a rd s o f th e p e o p l e , w hich one does
th e g r e a t e s t harm?" / T e - h u i / r e p l i e d , s a y in g , "Those who a re in ch arge
o f th e army have t r o o p s t h a t are w ith o u t d i s c i p l i n e . They a l lo w / t h e i r
t r o o p s 7 t o c a u se t e r r o r i s m . That which t h e y o b t a in d o e s n o t com pensate
5 6 . . T h is . i s a C h in ese s a c r i f i c e t o ' f o r m e r - s a g e s ' and ' form er r u l e r s . ' See LPCH 2 5 -2 6 n.
43
fo r t h a t which t h e y lo se , . , so t h e i r . c r i m e s in d eed are s e v e r e . As f o r
th o s e who are in charge o f th e p e o p l e , t h e y c o l l e c t b a s k e t s o f gra in s,
on th e b a s i s o f a head c o u n t , and th e r e b y p o i s o n th e w or ld and c a u se
th e p e o p le o f t h e i r rem ote a n c e s t o r s t o be as i f t h e y were t r e a d i n g on
w ater and f i r e . T h is i s a harm t h a t i s even g r e a t e r ." The King was
s i l e n t f o r a lo n g t im e Zand th en h e ? s a i d , "What, can be done about . t h i s ?
T e-hui. s a i d , ."There i s n o t h in g b e t t e r than s e l e c t i n g t h o s e s t e a d f a s t
men o f th e c l a n , such as Ko'un Buga a 2 ^j/. and ca u se them
t o be in ch arge o f th e army, and [ s e l c c t i n g , / th o s e w ith m e r i t o r i o u s
57; Ko'un Buga i s th e secon d son. of. B .e lgu te i . n'j ' !E- r s . %. who i s th e y o u n g e s t b r o t h e r , by a c o n c u b in e , o f C in g g is Qan. He d oes n ot have a b io g r a p h y in. th e YS, but some f a c t s about him can be. found in o t h e r s e l e c t i o n s : 1) The YS, 1 0 7 .5 b , l i s t s him as one o f t h r e e so n so f B e l g i i t e i . 2) I b i d . , 1 1 7 .2 a . Ko' un Buga commanded an army in Honan ... and hadt|r e p e a te d ' s u c c e s s e s . 3) I b i d . , 1 1 5 . 2 b -3 a . : In th e autumn o f 1232, Ko' u n . Buga and some o t h e r g e n e r a l s , a lo n g w ith 1 0 ,0 0 6 c a v a l r y , t r o o p s , were s e n t by 5 g o d e i t o meet T u lu i ( J u i - t s .u n g ) , who was b e in g pur sued by th e Chin commander Ha Ta ^ a n d 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 c a v a lr y - a n d i n f a n t r y t r o o p s . I t was snow ing and r a in in g and the. Chin t r o o p s were so. c o ld . many were n o t a b le t o f i g h t . T u lu i a t t a c k e d them a t S a n -fen g -sh a n ^ .
and d e f e a t e d them. 4) I b i d . , 1 5 5 . 12 b -1 3 a . In 1237 , Ko'unB u ga'surrounded and c a p tu r e d Kuang-chou fu. l'hl . He th e n went t o Fu-chou ^ •■)')') but th e men of?Fu were a f r a i d and a sked t o s u r r e n d e r . N ex t , he a t ta c k e d S h o u -c h 'u n gg ^ . B e ing v i c t o r i o u s , he headed s o u t hu s u a l l y co n q u e r in g t h o s e he f a c e d . ... 5). I b i d . , 2 .5 a . In 1 2 3 5 , "Ko'unBuga ca p tu r ed Ho T ' a i - w e i /i*\ y'S'-t o f th e . S u n g ." Ko'un Buga.'s m e r i t s in m i l i t a r y e x p l o i t s were w e ll-k n ow n and he was v e r y s u c c e s s f u l in th e b a t t l e s b etw een th e Chin and Yuan a t S a n - f e n g -s h a n , and a l s o th e m i l i t a r y cam paigns in Honan and Hupei, '
s e r v i c e s u c h as Quduqu ■ jjj. , . and cau se them- to. manage th e
p e o p le ' s , governm ent. Then t h e w orld -w ill a l l r e c e i v e t h e i r b e n e f i t s . "
S a c r i f i c e o f th e Fourth Month 'S $ and That Which i s Seen o f th e G eneral C o n d it io n s o f Q u b i l a i ' s .
