Chandler Cty Hall - Penn State College of Engineering · 2011-04-07 · enhanced architectural...

Chandler City Hall Chandler, Arizona

Architectural Engineering Senior Thesis

April 7th, 2011

Stephanie Romanias

Lighting | Electrical

Faculty Consultants:

Dr. Kevin Houser

Professor Theodore Dannerth

Chandler City Hall | Chandler, AZ

2 | P a g e Architectural Engineering Senior Thesis | Stephanie Romanias



Executive Summary

Chandler City Hall is a new urban edge for the city of Chandler, Arizona. Through design,the

revolving theme of timelessness and creating a seamless bond between architectural elements has

created an iconic structure of Chandler City Hall as it represents the architect’s vision of respecting

the past and acknowledging the future.

This final report includes work focusing primarily in the lighting and electrical design of the

building. Additionally, a mechanical solar loading breadth, architectural/acoustical breadth, and

daylighting are focused upon.

The lighting depth focuses on four distinct spaces:

Main Lobby | A Circulation Space

Open Office | A Large Work Space

Council Chamber | A Special Purpose Space

Exterior Façade | An Outdoor Space

The quality of the lighting design is guided off of conceptual designs that couple with quantitative

guidelines set forth in the IESNA Lighting Handbook ,ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 – 2007 and by

the Dark Skies Association. Each design is carefully thought out to emphasize the architecture,

materiality, and provide functionality, while also considering energy efficiency as Chandler City Hall

is striving for a LEED Gold rating. With the desired effect that Chandler City Hall is to implement on

the City of Chandler, the lighting design considers several details pertaining to aesthetics,

perception and experience of each space.

An electrical analysis is performed for the branch circuits feeding the lighting design, short

calculations and a coordination study. Two additional depth topics including a photovoltaic

analysis and a cost benefit analysis of increasing feeder sizes exemplify some energy saving

potentials that exist for Chandler City Hall.

The abundant daylight available in the Arizona climate, provided for the potential energy savings

through an daylight integration system. The analysis evaluates the potential savings generated by

two zone dimming control and how the quality can be further improve through integrated shade

control as well.

Architecturally, advances in the lobby were evaluated to decrease the solar heat gain through the

glass façade through a mechanical breadth topic, and opportunities to redesign the architectural

ceiling component of the Council Chamber have enhance the lighting and acoustical quality as well.

Overall, this report provides a comprehensive analysis and integrative approach to provide an

enhanced architectural engineering design for Chandler City Hall.



Table of Contents

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 1

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 2

Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

Building Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Breadth Topic #1: Façade System Solar Loading Lobby Analysis ………………………………..……… 10

Breadth Topic #2: Architectural/Acoustical Council Chamber Analysis ………………………….… 14

Lighting Depth………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 20

Large Workspace: Open Office ……………………………………………………………………………………… 21

Special Purpose: Council Chamber Auditorium ……………………………………………………………... 29

Circulation Space: Lobby ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

Outdoor Space: Exterior Façade …………………………………………………………………………………… 56

Electrical Depth ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 70

Electrical Branch Circuit Redesign………………………………………………………………………………… 71

Short Circuit and Protective Device Coordination ……………………………………………………….… 96

Electrical Depth Topic One: Photovoltaic Array…………………………………………………..……..… 100

Electrical Depth Topic Two: Increased Feeder Sizes…………………………………….………………. 107

M.A.E. Focus: Daylighting Integration and Control …………………………………………………………... 114

Summary and Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 134

References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135

Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 136

Appendix I: Luminaire Schedule and Lighting Plans

Appendix II: Luminaire and Ballast Cut Sheets

Appendix III: Controls Cut Sheets

Appendix IV: Increasing Feeders

Appendix V: Daysim Analyses



Building Overview

Building Name: Chandler City Hall

Location and Site: Chandler, Arizona

Size: 137,692 sq. ft.

Primary Project Team:

Owner: City of Chandler

www.chandleraz.gov

Architect: SmithGroup

www.smithgroup.com

General Contractor: Sundt Construction, Inc.

www.sundt.com

Civil Engineer: Dibble Engineering

www.dibblecorp.com

Structural Engineer: Caruso Turley Scott, Inc.

www.ctsaz.com

Landscape Architect: GBTwo Landscape Architecture

www.gbtwo.com

Mechanical Engineer: SmithGroup

www.smithgroup.com

Plumbing Engineer: SmithGroup

www.smithgroup.com

Electrical Engineer: SmithGroup

www.smithgroup.com

Lighting Design: SmithGroup

www.smithgroup.com

Dates of Construction: May 2009 – December 2010

Cost: $47 Million

http://www.chandleraz.gov/

http://www.smithgroup.com/

http://www.sundt.com/

http://www.dibblecorp.com/

http://www.ctsaz.com/

http://www.gbtwo.com/







Project Delivery Method: Design Bid Build

Architecture

In efforts aimed provide a new “urban edge” to the city of Chandler, Arizona, Chandler City Hall

reflects the idea of respecting the past and acknowledging the future. The city clerk,

communications and public affairs, a Vision gallery and the Council Chamber compose the majority

of the building. Timelessness is the essence created within Chandler City hall by reinstating the

past and expressing the technology of the future.

Connecting the single story elements of the building, the plaza encourages activity and interaction.

These stone single story elements encompass the historical content and natural scale of the area.

However, the Council Chambers and tower provide that link to technology driven future. Spanning

the plaza and towering over the lower single story stone portions, stands a tall floating glass box.

Beneath this floating glass box exists a mezzanine roof top plaza for events and socializing. These

components though serve to frame and unveil the iconic Council Chambers which acknowledges a

new identity and future for the City of Chandler.

Major National Model Codes:

International Building Code (IBC) with City of Chandler Amendments- 2006 Edition

International Fire Code (IFC) with City of Chandler Amendments- 2006 Edition

International Mechanical Code (IMC) with City of Chandler Amendments- 2006 Edition

International Plumbing Code (IPC) with City of Chandler Amendments- 2006 Edition

NFPA 70 National Electric Code- 2005 Edition

NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code- 2006 Edition

International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) with City of Chandler Amendments

Supplement to the International Codes- 2007 Edition

Zoning:

Chandler City Hall’s new location resides zoning district C-2, the Commercial Community District.

