Chandler v. James (1997)

8/13/2019 Chandler v. James (1997)

1/36

Page 1


2/36

Page 2

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **

21 o !2 D"#U$E%&S

MICHAEL CHANDLER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. FOB JAMES, et al.,

Defendants.

CV 9!D!"9!N

#NI$ED S$A$ES DIS$RIC$ CO#R$ FOR $HE MIDDLE DIS$RIC$

OF ALABAMA, NOR$HERN DIVISION

99% F. S&''. "())* "99+ #.S. Dist. LEIS ((--

De/e01e2 "+, "99+, De/ided

DISPOSI$ION3 455"6 Dee'(a'ts) $otio' Fo Patia+ Sta " Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio' %&ED I%P& a'( DE%IED I% P&.

CASE S#MMAR73

PROCED#RAL POS$#RE3 &3e /out u+e( u'/o'stitutio'a+ t3e state o +aa-a)s s/3oo+ pae

statute, +a. #o(e 6 1120.!, a'( issue( a pe-a'e't i'u'/tio' a'( o(e e'oi'i'g (ee'(a'ts, /ou't

oa( o e(u/atio' /ou't:, atto'e ge'ea+, a'( i'(ii(ua+s, o- e'o/i'g t3e statute. &3e atto'e

ge'ea+ i+e(


3/36

Page !


Civil Procedure > Remedies > Injunctions > General Overview

BC%1 Fe(. . #i. P. 2/: poi(es t3at t3e /out i' its (is/etio' -a suspe'(, -o(i, estoe, o ga't

a' i'u'/tio' (ui'g t3e pe'(e'/ o t3e appea+ upo' su/3 te-s as to o'( o ot3e Remedies > Injunctions > General Overview

BC%2 ' e-ege'/ -otio' to sta a' i'u'/tio' e'tai+s a'a+sis o susta'tia++ -oe /o-pe++i'g

a/tua+ a'( +ega+ /i/u-sta'/es t3a' i' o(i'a -otio's to sta. &3e a/tos -a e e'tit+e( to (iee't

Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > General Overview

Education Law > Religion in chools > Esta!lishment Clause Protections

Education Law > Religion in chools > Pra"er # Related $ctivitiesBC%! Pu+i/ s/3oo+ oi/ia+s ae po3iite( t3e Esta+is3-e't #+ause o t3e Fist -e'(-e't, U.S.

#o'st. a-e'(. I, o- i'seti'g e+igious eAe/ises i'to s/3oo+ a/tiities. &3ese u'/o'stitutio'a+ s/3oo+

spo'soe( a/tiities ae 'ot ta'so-e( i'to /o'stitutio'a+ a/tiities t3e i'o+e-e't o Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of %eech > co%e of

Freedom

BC%4 Fee spee/3 ig3ts ae 'ot aso+ute. 3ee t3e (egee o /aptiit -a=es it i-pa/ti/a+ o t3e

u' Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > Free E&ercise of

Religion

BC% &3e Fist -e'(-e't, U.S. #o'st. a-e'(. I, e>uies t3e states to pusue a /ouse o /o-p+ete

'euta+it to


4/36

Page 4


easo'a+e peso' /ou+( u'(esta'( Remedies > Injunctions > General Overview

BC%9 &o e'sue t3at e'oi'e( paties e/eie a(e>uate 'oti/e o t3e pe/ise /o'(u/t t3at is po3iite(

i'u'/tio', Fe(. . #i. P. 5 e>uies t3at a' i'u'/tio' e spe/ii/ i' its te-s a'( (es/ie i' easo'a+e

(etai+ t3e a/t o a/ts e'oi'e(. ' i'u'/tio' (oes 'ot po3iit t3ose a/ts t3at ae 'ot Courts > Rule $%%lication # Inter%retationGovernments > Legislation > Inter%retation

BC%11 Pati/u+a Remedies > Injunctions > Permanent Injunctions

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > Free E&ercise of

Religion

BC%12 U'(e t3e Fist -e'(-e't, U.S. #o'st. a-e'(. I, stu(e'ts -a e'gage i' e+igiousa/tiit t3at is'ot oi/ia++ sa'/tio'e( o /oe/e( a'( t3at (oes 'ot i'i'ge o' t3e ig3ts o ot3es.