Changing Tent /'Camps / f o r W inter and Summer
On the n in t h day o f th e fo u r th month, the King l e d t h o s e b e
n e a th h is- banner t o another, m e e t in g a t the: Great .Peaked Tent and poured -
a l i b a t i o n o f w h ite m are 's m ilk . The m isc e l la n e o u s - ' u t e n s i l s were a l s o
l i k e t h o s e / 'u s e d f o r t h e Double Nine. Ceremony^. Every y e a r , t h e y s a c
r i f i c e d o n ly t w i c e : , on the. Double Nine, and th e N inth Day of- th e F o u r t h •
44 •
. 58 . Quduqu was a sworn younger b r o th e r o f Ci-nggis Qan. He h e l dt h e - p o s i t i o n o f c l o s e m i n i s t e r and was v e n e r a te d , as a Y i ia n - la o ^ 7 ^ . . an e l d e r m i n i s t e r o f s t a t e . He a l s o o b t a in e d th e c o n f id e n c e o f O god e i. In 1234 , a f t e r th e f a l l o f t h e Chin, North China was in g r e a t - c o n f u s i o n . Bgqdei a p p o in te d -Quduqu O f f i c i a l in Charge o f D e c id in g A f f a i r s iMff -f- I f7' in th e C en tra l P l a in o f C h ina , and , t o g e t h e r w ith Y e h - lu C h 'u - t s V ai, he d eterm in ed th e t a x s y s te m f o r C hina. They began to r e p l a c e th e f i e f s o f t h e n o b l e s : w i t h . t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r o v i n c i a l sy s tem s o f t a x a t i o n and. a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . LPCH 2 6 -2 7 n.
45
SQMonth. " On th e rem ainder o f t h e i r f e s t i v a l ./'days/ th e y d id n o t do t h i s
/ s a c r i f i c e / :
From t h i s day we began t o r e t u r n . We went s o u th w e s t a g a in ,
a lo n g th e p o s t road toward t h e p l a c e we a v o id e d th e summer /" h e a t / . . On.
th e w h o le , m e e t in g summer, t h e y go t o a p l a c e th a t i s h ig h and c o l d ,
but a t th e a r r i v a l o f w i n t e r , th e y h a s t e n t o a sunny and warm p la c e , where
f ir e w o o d 1, and w ater are e a s i l y o b ta in e d in ord er t o a v o id / t h e c o l d / . -
P a s s in g h e r e in . o u r . t r a v e l s , we marched one day and r e s t e d th e
n e x t , f o l l o w i n g th e w ater and g r a s s t o make i t c o n v e n ie n t f o r p a s t u r in g
th e a n im a l s .
T h is i s t h a t what th e c l i m a t e and lan d make most s u i t a b l e , and
i s th e g e n e r a l o u t l i n e o f t h e i r custom s and h a b i t s .