This site has also been named in the CCD, City Center District, and PAD, Planned Area Developments

zoning districts. According to the C-2 zoning stipulations a setback of 50 feet from the main arterial

streets is required and the building is permitted to occupy up to 55% of the lot area in Commercial

Community District. The Planned Area Development and City Center District guidelines give the

authority to the City Council overrule the height restrictions set forth by the C-2 stipulations if

deemed appropriate to the building design and impact. Following review of the regulations

permitted by the zoning ordinances and increases per IBC 2006 with City of Chandler amendments,

the City Council has allowed for an unlimited maximum area, a maximum allowable height of 180

feet, and a maximum of 12 allowable stories. Chandler City Hall stands 5 stories high 90 feet above

the ground at its highest point. It occupies 54% of the lot area between Arizona Avenue and

Washington Street spanning across the more pedestrian accessible Chicago Street.



Historical Requirements: Not applicable.

Building Enclosure

Building Façade:

Stone veneer lines the lower single story portions of Chandler City Hall, creating a character and

natural scale for the building. The tower portion however stands tall and transparent,

encompassed by a glass curtain wall. Linearly the height of the building is expressed by stainless

steel panels running down the building, then turning inward serving as a canopy ceiling before

extending into the lobby as a ceiling element. Displaying the Vision Gallery and transitional spaces,

glass curtain walls line the public spaces within the building. Unlike the other glass portions of the

façade, the Council Chamber’s exterior provides a translucent aesthetic.

Practical, yet artistic, the west façade of the tower boasts a Ned Kahn art scrim. An array of

perforated pieces of stainless steel set out from the façade overlay the glass curtain wall serving as

both shading and artistic purposes. With the wind, these panels sway in creating a wavelike

movement across the scrim.

Roofing:

Overall, the flat roof system of Chandler City Hall utilizes a PIB (polyisobutylene) single ply roofing

membrane. Nearly tripling its breaking strength, the PIB membrane is coupled with a non-woven

synthetic fleece backing. The white option for the PIB membrane was chosen to help mitigate the

heat island effect. The PIB membrane covers the entire roofing area; however, it is topped with a

concrete paver to serve the needs of public use on the mezzanine roof plaza.

Structural Chandler City Hall utilizes a combination of a cast-in-place concrete system in some areas and a

steel framing system in others. The foundation system of the building is a 4” thick concrete slab

over a 4” aggregate base course with a combination of deep caisson footings, continuous wall

footings, and isolated footings where deemed structurally appropriate. On the upper floors of

Chandler City Hall, 6-3/4” slabs are typical with 8” slabs at the bridging portions from the elevator

lobbies, and 10” slabs at the west end of the building. Thickened slabs of 16” are used along the

column lines of the upper floors. The structure for west side of the 5 story portion of the building

also utilizing a concrete bracing frame in the design which doubles as a structure component and an

aesthetic along the lower portion of the west exterior façade.



Construction Breaking ground in May 2009, construction process was full under swing. Throughout the

construction process great efforts were taken in attempts to achieve a LEED Gold rating upon

completion. Additionally, during construction, the design professionals deemed it of high

importance to mockup several materials and component on both the exterior and interior of the

building to verify the appropriate effect would be achieved. Chandler City Hall is still currently

under construction with an estimated completion and grand opening scheduled for December

2010.

Sustainability Features

Chandler City Hall is currently seeking LEED Gold certification. With this goal in mind, a variety of

sustainable techniques have been applied and accounted for throughout the design and

construction processes. In relation to the site, a connection to the community was established by

creation of a public plaza which also served as a link from the north to the south side of Chicago

Street. Bicycle storage exists on the premises, and the building location is within close proximity to

public transportation.

Indoor air quality is significant to the building design and was also maintained both during

construction and before occupancy. Water efficient landscaping went into the plaza design and

sustainable efforts were made to reduce the heat island effect; essential in the Arizona climate.

Chandler City hall is comprised of several materials that contribute to sustainable design. Certified

wood was used for millwork and other wood feature within the building. The stone components are

golden gate quartzite which was extracted from a local quarry. Additionally, a significant amount of

glazing allows for the utilization of daylight. This is coupled with a series of shading devices used to

control daylight integration. Several materials used in the design are comprised of a recycled

content. This includes both the glazing and steel components used in the building design.

Mechanical Utilizing a combination of variable air volume and constant volume systems air is circulated

throughout Chandler City Hall. A total of thirteen air handling units are used between the north and

south buildings of Chandler City Hall. Supplied by a chiller and cooling tower on the south building

and parking garage a hydronic system supplies cool air to the building which is distributed by a

variable air volume system as the main distribution with a constant air volume as the secondary

distribution system for use in only a few spaces within Chandler City Hall.



Electrical Electricity for Chandler City Hall is supplied by Arizona Public Service. Utility owned pad mounted transformers step down the primary voltage service to a 480Y/277V system for the building. 3000A and 2500A switchboards supply power to the north and south buildings respectively. Chandler City Hall has implemented an emergency system to supply life safety loads in the case of a power outage. A 750kW diesel generator is the main source of electricity for this system. First supplying the emergency distribution panel, this panel then serves two other distribution panels that supply power to the branch circuits of the life safety systems of Chandler City Hall.

Lighting With maintaining energy efficiency in mind, Chandler City Hall has created a lighting design solution reinforcing its architectural concepts from the outside in. A range of sources including fluorescent, metal halide, halogen, and led sources are used in the lighting design of Chandler City Hall. Typical lighting loads are serviced by a 480Y/277V system. However the lighting in the Council Chamber and Vision Gallery utilize power from the 208Y/120V system. With complex lighting and control systems both of these spaces the lower voltage is used as they are fed from dimming panels. There are programmable controls for these spaces in order to have appropriate lighting scheme for a particular event that may occur. Additionally, having a glass façade on the upper office floors, plans to harvest daylight in this space through use of a roller shading system.

Communication Systems Additional engineered systems that supply Chandler City Hall include voice/data, and cable. The building is equipped with audiovisual capabilities in many of its areas but is particularly important in the Council Chambers where a variety of different events could potentially occur. These capabilities are also fed to office conference rooms and the mayor’s conference space.

Security Systems Chandler City Hall has a security system in which surveillance cameras have been installed within several of the corridor and publically accessible spaces. Additionally, for more high security areas, doors are equipped with card readers on accessible to specific personnel.



Façade system and solar loading breadth

Overview

Due to the Arizona sunny climate, significant amounts of solar radiation are incident on all surfaces

of buildings except the north wall. Solar radiation transmitted through the glass curtain wall façade

causes a great increase in the cooling requirements of an air-conditioned building. The solar heat

gain coefficient is a measure of how well a system blocks the heat from the sun. The lower the solar

heat gain coefficient of a façade system, the more efficient a system is at preventing unwanted heat

from getting into the space. Shading and other methods of reducing solar gain serve to be greatly

beneficial in reducing cooling loads. In many cases the initial cost of the air-conditioning

equipment necessitated by a window of ordinary glass can be greater than the cost of the a façade

system itself due to the reduced solar heat gain coefficient; and then there is, in addition, an annual

cost of operating the system to maintain a comfortable environment.