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > General

OverviewConstitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of %eech > co%e of

Freedom

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > 'udicial # Legislative Restraints >

General Overview

BC%1! &3e Fist -e'(-e't, U.S. #o'st. a-e'(. I, e>uies t3e goe'-e't to e-ai' sti/t+ 'euta+

a-o'g e+igio's a'( et Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > Esta!lishment

of Religion

Education Law > Religion in chools > Esta!lishment Clause ProtectionsEducation Law > Religion in chools > Pra"er # Related $ctivities

BC%14 &3e Esta+is3-e't #+ause, U.S. #o'st. a-e'(. I, (oes 'ot ea/3 piate stu(e't eApessio' a'(

a/tiit.

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > Esta!lishment

of Religion

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Religion > Free E&ercise of

Religion


5/36

Page 5


Education Law > Religion in chools > Esta!lishment Clause Protections

BC%15 Pu+i/ s/3oo+ oi/ia+s ae po3iite( t3e Esta+is3-e't #+ause o t3e Fist -e'(-e't, U.S.

#o'st. a-e'(. I, o- aut3oi?i'g a'o'e i'/+u(i'g stu(e'ts to i'set e+igious eAe/ises i'to a s/3oo+poga-.

CO#NSEL3 Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis Ha-es . &u/=e, +aa-a Disai+ities(o/a/ Poga-, &us/a+oosa, L.

Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis Stee' ee', -ei/a's U'ite( o Sepaatio' o

#3u/3 a'( State, as3i'gto', D#.

Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis Step3e' L. Pea, -ei/a' #ii+ Lieties U'io'

Fou'(atio', De'e, #".

Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis E+i?aet3 Ho Cuet?, Lei', $i((+eoo=s, $aie,

&3o-as, $it/3e++, Papa'to'io La-, @i-i'g3a-, L.

Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis S3a''o' L. Co++i(a, +aa-a #ii+ Lieties U'io',$o'tgo-e, L.

Fo $I#CEL #C%DLE, H%E D"E, p+ai'tis Pa-e+a L. Su-'es, @i-i'g3a-, L.

Fo F"@ H$ES, H., (ee'(a't Hee L. @eas+e, Ha-es . $ai', P. Leig3 ")De++, @eas+e, i+so', ++e',

#o< $et3i', P#, $o'tgo-e, L.

Fo F"@ H$ES, H., (ee'(a't +a' Ei/ Ho3'sto', Ho3'sto', &ippe @o


6/36

Page


Fo ELD"% PISC, HI$$K IL@%S, H"C%%K K"U%, $K E&& @ILEK, ILLD

. ISEL, &"$$IE H"C%S"%, (ee'(a'ts oet @. Fe'/3, H., Fot Pa'e, L.

Fo $I#CEL ")@IE%, (ee'(a't La 455=6 E. #ae', Depat-e't o E(u/atio', "i/e o e'ea+

#ou'se+, $o'tgo-e, L.

J#D>ES3 Ia De$e't, U%I&ED S&&ES DIS&I#& HUDE.

OPINION B73 Ia De$e't

OPINION

45"()+6 ORDER

@eoe t3e /out is a $otio' Fo Patia+ Sta " Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio' Des.) $ot.: i+e( o' %oe-e

10, 1997 t3e tto'e e'ea+ o t3e State o +aa-a, t3e +aa-a State @oa( o E(u/atio' a'( its

i'(ii(ua+ -e-es, a'( t3e Dea+ #ou't, +aa-a, @oa( o E(u/atio' a'( its i'(ii(ua+ -e-es