59 . These s a c r i f i c e s were perform ed b y th e Mongol Qans.: The ■pu rp ose o f t h e s e a n c i e n t r i t u a l s was t o honor Heaven. The YS, 7 2 .3 a , s a y s , "The Yuan r o s e : from th e N orthern D e s e r t . For g e n e r a t i o n s t h e y had th e r i t u a l , o f h o n o r in g Heaven. / T h e i r / c l o t h e s and caps ten d ed toward th e n a t iv e - s u b s t a n c e , and / t h e i r J s a c r i f i c i a l u t e n s i l s te n d e d toward th e p u re . The emperor and em press, t h e m s e lv e s /p e r fo r m e d th e • c e re m o n y /, and members o f th e r o y a l c la n a s s i s t e d in th e s a c r i f i c e s . T h e ir i n t e n t i o n s were p r o f o u n d , a n c i e n t and f a r - r e a c h i n g ; t o r e q u i t e th e b a s i s and r e tu r n t o t h e o r i g i n a l . T h is came from, t h e i r n a t u r e s and no one had t o e x e r t t h e m s e lv e s t o do i t ." In LPCH 27 n_. , S e c h in J a g c h id i s quoted as s a y in g t h a t t h e Mongols no lo n g e r h o ld t h e s e c e r e m o n ie s . '
46
The Announcement t o Return and The Second Recommendation o f Men o f T a le n t
In t h e summer o f t h a t y e a r / r1248_/> / T e - h u i ' / announced t h a t he
was about t o r e t u r n . He a l s o recommended Po K cn-chu <2) ^ -7 ^ Cheng1
H s i e n - c h i h 2- Chao Yuan^te^E. 7 ^ ^ , - Li T s a o - c h ih % JjL 2
- k 64 r n , ^ 4? ■ 65 T ^ „ W - S 66Kao Ming Li P 'an Li T 1 ao J,£=r , and s e v e r a l o t h e r s
6 0 . Here I am r e a d in g chu f o r yu %^ . H is b io g r a p h y i s found i n t h e Chin S h ih (Po-na a d . ) 1 1 4 . l a - 1 2 b . Po was a famous s c h o l a r and h ig h o f f i c i a l , d u r in g t h e C h in , h i s h i g h e s t p o s i t i o n b e i n g t h a t o f S t a f f S u p e r v i s o r o f th e 'Council^ oh M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s hlT f l i t f 'J % .He was a good f r i e n d o f Yuan H ao-w en , who r a i s e d h is . so n in H en -c h u ' s a b s e n c e . . A f t e r Po c r o s s e d n o r th o f t h e Y e l lo w R iv e r , he l i v e d • in t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f Sh ih T ' i e n - t s e , where he met Chang T e - h u i . D uring t h e r e i g n o f Chin A i - t s u n g ( 1 2 2 4 - 1 2 3 4 ) , Po was a P a r t i c i p a t o r i n th e D e l i b e r a t i o n s o f M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s . a p o s i t i o n o f some im p o r t a n c e .
61.. U n i d e n t i f i e d . ■ ''
6 2 . Chao Y u a n -te was a Chin C en sor ^ . There i s a poem , t o him i n Yuan H ao-w en 's I - s h a n w e n - c h i , 1 0 . 2 O b-21a, e n t i t l e d , "The S e v e n - . t i e t h B ir th d a y o f t h e E ld e r B r o th e r , o f t h e C ensor Chao Y m n t e ^ 4 5 .
f i t c i There a r e no d e t a i l s o f h i s l i f e a v a i l a b l e .
