Chandra's PSF: Use it Wisely - Chandra X-ray...
Transcript of Chandra's PSF: Use it Wisely - Chandra X-ray...
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Chandra’s PSF: Use it Wisely
Diab Jerius
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
2014 Chandra Calibration/Ciao Workshop
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All you need to know
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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All you need to know
All you need to know (almost. . . )
The best Astrophysical X-ray mirrors ever made1′′ resolution
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The Hardware
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Grazing vs. Normal Incidence Optics
X-ray optics are unlike most visible optics systems –
they are grazing incidence, not normal incidence
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Grazing vs. Normal Incidence Optics
X-ray optics are unlike most visible optics systems –
they are grazing incidence, not normal incidence
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Normal Incidence
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_Reflector_RitcheyChretien.svg
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Grazing Incidence (Wolter–I)
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Grazing Incidence, A schematic view
Thermal Precollimator Thermal Postcollimator
Paraboloidal Mirrors Hyperboloidal mirrors
MP1
MP3
MP4
MP6
Central Aperture Plate (CAP)
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The Hardware Wolter–I Optics
Peculiarities of Wolter–I Optics
The projected geometric area is smallOptics are nested to increase the projected geometric areaGrazing angles are different for each nested shell, so the energyresponse differsFocal surface is not a plane, but curvedEach nested shell has a differently shaped focal surface.Good on-axis PSF, degrading off-axis
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The Hardware Energy Response
Total Effective Area (Aeff )[cm2]
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The Hardware Energy Response
Fractional contributions of Shells to Aeff
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The Hardware Focal Surface
Geometric Focal Surfaces
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The Hardware Focal Surface
Combined Energy Dependent Focal Surfaces
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The Hardware Focal Surface
Focal Surface & Detectors
How do the imaging detectorsinteract with the focal surface?
. . . The ACIS-I chips are tilted to approximate the low-energyfocal surface
. . . The ACIS-S array is curved to match the gratings’ Rowlandsurface.
. . . The S3 chip is fairly tangent to the focal surface on-axis
. . . HRC-I is tangent to the focal surface on-axis
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The Hardware Focal Surface
ACIS Layout
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
I0 I1
I2 I3 }
}ACIS-S
x
+
ACIS-I
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The Hardware Focal Surface
ACIS Layout
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The Hardware Focal Surface
Vignetting
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PSF
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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PSF 1D
On-Axis Enclosed Counts Fraction (ECF)
Radius [arcsec]Encl
ose
d C
ou
nt
Frac
tio
n
High Energies
Low Energies
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PSF 1D
On-Axis Enclosed Counts Fraction (ECF)
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PSF 1D
Off-Axis - 85% ECF
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PSF 2D
On-Axis
Ideal Detector (HRC-I pixels)
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PSF 2D
Off-Axis: 1.49 keV1.49 keV
0’
315
270
225
180
135
90
45
0
10"
15’
10’5’
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PSF 2D
Off-Axis: 6.4 keV6.4 keV
0’
315
270
225
180
135
90
45
0
10"
15’
10’5’
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PSF 2D
Artifact
There is an anomalous “blob” ∼ 0.6′′ from the PSF Core.
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Detector Effects
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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Detector Effects ACIS
Pileup (Mrk 421 OBSID 1714)
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Detector Effects ACIS
Pileup: Definition
Pileup occurs when 2 or morephotons arrive in a 3×3 detectisland in a single ACIS frame.