Description

Chandler City Hall use large areas of transparent materials in the building envelope. Of these glass

enclosed spaces, all but one makes use either of exterior shading devices or interior roller shades.

Nearly half of the main lobby is encompassed by an un-shaded two-story curtain wall facing both to

the east and south. The wall is shown below in the plan view of the lobby highlighted in blue.

Figure 1: Lobby Plan (NTS)

This curtain wall is comprised of 1” thick insulating vision glass with two panes of ¼” clear glass

separated by a ½” air gap. The following table further describes the curtain wall glazing system

material properties.



Glazing Description TVIS RINT REXT UW US SC SHGC RL:SG

D Insulating Vision Glass 1" 0.7 0.12 0.11 0.29 0.26 0.44 0.38 1.84

Table 1: Glazing Material Properties- Lobby

Solar heat gain coefficient is the ratio of available solar heat coming through the window. As

designed this system allows 38% of the available solar heat to come through the window.

Solar Heat Gain

According to the ASHRAE Load Calculations Manual by Jeffery Spitler, the solar heat gain through

glass curtain wall can be defined in Btu/hr. ft2 by the following equation for direct sunlight.

q SHG,D = ED A sunlit SHGC(ϴp)

The solar heat gain coefficient is the determining factor for the solar loading through the façade

system. Solar heat gain through a window can be significantly reduced by tilting the glass. Radiant

energy from the sun can be quantified in watts of radiant energy. Weather data in the form of a

.epw file for Phoenix, Arizona was obtained from Energy Plus: Weather Data from the U.S.

Department of Energy website. This was then converted into a .wea file to find the appropriate

incident direct (beam) irradiation, ED, in W/m2. Since the direct irradiation from the sun’s radiant

energy is quantified over a particular area, by reducing the area, the solar heat gain can be reduced.

The following analysis evaluates and improves the solar loading through use of implementing a

façade solution of a reduced solar heat gain coefficient. This is essentially what happens by tilting

the façade glazing outward.

Table 3.7 Visible Transmittance, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Solar Transmittance, Front Reflectance,

Back Reflectance, and k Layer Absorptances for Glazing and Window Systems

Table 2: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient for Glazing and Windows

Table 3.8 Angle Correction Factors for SHGC

Table 3: Angle Correction Factors for SHGC

The east facing portion of the façade is most affect by early morning solar radiation while the south

is affected by the late morning sun through to the early afternoon. Since solar heat gain is

dependent on the profile angle of the sun, the following evaluation will include calculations that



evaluate the solar heat gain through the east facing portion of the façade at the 9:00AM and the

south facing portion at 12:00PM.

The given layout and dimensions for the glass curtain wall assembly allow for the panes of glass to

be tilted 10˚. The original profile angle can be calculated as the angle between the normal direction

of the glazing component to the angle of direct sun. This 10˚ can essentially be added to the profile

angle of a vertical fenestration to determine the new solar profile angle to find the new solar heat

gain coefficient. The profile angle at each of these crucial times was calculated using a solar

position calculator tool. Important input values included the latitude and longitude coordinates for

Chandler, Arizona the standard meridian time zone and the building elevation azimuth. Arizona

does not participate in daylight savings time therefore the standard meridian was based the

standard time meridian at 120˚ W. For the east elevation an elevation azimuth of -90˚ was used and

0˚ for the south facing façade elevation.

Table 4: Solar Position- 9:00AM

Table 5: Solar Position- 12:00PM



The given profile angles will be used to determine the appropriate solar heat gain coefficients and

then input into the solar loading calculations.

Table 6: East Facade Solar Heat Gain- 9:00AM

Table 7: South Facade Solar Heat Gain- 12:00PM

Evaluation

In the case of the east facing façade, the loading is reduced to approximately 92.9% of the original

solar loading, while for the south facing façade, the solar loading is reduced to 83.9% of the original

solar heat gain. The south facing façade benefits more from the tilted glass than the east facing

façade, and in an analysis over all hours of the day throughout the year, would significantly reduce

the cooling loads over the entire year due to Arizona’s warm climate.



Architectural and acoustical breadth

Overview

The Council Chambers is a uniquely shaped multifunction auditorium space intended use for during

council meetings, presentations, academic lectures, and other social venues. From the Council

lobby, people enter the auditorium through a small cove space that serves as a sound lock to reduce

sound transmittance into and from the Council Chambers. Architecturally and acoustically, this

space is seen as the “living room” of Chandler City Hall. As design, angled ceiling elements compose

the ceiling of the auditorium. They are aesthetically interesting however it does not complement

the smooth curved layout of the space. A redesign of the auditorium ceiling could add to the

aesthetic by smoothing out the architectural ceiling components and complement the curved walls

and sloping elements.

The objective of the ceiling redesign is to create a smooth ceiling element that complements the

sloping curved walls at the perimeter. The new ceiling element should be architecturally

interesting however should not take away from the main focus of an event in occurrence.

Additionally, the opportunity exists to create a space in which luminaires could be hidden from the

direct view of the occupants to create a seamless glowing element that reflects ambient light into

the space. It is important though that the functionality of the space not be compromised, therefore

in addition to the architectural ceiling redesign, the acoustical qualities of the space are evaluated to

ensure that the sound quality of the space is not compromised for aesthetic purposes.

Dimensions +Space Description

The Council Chambers exists in the shape of trapezoid with rounded corners of specified radii.

Area= 5295 sq. ft. Volume= 60450 ft.3

Length= 76 ft. Max Width= 80 feet Minimum Width=46 feet Floor Slope= 4.7 % (yielding a 1’-4” drop in elevation, back to front) Ceiling Height= Varies

Perimeter = 272 ft.

The floor of the Council chambers is of red carpeting with a wooden base. Surrounding the auditorium space, wooden veneer sloping walls exist, extending from the finished floor to 8’-0” in elevation. Beyond this height, the walls are made of Tectum, a specialty acoustical material. Beyond the council seating at the front of the space vertical grain wooden veneer lines the wall in an array of positive and negative panels. Upon entering the space, the ceiling is of 2x2 acoustical



ceiling tile 10 feet above the finished floor. However, with the slope of the auditorium floor, the ceiling material and height also changes. This ceiling becomes a wooden a series of 1 ft. x 8 ft. pieces arranged in an array of opposite positive and negatives slopes as can be seen in the section view below. There are peaks and valleys alternating amongst the array, decreasing in overall elevation from back to front of the seating area. Above the chamber seating and presentation area the ceiling drops providing a vertical wood veneer surface for display opportunities and then increases in height above the council seating to the wood veneer at the front wall of the auditorium.