63 . •A MHe i s a l s o c a l l e d Li C h in - c h ih %■ j'.r_ 7 . See I - s h a n wen-c h i , 1 2 . 1 1 a , . "Two. Poems a t Li C h i n - c h i h ' s Remote P a v i l i o n 'f '{\j -y
" There a r e no d e t a i l s o f h i s l i f e a v a i l a b l e .$
64 . ■ Kao was one o f f i f t y - f o u r s c h o l a r s recommended to. Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i by Yuan Hao-wen. See Yao T s ' u n g -w u ' s a r t i c l e , "The H i s t o r i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e L e t t e r t o Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i i n t h e y e a r K u e i - s s u , from Yuan Hao-wen, and an E xam in ation o f t h e A c t io n s o f th e F i f t y - f o u r Men (Recommended) i n th e L e t t e r . " ; W en -sh ih -ch e . h s u e h .-p a o ,- ■ 19 (1970) ■ 2 2 5 - 2 7 3 . Kao' s b io g r a p h y i s found in t h e YS, 1 6 0 . 8 a - 9 b . hhen H s u - l i e h - wu ytS 7u ( Q u b i l a i ' s m a te r n a l u n c l e ) was a b ou t t o go on t h e w e s te r n cam p a ign , Kao l a i d o u t more th an tw e n ty s t r a t e g i c p l a n s f o r him, many o f
f o r s e r v i c e . As he r e t i r e d from t h e a u d ie n c e , he s t a t e d t o t h e . King
/ / th a t he s h o u l d / v e n e r a t e t h e e l d e r l y and v i r t u o u s , em ploy t h e p r im a ry
e l d e r s , s e l e c t men o f t a l e n t , , o b s e r v e th e f e e l i n g s o f t h e common p e o p l e ,
honor h e a r in g b o th s i d e s ' / o f an a r g u m e n t / , be n e a r t o g e n t le m e n , be
h o n e s t in m e t in g o u t rew ards and p u n is h m e n ts , be f r u g a l in e x p e n d i t u r e s ,
and t o t a k e as h i s m odel and be warned b y / ' t h e form er ,/ K in g s .
The M aster was in t h e N orth ern Court f o r ' a f u l l y e a r . At each
i n t e r v i e w he was i n v i t e d t o d i s c u s s th e g e n e r a l p o i n t s o f th e S a g e ' s .
Way and Power, t h e m ethods o f c u l t i v a t i n g . t h e s e l f a h d - a d m in i s t e r i n g ,
t h e - s t a t e , and t h e r e a s o n s f o r good governm ent and c h a o t i c governm ent
in a n c i e n t and modern t i m e s . / T e - h u i y was p r e c i s e , c l e a r , t o th e p o i n t ,
and s t r a i g h t forw ard . There was much t h a t opened /" th e K in g ' s / p e r c e p
t i o n . . .Because o f t h i s he was c a l l e d by h i s . s t y l e and g iv e n a s e a t o f
h on or . \ The r i t u a l o f b e s to w a l . / o f th e s e a t / ' was e x c e p t i o n a l l y , g r e a t .. .
w hich he c o n s id e r e d good . When Q u b i la i a sc en d e d t h e t h r o n e , Kao was made a H an-1 in A c a d e m ic ia n , and w ith t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e C e n so r a te i n 1 2 6 8 , he was made a C ensor in W a it in g . He d ie d i n 1274 a t th e age o f s i x t y - s i x .
65 . Li P 1 an , a minor o f f i c i a l ,. h as o n ly a - few n o t i c e s • in t e x t s .
66 . U n i d e n t i f i e d .
-48
A General; Record o f Im p r e ss io n s o f th e N orthern T r a v e ls
From t h e b e g in n in g / o f th e j o u r n e y j u n t i l I r e t u r n e d ,
I t r a v e l e d w ith t h o s e o f th e r o y a l c o u r t f o r a g e n e r a l p e r io d o f t e n
m onth s . At e v e r y m e e t in g and p r i v a t e i n t e r v i e w , I was i n e v i t a b l y
t r e a t e d w ith r i t u a l . When i t came t o th e s u p p l i e s o f my t e n t , q u i l t
and m a t t r e s s , c l o t h i n g , fo o d and. d r i n k , . m ed ic in e and t o n i c , t h e r e was
n o t "one t h in g t h a t t h e y d id n o t b r in g forw ard . /"From t h i s ^ t h e n , I was
a b le t o know the' s i n c e r i t y o f / ' t h e K ing1 s/7 i n t e r e s t and c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
I c o n s id e r m y s e l f t o be o l d , f r a i l and u n t a l e n t e d .. How i s i t
t h a t I c o u ld o b t a in t h i s t y p e o f t r e a tm e n t? I s e ek th e s o u r c e in th e
i n t e n t i o n s o f th e K ing, w hich i s s u e f o r t h from " / b e i n g / fond o f good
67and f o r g e t t i n g o n e ' s p o w e r ." By e s t a b l i s h i n g th e Way o f our M a s t e r , .