+
+
=
=
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Detector Effects ACIS
Pileup: Effects
Pileup results in:Spectral distortion
. . . 2 photons Þ 1 event with higher energy
Grade distortion. . . merging charge clouds morph “good” events Þ “bad” ones. . . loss of event
Pileup effects the PSF via:Loss of events in dense regions of PSF Þ craters
grade morphing confuses Sub-pixel Event Reconstruction(SER)
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Detector Effects HRC-I
HRC-I: Ghosts
HRC-I artifacts (ghost “jets”) are usually filtered outof evt2 files, but residues may remain for bright
sources
evt1: pre-filtering evt2: post-filtering
AR Lac (OBSID 13182)
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Detector Effects HRC-I
HRC-I: Bright source PSF broadeningSome events have an additional blur component if they:
occur less than ≈ 50 msec after their preceding event
are physically proximate to the preceding event
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Analysis Approaches
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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Analysis Approaches
Overview
The Chandra PSF is. . . marvelous
. . . complex
. . . marvelously complex
It varies with energy and source off-axis and azimuthal positionThe detectors don’t necessarily follow the focal surfaceThe detectors aren’t perfectThe optics aren’t perfect
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Analysis Approaches
Skepticism
To best use it:
Be Skeptical
Understand the vagaries of the PSFUnderstand how the detectors interact with itBe sure that structure is real.
Simulate, Simulate, Simulate
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Analysis Approaches
Example: Low-count confusion
Jet?Multiple Sources?
No! Off-axis point source.
Counts = 10 Counts = 20 Counts = 50
Counts = 100 Counts = 200 Counts = 500
Counts = 1000 Counts = 2000 Counts = 5000
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Analysis Approaches
Simulation Tools
MARX. . . a first-order model of the mirrors. . . models of the HRC and ACIS detectors. . . models of the HETG and LETG gratings. . . point and extended sources
SAOTrace. . . a detailed model of the mirrors. . . point and extended sources
It relies on MARX or the CIAO psf project ray tool to modeldetectors.ChaRT
. . . web front-end to SAOTrace
. . . does not simulate telescope dither
. . . point sources only
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Analysis Approaches
Quantitative Analysis Techniques
Monte-Carlo simulations of observations. . . sensitivity analysis of source parameters. . . explore systematics in system models
1D and 2D Source fits. . . CIAO provides sherpa fitting package
But. . .
The models are not perfectUnderstand the limitations of the Optic and Detector models
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Analysis Approaches
How good are the models?
SAOTrace
Backed by ground calibration1D model good to ∼ 10′′
Still working on PSF wings (beyond ∼ 10′′)2D model qualitatively correctAeff & Vignetting correct
MARX Detectors
Semi-empericalNot physics-based
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Analysis Approaches
Qualitative Analysis Techniques
ACIS Sub–pixel Event Reconstruction (SER)uses ACIS event grades to improve image resolutionon by default in standard productsnot calibrateduse to identify interesting structure; use non-SER data forquantitative measurements
DeconvolutionCIAO provides Lucy-Richardson via arestore.use SAOTrace (or ChaRT) simulationsdoes not preserve flux; use to identify interesting structure; usenon-SER data for quantitative measurementsNot everything you see is real.
Adaptive SmoothingCIAO provides csmooth, dmimgadapt.does not preserve flux; use to identify interesting structure; usenon-SER data for quantitative measurementsNot everything you see is real.
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Analysis Approaches
What’s Possible
CH CygX-ray w/ HST Contours X-ray w/ VLA 5GHz Contours
Karovska et al., ApJ Letters, 710 132, 2010
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Resources
Outline
1 All you need to know
2 The HardwareWolter–I OpticsEnergy ResponseFocal Surface
3 PSF1D2D
4 Detector EffectsACISHRC-I
5 Analysis Approaches
6 Resources
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Resources
Resources
Calibration web sitehttp://cxc.harvard.edu/cal/
Calibration Workshop Presentationshttp://cxc.harvard.edu/ccr/
CIAO Imaging Threads and GuidesCXC Help Deskhttp://cxc.harvard.edu/helpdesk/
Others have done this before.Check the literature, especially if you’re trying something tricky
WebChaserhttp://cda.harvard.edu/chaser/Chandra Data Archive bibliography searchhttp://cxc.harvard.edu/cgi-gen/cda/bibliography
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