Figure 2: Council Chamber Plan (NTS)



Figure 3: Council Chamber Section View (NTS)

Acoustical Design Intent

According to the table by Architectural Solutions Inc. shown below, the optimum reverberation

time for an auditorium space ranges from 1.6 –2.0 seconds and 0.8 – 1.0 seconds for a conference

room. Upon completion of the architectural redesign, the reverberation time will be verified, and

acoustical material will be added if deemed necessary.

Table 8: Optimal Reverberation Time

The critical event in which the optimal

reverberation time would be crucial is when

Council is in session. In this case, the event is

most similar to a conference room, so as to

adhere to the A/V and sound equipment that

may be used for video conferencing in this

space. Therefore the goal for the Council

Chamber auditorium acoustical analysis is to

fall on the upper end or just slightly above a

reverberation time of 1.0 second.

Figure 4: Space Optimal Reverberation Time



Architectural Design Intent

The architecturally redesigned ceiling component for the Council Chamber auditorium provides for

provide curved stepping elements to maintain the idea of a varying ceiling height, however the

smooth curves complement the existing architecture framing the front of the auditorium creating a

focus on the main attraction. These ceiling curves also create an architectural reveal in which in

which when coupled with a continuous string of LED cove fixture luminaires can be completely

concealed and out of direct view of the occupants creating a seamless architectural feature.

Plan, section, and a perspective view of the new ceiling design are shown below.

Figure 5: Council Chamber Ceiling Redesign RCP (NTS)



Figure 6: Council Chamber Ceiling Redesign Section View (NTS)

Figure 7: Council Chamber Ceiling Redesign Perspective



Acoustical Performance

The following table outlines the acoustical performance of the auditorium with the new

architectural ceiling design.

Table 9: Council Chamber Reverberation Time Calculation Table

Evaluation

Architecturally and acoustically, the new ceiling design coupled with the existing architecture

creates a very successful design. An optimal reverberation time is achieved and the new ceiling

design creates an aesthetic that focuses on the presentation space and complements the remaining

architectural elements.



Lighting depth

Chandler City Hall in itself is a blend of elements, concepts, and foundations. Exhibiting a theme of

respecting the past and acknowledging the future, both the architecture and implemented lighting

design complement the space to create a sense of timelessness and a new edge for the city of

Chandler.

The lighting design is focused on the following four spaces:

Main Lobby | A Circulation Space

Open Office | A Large Work Space

Council Chamber | A Special Purpose Space

Exterior Façade | An Outdoor Space

The quality of the lighting design is guided off of conceptual designs that couple with quantitative

guidelines set forth in the IESNA Lighting Handbook ,ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 – 2007 and by

the Dark Skies Association. Each design is carefully thought out to emphasize the architecture,

materiality, and provide functionality, while also considering energy efficiency as Chandler City Hall

is striving for a LEED Gold rating. With the desired effect that Chandler City Hall is to implement on

the City of Chandler, the lighting design considers several details pertaining to aesthetics,

perception and experience of each space.

The lighting of the open office space will be complemented by a daylighting integration system

using photosensors to control the environment in the space in terms of dimming and shade control

as an M.A.E. focus. This analysis will be completed using information learned in AE 565:

Daylighting and Daysim simulation analysis software.



Open Office | A Large Workspace

The main tenants of Chandler City Hall include

city employees. Of these employees, many will

spend a large portion of their time in the open

office spaces of the office tower. Occupying the

south side of each of the four office floors is an

open office space enclosed by a glass curtain

wall façade on the south and private offices

plus other miscellaneous spaces on the north

side of this open office space. The spaces to the

north of the open office space are private

offices which have a glass front enclosure

allowing all spaces to have a view to the

exterior with potential daylight penetration.

Dimensions

Length: 150 ft. Width: 25 ft. Ceiling Height: 10 ft. Area: 3750 sq. ft.

Figure 9: Open Office Plan (NTS)

Description Partitions and workstations break up the space to create flow and collaboration. The spaces to the

north of the open office space include private offices and meeting rooms which have a glass front

enclosure allowing all spaces to have a view to the exterior with potential daylight penetration.

Figure 8: Chandler City Hall Composite Plan



Figure 10: Open Office Furniture Plan (NTS)

Twenty work stations are arranged throughout the space. Intermixed among the workstations are

separate filing storage units topped with a counter-like work surface, providing collaboration space

for the employees. An aisle extends along the east-west axis to the north of the workstations which

serves as the main axis of movement throughout the space. Along it is a stopping point at a coffee

bar where employees may potentially stop and linger.

Materials and Finishes

Wall materials are predominantly glass; however, a roller shading system is also used on the south

facing glass façade. The carpet in the space is a dark, frisket color lined by a sterling silver colored

rubber base. The ceiling is finished with a 2x2 acoustical ceiling tile 10 feet above finished floor.

Material Description Style/Color Reflectance

2x2 ACT; Armstrong Ultima Tegular White 0.90

CPT-1 Broadloom Carpet Frisket 0.32

RB-1 Rubber Base Sterling Silver 0.55

PT-2 Paint Rockport Gray 0.44 Table 10: Finish Materials - Open Office

Material Description Tv R O.F. S.C.

WT-3 Wall treatment, Roller Shades 7 12 3 0.40


A Insulating Vision Glass 1" 0.47 0.16 0.32 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.31 1.52

C Monolithic Spandrel Glass 1/4" 0.14 0.38 0.24 0.8 0.68 0.3 0.25 0.54 Table 11: Glazing Finish Materials - Open Office



Tasks Desk work involving reading and writing will occur at each of the workstations. Each work station

is also equipped with computers which will be used frequently and for extended periods of time

throughout the day. The layout is set up for collaboration so conversation and group work is

expected to occur frequently. Additionally the north side of the open office space serves as the

main axis for movement of people throughout the space.

Design Criteria Appearance-

Aesthetics are of importance, as employees will occupy the space for lengthy periods of time.

Creating a comfortable environment through careful selections of luminaire and distribution types

is an important element of design for this space. Additionally, enclosed by a glass façade, the

interior environment greatly affects the building’s appearance from the outside. Applying a clean

uniform brightness to the ceiling will create the desired glowing effect on the building façade.

Daylighting Integration and Controls –

The control and integration of a daylighting solution is imperative for the open office space

enclosed by a south-facing glass façade. There are many considerations to take into account with a

south-facing façade, as direct sunlight becomes a pertinent issue that should be accounted for.