/ t h e King_7 r e p r e s s e s / h i s own// d e s i r e s in o rd er t o b r in g about th e .
s t e a d f a s t s c h o la r s o f th e w o r ld . How i s i t t h a t T e -h u i i s s u f f i c i e n t .
67. T his q u o t a t io n i s from t h e Mencius 7 a . 8 , "As f o r th e s t e a d f a s t Kings o f a n t i q u i t y , t h e y were fond o f good and o f f o r g e t t i n g t h e i r p o w e r ." ’ Chu H si %■ & , ed . and a n n o t a t o r , M eng-tzu J l, dr' (S s u -s h uc h i - c h u , Hong Kong, 1 9 6 4 ) , p . 1 89 . Yao s a y s t h a t a f t e r t h e m idd le o f th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n tu r y , Q u b i la i was r e f e r r e d t o as a s t e a d f a s t King. • ’ LPCH 30 n . " .
t o be c o n s id e r e d one o f t h e s e /" sc h o la r s}7? L a te r , i t i s i n e v i t a b l e
t h a t t h o s e w i t h t h e s t e a d f a s t n e s s o f Wei w i l l come h e r e . ^
T h e r e f o r e , I have r e c o r d e d t h e se a so n , o f my j o u r n e y from
b e g in n in g t o end and have c o n s e q u e n t ly p rep a red and c h r o n i c l e d i t .
On t h e f i f t e e n t h day o f th e s i x t h m onth, i n th e summer o f t h e
y e a r w u -s h e n , Chang T e -h u i o f T 'a i - y u a n h a s c a r e f u l l y i n s c r i b e d
n t 7 .
68 . . T h is i s an a l l u s i o n t o a p a s s a g e in th e S h ih Chi.. (P o-na e d . ) 34.5b .. King Chao, o f Yen @2. 3L . d e s i r e d t o a t t r a c t .S ch o lars t o a i d him w ith governm ent a f f a i r s . H is t e a c h e r , Kuo Wei f f fjlj?. , a d v i s e d t h a t t h e King sh o u ld f i r s t t r e a t him w it h t h e r e s p e c t due a s t e a d f a s t man. In t h i s way, once o th e r .m o r e s t e a d f a s t men h eard o f th e K in g 's t r e a tm e n t o f Kuo W ei, . . t h e y would n o t c o n s id e r a jo u r n e y o f '1 ,0 0 0 l i t o o f a r to . t r a v e l . i n o r d e r t o s e r v e th e K in g ." By means o f . t h i s a l l u s i o n , Chang T e -h u i i s s a y in g t h a t Q u b i l a i ’ s t r e a t m e n t o f one so unw orthy as he h i m s e l f , w i11 s u r e l y a t t r a c t f a r more em inent men: a c o n c e i t e d h u m i l i t y .
APPENDIX A
CHANG TE-HUI'S TRAVELING ROUTE FROM CHEN-YANG TO QARAQORUM
Legend
P r e se n t B oundaries -------------------------
R iv ers ________________
Great Wall ................................
M in g -c h 1 ang Border Wall ....................... _ ..
Sand Dune s ■;
Chang T e-h u i ’ s Journey « « « = » * - * * *
D enotes Approxim ate P o s i t i o n *
0 50 100 150 200 250-----------1---------- t------------1------------1------------h-
D is ta n c e in K ilo m e te r s
50
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V e r i f i c a t i o n o f the" Geography i n a Record o'f a J o u r n e y by th e P a r t i c i p a t o r in D e l i b e r a t i o n s Chang Y a o - c h ' i n g ) . 3 V o l s . P ' e n g - l a i -hsuan t i - l i - h s u e h t s ' u n g - s h u (C h e -c h ia n g t ' u - s h u - k u a n t s ’u n g - s h u ) , 1915.