Dee'(a'ts:. Dee'(a'ts i+e( a $e-oa'(u- I' Suppot Des.) $e-. I' Supp.: o' t3e sa-e (ate.P+ai'tis i+e( t3ei "ppositio' &o )Dee'(a'ts) $otio' &o Sta) P+s.) "pp)': o' %oe-e 18, 1997 to


7/36

Page 7


-a(e to e'sue /o-p+ia'/e a'( to pote/t t3e ig3ts o t3ose /iti?e's


8/36

Page 8


s a' i'itia+ -atte, t3e /out 'otes t3at i' a/ia$i, t3e E+ee't3 #i/uit a((esse( a' e-ege'/

-otio' to sta i+e( i' t3e /out o appea+s, at3e t3a' i' t3e (isti/t /out i' ueste( e+ie a'( -ust spe/ii/a++ (is/uss

i: t3e +i=e+i3oo( t3e -oi'g pat


9/36

Page 9


t3e e'tiet o t3e E+ee't3 #i/uit)s e+ea't +a'guage i' a/ia$i t3e +a'guage >uote( Dee'(a'ts is

ita+i/i?e(:

e -ust a+uities Bi(e'tiie( i' a/tos 2, !, a'( 4 uie t3e /out to (ete-i'e t3at it


10/36

Page 10


a'( t3at t3e a//o(i'g+ 3i'(e ee eApessio', nott3at t3e u'(e+i'g a/tio's e'oi'e( ae pe-issi+e.%eet3e+ess, as t3e /out 3as peious+ -a(e /+ea, a'( as t3e /out i'(s 'o


11/36

Page 11

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **a&dien/e;. See a+so Fis . S/3u+t?, 487 U.S. 474, 48788, 101 L. E(. 2( 420, 108 S. #t. 2495 1988: a++o


12/36

Page 12


9 &3is #out -ig3t uo 3as ee' a' i++ega+ state o aais i' Dea+ #ou't,+aa-a. P+s.) "pp)' at e-p3asis i' oigi'a+:.:

s 'ote(, t3e /out i'(s t3at Dee'(a'ts 3ae 'ot s3o


13/36

Page 1!


824, 828 11t3 #i. 1989:/iti'g a++a/e . Haee, 472 U.S. !8, 0, 8 L. E(. 2( 29, 105 S. #t. 2479

1985:. 12Fut3e, t3e status >uo io+ates t3e i'teests o t3ose /ou'te-aoitaia' /iti?e's ue't+, t3e /out i'(s 'o -eit i'

Dee'(a'ts) agu-e't t3at eAe/utio' o t3e Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio'


14/36

Page 14


14 S+a'ia Cig3 S/3oo+ is o'e o t3e pu+i/ s/3oo+s +o/ate( i' Dea+ #ou't, +aa-a. &3e /out)s Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio'

ua+-s ega(i'g t3e oe'o)s po-ise o legalesista'/e to t3e /out)s "(es, a'( i'(ee( e'/ouages

t3e pusua'/e o a' appea+. Su/3 is t3e pope po/e(ue o a((essi'g a'( eso+i'g pupote( (is/epa'/ies i' /outo(es.

#o'ta to -aoitaia' 455=6


15/36

Page 15


455=+6 B. Inte2'2etatiuestio'. Des.)ep+ at 5.: U'(e t3e tto'e e'ea+)s a'a+sis, t3e /out -ust +oo= o'+ to t3e +a'guage o t3e

Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio' itse+ o' its a/e: i' (ete-i'i'g uoti'g #o-s .

a')s #oa+ #o., 785 F.2( 970, 97879 11t3 #i. 198:, /et. (e'ie(, 479 U.S. 85! 198::.: P+ai'tis uge

a ea(i'g o t3e Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio' i' /o'teAt, a'( /o'te'( t3at


16/36

Page 1


BC%8 &3e paties ei'g e'oi'e( 3ae t3e ig3t to ='o< uie( is t3e +a'guage o t3e i'u'/tio' to e as spe/ii/ as possi+e u'(e t3e tota+it o t3e