Implementation of both shading and dimming controls has the potential to create a comfortable

ideal environment for the work space. In addition to controlling the direct sunlight entering the

space, glare and thermal comfort can be influenced by the use of a shading system.

Visual Environment –

Creating a comfortable environment is crucial for the employees spending extended hours in this

space. Minimizing glare can add to employee comfort as well as enhance contrast for VDT, reading,

and writing tasks. The façade glazing and direct sunlight should be considered controlling glare.

Additionally, luminaire selection and placement is optimal when direct views of the lamp are

minimized and veiling reflections are avoided.

Color Appearance and Color Contrast –

Contrast is of much importance in an environment as such, because it is essential for performing

trouble-free tasks such as VDT usage along with paper tasking including reading and writing. With

a south-facing glass façade enclosing the open office space, high color rendering properties and a

cooler or higher color temperature closer to that of daylight should be employed , (4100K.) This is

important so as to not cause a noticeably contrast between the daylight and electric light being

utilized in the space.



Surface Characteristics –

Matte materials with high reflectance values can be coupled with illuminance to achieve the desired

luminance levels and contrast ratios from those of lower reflectance. Additionally, the way light

reacts with reflective materials such as the glass wall that separate the private offices from the open

office as well as the glazing properties of the glass façade should be considered in design.

Hierarchy –

Contrasting luminance levels can be appealing when used in the proper context. This creates a

visual aesthetic as well as minimizes strain on the employee’s eyes. The hierarchy of elements

within the space can helps promote focus on brighter areas as well as create an environment where

it is easy to separate the importance of the task on hand over an underlying lesser

Special Considerations – Flexibility

Lighting should be flexible to accommodate changes in office furniture. With an open office plan

there exists potential for a variety change. This could include movement of furniture and yield

subtle changing of tasks that are to take place in the space. Furniture integrated lighting and

wireless control system could perfectly complement the need for flexibility.

Quantitative Performance-

Horizontal Illuminance – C category D: 300lux (or 30fc)

This value would include the combination of ambient and task lighting at the work plane surface. A

portion of this level should reach the work plane at a height of 2’-6” from the ambient light. Other

considerations should include that from the task lighting to be introduced and the daylight

harvesting system.

Vertical Illuminance –Category B: 50lux (or 5fc)

The vertical illuminance levels do not to be as high as the horizontal, but it should be sufficient

enough for facial recognition and view of other vertical surfaces. The open office plan is set up for

collaboration therefore conversation is an important task that will be taking place making vertical

illuminance a necessity.

Luminance Ratios –

Luminance ratios at the task plane should maintain a ratio of 3:1 however luminance ratios outside

of the immediate task but within the field of view should also be considered. Some contrast can be

desirable to enhance visual clarity within a 10:1 ratio of luminance levels within the space.

Lighting Power Density Allowance – ASHRAE 90.1

According to the 2007 ASHRAE Standard 90.1, the allowable lighting power density for an open

office is 1.1 W/sq.ft. Ideally, the goal is to keep the LPD below this number to promote energy

efficiency as well as add to the points in striving to achieve a LEED rating.



Design Intent The design chosen to employ the above mentioned criteria is through

use of a linear semi-indirect pendant system. This system

consolidates a need for flexibility over possible changing of the

workstation layout by providing even ambient lighting over the

entire space. The Focal Point Verve IV fixture is used in 9 runs 16’ in

length spaced 16’ on center across the open office space. This fixture

can be coupled with integrated occupancy sensors and photosensors

to harvest daylight within the space. Ideally, the system of luminaires is laid out to allow for multi-

zone dimming. Roller shades on the south facing windows are integrated into the photosensor

control are combined with exterior sun shading components that are a feature of the exterior

south-facing façade.

Luminaire Schedule – Open Office

Table 12: Luminaire Schedule- Open Office

Control Schedule – Open Office

Table 13: Control Schedule- Open Office

Note: The full luminaire schedule, lighting plan, circuitry and switching diagrams details can be

found in Appendix I. Luminaire, ballast and controls cut sheets can be found in Appendix II.

Figure 11: Focal Point Verve II



Performance Analysis

An analysis of the electric lighting scenario was conducted using AGI32 to evaluate the performance

of the open office space on the 3rd floor of Chandler City Hall.

A work plane height of 2’-6” and the following light loss factors were used for the calculations.

Table 14: Light Loss Factors Open Office

Table 15: ASHRAE 90.1 Lighting Power Density - Open Office

Table 16: Illuminace Table - Open Office



Figure 12: Isoline Illuminance Plan- Open Office

Figure 13: Rendering - Open Office

20 fc

25 fc

30 fc

35 fc



Figure 14: Rendering- Open Office

Evaluation

Overall, the open office plan is well complemented by the indirect lighting system. This system

creates an energy efficient and comfortable environment within the open office. This system is also

coupled with a two zone dimming capabilities and shade control to maintain a comfortable work

environment for they employees who may spend long hours in this space. Please refer to the M.A.E.

Focus | Daylight Integration and Control portion of this thesis report for further daylight analysis in

the open office space.



Council Chambers Auditorium | A Multipurpose Space The Council Chambers is a uniquely shaped auditorium space with intended use for council meetings, presentations, academic lectures, and other social venues. The Council Chambers exists in the shape of trapezoid with round corners of specified radii. From the Council lobby, people enter the auditorium through a small cove space that serves as a sound lock to reduce sound transmittance into and from the Council Chambers.

Dimensions

Area= 5295 sq. ft. Length= 76 ft. Max Width= 80 feet Minimum Width=46 feet Floor Slope= 4.7 % (yielding a 1’-4” drop in elevation, back to front) Ceiling Height= Varies

Figure 16: Council Chamber Plan (NTS)




Description The floor of the Council chambers is of red carpeting with a wooden base. Surrounding the auditorium space, wooden veneer sloping walls exist, extending from the finished floor to 8’-0” in elevation. Beyond this height, the walls are made of Tectum, a specialty acoustical material. Beyond the council seating at the front of the space vertical grain wooden veneer lines the wall in an array of positive and negative panels. Upon entering the space, the ceiling is of 2x2 acoustical ceiling tile 10 feet above the finished floor. However, with the slope of the auditorium floor, the ceiling material and height also changes. This ceiling becomes a wooden a series of 1 ft. x 8 ft. pieces arranged in an array of opposite positive and negatives slopes as can be seen in the section view below. For acoustical reasons it is backed with a fleece covering. There are peaks and valleys alternating amongst the array; the peak of the slopes range from 18’-7” to 19’-4” above finished floor and valleys range from 16’-11” to 17’-8” above finished floor, decreasing in height from back to front of the public seating area. Above the chamber seating and presentation area the ceiling drops providing a vertical wood veneer surface for display opportunities and then increases in height above the council seating to the wood veneer at the front wall of the auditorium.