W aley, A r th u r , t r a n s . , The T r a y e l s - o f an A lc h e m is t : The Jou rn ey o f t h e ' - T a o i s t C h 'a n g -c h 'u n from China t o t h e Hindukush a t t h e Summons o f C h in g iz khan: Recorded by h i s D i s c i p l e Li C h ih - c h ' a n g . London, 196 3 .
Wang Kud-wei jL K u a n - t ' ang c h i - l i n ^ . . S h a n g h a i , 1 9 7 3 , .
Wang ^ T 'in g -y u n . "C hung-hsiu Han C h a o - l i c h - t i m i a o - p e i - c h i "I f 4 & Zip • ' (A . Record o f th e R e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e
Temple Funerdry ^Tablets o f Han C h a o - l i e h - t i ) . Chin Wen T su i • ! A i r ■ T a i p e i , : 1 9 6 7 ,
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Wang Yun X t f . Ch* i u - c h i e n h s i e n - s h e n g t a - c h * u a n - c h i f t ; !fV,' j. yf ^ (The Complete Works o f th e M aster o f Autumn R i v u l e t s ) .
S su -p u t s ’u n g - V an. T a i p e i , 1965 .
Yanai Wataru t/l 2 • uMOko no 'ch ia -m a -y e n ' t o c h i h - s u n - y e n Mt ^ ^Q Li X Y - -j//'. " f ‘(The M on go l's Chia-ma and C h ih -su nF e a s t s ) f C h ir a t o r i h a k u s e i Kanreki Kinen T Syosh i Ronso- ^j f M S % "-‘T t- . ' ( C o l l e c t e d E ssa y s in Commemoration1 o f
P r o f e s s o r S h i r a t o r i ^ s ^ S i x t y - f i r s t B ir t h d a y ) . 1925 . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e .
Yao Ts ' ung-wu ''i'-'L . "Chang T e -h u i ' L in g - p e i C h i - h s i n g 1 t s u - p e nc h ia o -c h u " -'jjz ','y % , X # v s (The Com plete Text o f Chang T e - h u i 1s "Record o f a J ou rn ey Beyond th e N orth ern Ranges" e d i t e d w ith n o t e s ) , W e n -sh ih -c h e h s u e h - p a o , 11 , 1 -38 (1 9 6 2 ) .
If tfYao T s 1ung-wu I I I . "Yuan Hao-wen K u e i - s s u shang Y e h - lu Ch’u - t s ' a i shu t e
l i - s h i h i - i yu sh u -ch u n g w u - s h i h - s s u j e n h s i n g - s h i h - k a o " /b t/$ iXj 0 &i Xf ^ 4 f £ S & 7 /§ . ' A * S: W S f i - t ' - V A '4f S ^ (T he H i s t o r i c a l
S i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e L e t t e r t o Y e h - lu Ch’u - t s ' a i in "the Year K u e i - s s u , from Yuan Hao-wen, and an E xam ination o f th e A c t io n s o f th e F i f t y - fo u r Men (Recommended) in th e L e t t e r ) . W e n -sh ih -c h e h s u e h -p a o , 1 9 , 22 5 -2 7 5 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .
Yuan Hao-wen /L V * Ful . I - s h a n w e n -c h i ^ (The Com pleteC o l l e c t i o n o f I - s h a n ) . S su -pu t s ' u n g - k ' a n . T a i p e i , 1965 .
Yuan s h ih y_. v __ (The Yuan H i s t o r y ) . P o -n a -p e n . S h a n g h a i, 1936 .
Yuan s h ih ^ (Yuan H i s t o r y ) . K uo-fang . T a i p e i , 19 6 7 .
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