/i/u-sta'/es, su/3 t3at a easo'a+e peso' /ou+( u'(esta'( uestio' o


17/36

Page 17

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **"/toe !1 Pi'/ipa+)s i'sei/e -eeti'g. #opies o t3e o++o


18/36

Page 18


&o e'sue t3at e'oi'e( paties e/eie a(e>uate 'oti/e o t3e pe/ise /o'(u/t t3at is po3iite(, u+e 5

e>uies t3at a' i'u'/tio' e spe/ii/ i' its te-s a'( (es/ie i' easo'a+e (etai+ t3e a/t o a/ts e'oi'e(.

Fe(. . #i. p. 5(:; +aa-a %usi'g Co-e sso/iatio' . Cais, 17 F.2( !85 5t3 #i. 1980:. 21I'ea(i'g t3e te-s o a' i'u'/tio', t3e Cais /out 'ote( t3at a' i'u'/tio' (oes 'ot po3iit t3ose a/ts

t3at ae 'ot


19/36

Page 19

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **&3is PE$%E%& I%HU%#&I"% D"ES %"& ae/t t3e ig3ts o se/o'(as/3oo+ stu(e'ts to e'gage i'e+igious a/tiit (ui'g 'o'i'stu/tio'a+ ti-e t3at is /o'siste't ua+ //ess /t, 20 U.S.#.

Se/tio' 4071 et se), o to >uiet+ e'gage i' e+igious a/tiit (ui'g 'o'i'stu/tio'a+ ti-es,so long as it does not

unduly call attention thereto and so long as it does not interfere with the rights of other students to freely pass

therey or to avoid its imposition upon themselves . &3is PE$%E%& I%HU%#&I"% 455)-6 D"ES %"&

po3iit stu(e'ts o- (istiuti'g e+igious -ateia+s to /+ass-ates (ui'g 'o'i'stu/tio'a+ ti-e, sue/t to t3e

sa-e ti-e, p+a/e, a'( -a''e esti/tio's i-pose( o' stu(e't (istiutio's o 'o'e+igious -ateia+s, sue/t to t3epoisio's o paagap3 e: e+o


20/36

Page 20

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **#o'siste't uies t3e goe'-e't to e-ai' sti/t+ 'euta+ a-o'g e+igio's

a'( et


21/36

Page 21

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **i'ite t3e au(ie'/e to pati/ipate


22/36

Page 22

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **uii'g state e'ta'g+e-e't


23/36

Page 2!

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **pati/ipati'g i', o pe-itti'g, paes, @i+i/a+ a'( s/iptua+ ea(i'gs, a'( ot3e pese'tatio's o a/tiities o ae+igious 'atue, at a++schoolsponsored or schoolinitiatedasse-+ies a'( ee'ts i'/+u(i'g, ut 'ot +i-ite( to,

spoti'g ee'ts:, ega(+ess o


24/36

Page 24

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **/o'/ue'/e. Fo++o


25/36

Page 25


s 'ote( aoe, se/tio' e: spe/ii/a++ e-p3asi?es t3at t3e Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio' D"ES %"& po3iit

stu(e'ts o- (istiuti'g e+igious -ateia+s to /+ass-ates (ui'g 'o'i'stu/tio'a+ ti-e, sue/t to t3e

sa-e ti-e, p+a/e a'( -a''e esti/tio's i-pose( o' stu(e't (istiutio's o 'o'e+igious -ateia+s.Pe-a'e't I'. at 11 e-p3asis i' oigi'a+:.: I' its %oe-e 1997 Supp+e-e'ta+ "pi'io' a'( "(e, t3e

/out a+so state( t3at455+(6

&3e /out (oes 'ot


26/36

Page 2

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **Disti/t #out o t3e $i((+e Disti/t o +aa-a, %ot3e' Diisio'.