CPT-2 Tufted Broadloom Carpet Kiss; Red 0.25

SPT-2 Specialty wall treatment; Tectum Natural 0.62

WB-1 Wood Base To match WV-1 0.56

WV-1 Wood Veneer; Vertical grain Caramelized, clear finish 0.56

WV-2 Wood Veneer; Vertical grain Caramelized, stained finish 0.52

Acoustical Ceiling; Armstrong Woodworks Std. Perf. Ceiling;1'x8' panels with fleece backing

Bamboo Patina 0.68

2x2 ACT; Armstrong Ultima Tegular White 0.90 Table 17: Finish Materials- Council Chamber

Multiple rows of padded seats are arranged on the sloping floor of the auditorium. There are 250

padded seats in a patterned array of four colors; aurora, clove, coffee and tiger lily. The curved half

circle council setting exists at the front of the auditorium space. There are 15 seats with audio

visual equipment capability available at each setting for when deemed appropriate for the event.

Additionally, a podium and table capable of seating ten resides in the front opening of the space

which sits below a vertical face with two VDT screen for use in assembly or presentation events.

Refer to the plan and sections views below.



Figure 17: Council Chamber Furniture Plan (NTS)

Tasks During Council assemblies, the council will incur reading, writing, and potential video conferencing. Discussion is important as well as viewing characteristics from an audience. Other more private presentations will include the task of the presenter presenting at the podium, they may need adequate lighting for reading notes. From the audience perspective, the main objective is viewing the presenter and any display materials or video presentation. With this in mind, the lighting design for the space will need to include scene control settings to create a an environment suitable for the task or event that is taking place.

Design Criteria



Appearance of Space and Luminaires – Highly impressionable and frequented by guests and elite city employees, it is important that the

Council Chamber present a pleasant appearance. This should be a quality environment,

complemented by high class lighting design suitable for the occurring event. The architecture and

finishes of this space should be accented by luminaires that seldom exist in the field of view. Those

located in direct sight must be of high quality design.

Psychological Impressions –

Being a prominent feature with unique architecture, the Council Chambers should exhibit a design

of the highest quality. The events that will occur in this multifunction space can be categorized as

public or private. Lighting considerations can be used to achieve scenarios that match the function.

Public events can yield a lighting design with higher, more even illumination levels whereas the

private setting keeps emphasis on the peripheral, out of the general locale and allows for a

hierarchy of light.

Color Appearance– With people being of most importance, color appearance and contrast become essential. The space

exhibits the need for good color rendering, with warm color temperature being preferable due to

the rich warm tones displayed in the space. Events taking place in the space include but are not

limited to presentation, assemblies, and social events. Regardless of the event viewing is one of the

most important tasks which adds to the importance of contrast from the audience perspective.

Comfort – The Council Chamber auditorium was envisioned to be representative of the “living room” of

Chandler City Hall. With that in mind, the audience should not be uncomfortable when viewing a

presentation. Limiting views into luminaires can significantly reduce the glare observed by

occupants as well as minimizing the luminance ratios between that of the luminaire and

surrounding surfaces. Additionally, although a significant amount of light is needed at the council

table for scenarios when video conferencing is in use, the council members should not be put in an

unpleasant atmosphere, therefore minimizing veiling reflections from the luminaires becomes

imperative.

Luminances of Room Surfaces – Although the space does not have any fenestrations to the exterior, a perception of brightness can be achieved when desired based off the luminance of surfaces in the room. When applicable, high reflectance materials can help to achieve the desired luminance levels in the space when coupled with suitable illuminance levels. Modeling of Faces or Objects – When council is in session, modeling of faces of the council members is essential. This is potentially

one of the most important occurrences that will take place in this environment. Both important

discussion and rulings will take place in this space as well as video conferencing. Additionally,

when the occasion is more private presentation or lecture the modeling of faces becomes less

important over the area as a whole, but more important at the podium and table set up where a

speaker would most likely be presenting.



System Control and Flexibility – Due the mixed use tendencies of this space, system control and flexibility becomes crucial. This

flexibility should have the ability to transform the space based on the current event taking place

within the space. In addition to having the flexibility to amend the environment, pre-function, and

post-function settings should also be easily achievable.

Quantitative Performance –

Horizontal Illuminance –

Assembly- Category C: 100lux (or 10fc)

Social Activity- Category B: 50lux (or 5fc)

Video Conferencing- Category E: 500lux (or 50fc)

Horizontal illuminance measures should be taken along all areas that reside in main axes of

transportation in the auditorium space and these levels are important for movement through the

space. Additionally, the podium where a speaker might present from should have sufficient levels

to be able to read notes. The Council Seating at the front should have sufficient light for reading and

also video conferencing.

Vertical Illuminance – Category A: 30lux (or 3fc) Video Conferencing- Category D: 300lux (or 30fc) Facial recognition is important for both social activities and for the presenter in a presentation or lecture setting. Video conferencing displays an essential need for vertical illuminance. Shadows should be minimal and vertical brightness is important for cameras to pick up detail correctly.

Design Intent The lighting design for the Council Chambers will take into account the new designed ceiling

element that is outlined in the Architectural/Acoustical Breadth. The following images summarize

the final architectural design for the space.



Figure 18: Architecturally Redesigned Ceiling- Section View

Figure 19: Architecturally Redesigned Ceiling- RCP (NTS)



Creating a multifunction lighting scheme to serve the Council Chamber is the design intent. The

space should employ the ability to host both public and private presentations as well as be suitable

for video conferencing for the city council board. Concurrently, the space should be representative

of the “living room” of Chandler City Hall. In order to create this sense of comfort, a color

temperature of 3000K will be maintained through every fixture specified in the multipurpose

auditorium. The majority if not all fixtures will be placed out of immediate view of the occupants

whenever possible. In order to reinforce the design intent of the space through means of

functionality and comfort, and emphasis will be placed upon the peripheral walls and elevated

ceiling to create the intended mood for the space. The new lighting design complements the

architecture of this space. Luminaires are concealed where possible and highlight emphasizes the

ceiling tiers and rounded lower wood walls within the space. Since the space is especially tailored

for council meetings, an array of theatrical luminaires is used to provide the necessary levels at the

council desk and in the presentation area.

Additionally, with the need to excess light to serve the purpose of council meetings, energy

efficiency becomes a concern. With this in mind, in order to meet criteria and regulations set forth

in ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 for lighting power density, LED sources are used in coves created

by the architectural ceiling tiers. In one foot increments connected by a flexible cable, the run of

these fixture seamlessly fits into the arcing element.

Scene control will also be included in this space through use of a Lutron Grafik Eye control system

to meet the functional needs define by the event in occurrence.

Figure 20: Grafik Eye Council Chamber Scene Control



Luminaire Schedule– Council Chamber

Table 18: Luminaire Schedule- Council Chamber



Control Schedule– Council Chamber

Table 19: Control Schedule- Council Chamber



Performance

In the Council Chamber, the illuminance levels were evaluated at a height of 2’-6.” This would be the

critical height for the Council desk as well as for the audience, in a scenario that might involve note-

taking.

Table 20: Light Loss Factors- Council Chamber



Table 21: ASHRAE 90.1 Lighting Power Density- Council Chamber

Table 22: Illuminance Table: Scene 1- Council/Presentation Area

Table 23: Illuminance Table: Scene 1 - Audience Seating Area

Table 24: Illuminance Table: Scene 2 - Council/Presentation Area

Table 25: Illuminance Table Scene 2 - Audience Seating Area



Figure 21: Isoline Illuminance Plan- Council Chamber Scene 1

25 fc

30 fc

35 fc



Figure 22: Isoline Illuminance Plan - Council Chamber Scene 2

5 fc

25 fc

30 fc

35 fc



Figure 23: Pseudocolor Rendering Plan View – Council Chamber Scene 1

Figure 24: Pseudocolor Rendering Plan View - Council Chamber Scene 2



Figure 25: Rendering Perspective View- Council Chamber Scene 1



Figure 26: Rendering Perspective View- Council Chamber Scene 2

Evaluation The dynamic lighting design solution for the Council Chamber merges the space into a

multifunction environment. The design highlights the architecture but is not too busy and will not

distract occupants from the event in occurrence. The flexible solution created by the Lutron

Control system allows for a unique lighting design for any event. Overall, the lighting design

successfully creates an essence out of the architectural components of the space while also

providing a comfortable environment from any perspective.



Lobby | Circulation Space

The lobby, intended for circulation is the first area

one experiences as they enter the building. It is

utilized by both employees and visitors and

serves as both a transitional and gathering space

which should be impressionable on those who

enter and pass through the space.

Dimensions Area: 2485 sq.ft.

Length: 90 ft.

Width: Varies

Ceiling Height: Varies

Figure 28: Lobby Plan (NTS)




Description Initially the space is 34 feet wide with elevators and stairs to the right and the reception desk

forward and to the left. The space then narrows to 19’ in width as it extends the 90 length through

the building to the exterior plaza. As for the wall materials, the entrance is glass, the walls behind

the reception desk are of a wood veneer, stone veneer, and glass, stone veneer exists at the elevator

lobby, and again glass to allow view out onto the exterior plaza. Refer to the Interior Elevations of

the lobby which are shown below. Three types of river rock terrazzo are used in the flooring of the

following colors; beige, grey and red. Unique patterning helps to establish areas of gathering versus

transitional flow. Refer to the Lobby Finish Plan below. The ceiling however exists at different

levels within the lobby. There is a 10 ft. high suspended drywall ceiling above the elevator lobby on

the first floor. The remainder of the lobby exists at a double story height that exists at two different

elevations. A gypsum board ceiling exists over the elevator lobby of the mezzanine level at height of

25 ft. above finished floor and continues out into the main lobby space at this elevation, framing the

steel panel ceiling that has continues indoors from the vertical west facing façade at a height of 22’-

10”. Serving the dual purpose of reception and security, there is a front desk upon entering the

space. In addition to this, on the west side of the space, is a seating area where others may sit to

relax or wait for another.



ST-1 Stone Veneer; Quartzite Golden Gate 0.58

STS-1 Stainless Steel Panel Stainless Steel 0.28

TRZ-1 Terrazzo (Field) River Rock; Beige 0.45

TRZ-2 Terrazzo (Accent) River Rock; Grey 0.30

TRZ-3 Terrazzo (Accent) River Rock; Red 0.34

WV-2 Wood Veneer; Vertical grain Caramelized, stained finish 0.52

09 51 00.C Suspended Drywall Ceiling with wood film Belbien 0.73

09 72 00.A Drywall Ceiling with wood film Belbien 0.73 Table 26: Finish Materials - Lobby



DT Insulating Tempered Glass 1" 0.7 0.12 0.11 0.29 0.26 0.44 0.38 1.84 Table 27: Glazing Materials- Lobby



Figure 29: Lobby Interior Elevation- North (NTS)

Figure 30: Lobby Interior Elevation- South (NTS)

Figure 31: Lobby Interior Elevation- West Main Entry(NTS)



Figure 32: Lobby Interior Elevation East (NTS)

Figure 33: Lobby Finish Plan (NTS)



Figure 34: Lobby Furniture Plan

Tasks The lobby exists for the purpose of welcoming both guest and employees. It will serve as a

transitional space as well as a gathering space. A seating area exists where people could sit to read

or converse with others.

Design Criteria Appearance of Space and Luminaires –

Very impressionable are lobby and entrance spaces of buildings. The appearance of the space shall

be welcoming and pleasant. Those who enter the space should leave having been positively

impacted by the space. If possible luminaires should be limited from view. However, luminaires

existing in the field of view shall be of high quality and sleek to enhance one’s experience of the

space.

Color Appearance and Color Contrast –

In Chandler City Hall the lobby serves as both a transitional space and a one where someone may

stop to relax, sit or visit with another. Color appearance is of the space is important for both

rendering of people and the environment to be sure that the experience is pleasant and enjoyable.

In terms of color contrast as it can help to add to the visual interest of the space.

Direct Glare –

In a space with specular and semi-specular finishes, when flicker occurs it can become more

apparent bothersome due to the reflections off the material finishes. In order to reduce glare,

electronic ballasts should be specified. Controlling direct glare from sources in the space is

essential. Choosing luminaire with minimal view of the lamps and sufficient optics can reduce

glare. Also, were applicable luminaires should be placed out of the direct field of view in order to

reduce any potential discomfort due to glare.



Light Distribution on Surfaces –

It is not necessary for the light distribution on surface to be uniform. A non-uniform approach is

usually better for a lobby space. Light should be placed on the peripheral elements creating a focal

point and allowing the general local of the space to feel more comfortable.

Luminances of Room Surfaces –

Contrast ratios between surface luminances in a lobby may be desired to create focal points and

create flow within the space. Higher luminances can be created by providing washing or grazing

techniques to peripheral surfaces. For a non-peripheral object, a spot lighting or directional

technique may be more appropriate.