Hu(ge De$e't 3as o(ee( t3at ou e poi(e( uii'g t3e po-u+gatio' o a


27/36

Page 27

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **State-e't o #ue't Lauie-e'ts.I' a((itio' to t3e epot to t3e /out, eAa-i'e(supra:, o' De/e-e 2, 1997, P+ai'tis i+e( a p+ea(i'g

e'tit+e( %oti/e " gee-e't it3 Dea+ #ou't @oa( " E(u/atio')s %o-i'ee s $o'ito, %oti/e "

gee-e't it3 Dea+ #ou't @oa( " E(u/atio')s Se+e/tio' " #ouse $ateia+s, '( %oti/e " %o

"e/tio' &o Dea+ #ou't @oa( " E(u/atio')s Po+i/ ega(i'g Distiutio' " $ateia+s @

%o's/3oo+ Peso's. &3ese p+ea(i'gs i++ustate to t3e /out t3e Dea+ S/3oo+ @oa( ai+it to u'(esta'(

t3e te-s o t3e Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio'. /he court finds the $ttorney %eneral+s assertion that the *chool"oard does not understand its oligations under the 0ermanent ,njunction curious( especially in light of

the De&al *chool "oard+s filings.&3e tto'e e'ea+


28/36

Page 28


pese'te( e+o


29/36

Page 29

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **paagap3 a:, t3e #out states &3is PE$%E%& I%HU%#&I"% D"ES %"& pos/ie stu(e'ts) o+u'taeApessio' o t3ei ouests a'( t3e e>uests o

- /ou'se+.

. . . I (o 'ot


30/36

Page !0

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **$ot3e &eesa i' 3e spee/3 to t3e ga(uati'g /+ass. $ot. Patia+ Sta at 2.: &3e tto'e e'ea+ /o-p+ai's t3atsu/3 a spee/3 -ig3t e (ee-e( a (eotio'a+ a'( t3at s/3oo+ oi/ia+s uia+e'/e o (eotio'a+ a/tiities


31/36

Page !1

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **&3is /ase


32/36

Page !2

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **eAa-p+es i'(i/ate t3e uiet+ e'gage i' e+igious a/tiit (ui'g

'o'i'stu/tio'a+ ti-es, so +o'g as it (oes 'ot u'(u+ /a++ atte'tio' t3eeto a'( so +o'g as it (oes'ot i'teee


33/36

Page !!

998 F. Supp. 1255, *; 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22004, **(oes 'ot /o'te-p+ate e'oi'i'g t3e stu(e't sitti'g i' stu( 3a++; it eApess+ ees to a spea=eGpese'te. spea=eGpese'te is 'ot a stu(e't >uiet+ ea(i'g t3e @i+e i' stu( 3a++, as /o--o' se'se i'o-s us.

455"-+6

!2 I' a/t, t3e #out ee' e-p3asi?e(, t3oug3 t3e use o ita+i/s, t3at t3e p3ase e+igious a/tiit is to e -o(iie( t3e

p3ases s/3oo+ oga'i?e( a'( oi/ia++ sa'/tio'e(. I'u'/tio' at !.:

!! Se+ei(e't+, a stu(e't piate+ ea(i'g a @i+e i' stu( 3a++(oes 'ot 'e/essitate a espo'se o- a'o'e.

!4 It -ig3t e o it -ig3t 'ot e. It is /etai'+ possi+e t3at a stu(e't /ou+( e+iee t3at Hesus #3ist is a' i-pota't

3istoi/a+ igue


34/36

Page !4


@ase( o' t3e oegoi'g, t3e /out i'(s t3at t3ose 455""-6 e'oi'e( u'(esta'( t3ei o+igatio's a'(

espo'sii+ities u'(e t3e Pe-a'e't I'u'/tio'. It is als< /lea2 t@at /uestio' o t3epopiet o t3e tto'e e'ea+ a'( Supei'te'(e't)s gui(e+i'es is 'ot eoe t3e /out, t3e /out


35/36


36/36

Chandler v. James (1997)

Documents

Transcript of Chandler v. James (1997)