Modeling of Faces or Objects –

Especially in the front desk and gathering space, modeling of faces and objects is important. A

sufficient vertical illuminance should exist from luminaire with color rendering properties good at

rendering skin tones. Additionally, by modeling of objects in the space, it will help to create a focal

point or a destination spot within the transition space.

Reflected Glare –

Specular and semi-specular materials are commonly used in lobby spaces. The control and

application of both electric light and daylight should be considered. By doing so, veiling

reflectances off of certain materials can be minimized.

Shadows –

Minimizing shadows on walls and in corners is especially important for the double height portions

of the lobby space. By placing light on peripheral surfaces, it can enhance the quality of the space

while also reducing shadows. Developing proper spacing for luminaires can be important to also

create the desired effect.

Surface Characteristics –

In addition to wide use of glass in this space, the lobby also utilizes specular and semi-specular

finishes on some of the materials. Other materials include wood and stone veneer. The light can be

correctly employed to these materials to bring out texture and sheen without causing glare or

uncomfortable reflections.

Quantitative Performance – Horizontal Illuminance –

Category C: 100lux (or 10fc)

Important for circulation, the horizontal light levels should be sufficient for people movement

throughout the space. Although 10fc is recommended for a space like this, some adjustments many

be made within Chandler City Hall’s lobby. A hierarchy of areas within the space can encourage

movement in transitional areas while also defining where a gathering space might exist.

Vertical Illuminance –

Category A: 30lux (or 3fc)

In terms of the vertical elements in the space, there are high quality textured materials. These



textures should be accented to add visual interest and enhance and show the quality of the

materials.

Design Intent The lobby, serving as both a common and impressionable space, should be welcoming and pleasant

as it is frequented by both employees and guests. The space itself is designed as a sleek linear

transitional space with high quality materials. The design intent is to maintain the transitional

quality of the space while also putting an emphasis on the material qualities. Sleek thin linear

fixtures fit into the stainless steel panel array seemlessly with a soft glow to provide the ambient

function light for the space. Due to the transitional function of the space, the same pattern

arrangement from the exterior part of the entrance continues into the lobby for both the recessed

ceiling luminaires and ingrade fixtures that highlight the stone quartzite wall creating a pull into

and flow through the space. Linear fixtures recessed in the mullions also provide indirect lighting

from the glass façade to put an emphasis on the double height portion of the lobby giving the space

a more volumous appearance. Wall grazing techniques are also used to emphasize the double story

wood wall behind the reception desk as well as the quartzite wall in the elevator lobby. Keeping

the materiality of the space in mind, the idea is to create a functional transition space while

highlighting the unique architectural characteristics this space provides.



Luminaire Schedule- Lobby

Table 28: Luminaire Schedule - Lobby

Control Schedule- Lobby

Table 29: Control Schedule- Lobby





Performance

The task plane was set at the floor and the following light loss factors were used for the

calculations.

Table 30: Light Loss Factors- Lobby

Table 31: ASHRAE 90.1 Lighting Power Density - Lobby

Table 32: Illuminance Table - Lobby



Figure 35: Isoline Illuminance Plan - Lobby

Figure 36: Pseudocolor Rendering Plan View - Lobby

10 fc

12 fc



Figure 37: Rendering Perspective View - Lobby



Figure 38: Rendering Perspective View- Lobby

Evaluation

The main idea for the lobby was to create a design that provides a rather even and uniform light

distribution from a non-uniform design layout. The space is enhanced by the sleek lighting design

that subtly highlight some of the high quality architectural elements the space. The design follows

the architectural qualities of the space. With luminaires tucked away in coves and recessed out of

direct sight, it creates an ambiance that is both very pleasant and welcoming to all employees and

guests entering the space.



Exterior Façade | Outdoor Space

The combination of exterior façade components is

wide, but it is this combination which gives

Chandler City Hall the new ‘urban edge’ it wishes to

impose on the City of Chandler. It serves as

landmark on the City of Chandler representing its

concept entirely of respecting the past and

acknowledging future.

Description Stone veneer lines the lower single story portions of Chandler City Hall, creating a character and

natural scale for the building. The tower portion however stands tall and transparent,

encompassed by a glass curtain wall. It is enclosed though by towering stone veneer portions that

hold the stairways and elevator shafts which give the building a prominent stance. Linearly, on the

west façade the height of the building is expressed by stainless steel panels running down the

building, then turning inward serving as a canopy ceiling before extending into the lobby as a

ceiling element. Displaying the Vision Gallery and transitional spaces, glass curtain walls line the

public spaces within the building. Unlike the other glass portions of the façade, the Council

Chamber’s exterior provides a more translucent aesthetic. Additionally, shading devices line the

façades where people will walk through the plaza and along the streetscape of the building.

Practical, yet artistic, the west façade of the tower boasts a Ned Kahn art scrim. An array of

perforated pieces of stainless steel set out from the façade overlay the glass curtain wall serving as

both shading and artistic purposes. With the wind, these panels sway in creating a wavelike

movement across the scrim.




Figure 40: West Elevation (NTS)



ST-1 Stone Veneer; Quartzite Golden Gate 0.58

STS-1 Stainless Steel Panel Stainless Steel 0.28


A Insulating Vision Glass 1" 0.47 0.16 0.32 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.31 1.52

C Monolithic Spandrel Glass 1/4" 0.14 0.38 0.24 0.8 0.68 0.3 0.25 0.54


E Insulating Tempered Glass 1" 0.7 0.12 0.11 0.29 0.26 0.44 0.38 1.84 Table 33: Finish Materials - Exterior Facade

Design Criteria

Building Exterior: Active Entrance, Predominant Structure; IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition

Appearance of Space and Luminaires – Very Important

Standing taller than most of the surrounding buildings, Chandler Hall serves as a landmark for the

city. Its appearance should make an impression relative to its theme of creating an urban edge for



the city. Luminaires should be of high quality when not concealed and the appearance of the façade

should be prominent and sleek.

Color Appearance and Contrast –

Very Important (Active Entrance); Important (Predominant Structure)

A blended palette of warms tones is the quartzite stone veneer used for the elevator tower and

single story portions of the building. Warm color temperature and tones will enhance this feature.

Additionally color rendition is important, because the building is to be a landmark for the city; it

should appear just as nice at night as during the daylight hours. Color contrast can enhance the

features by making certain element stand out in highlight.

Direct Glare – Very Important (Entrance); Important (Predominant Structure)

Direct glare is a concern that pedestrian traffic is not affected by glare from fixtures. The building

lines the main street which is main axis of transportation for pedestrians and vehicles alike.

Minimize glare can be achieved by choosing fixtures with proper cut offs and optics.

Light Distribution on Surfaces –

Important (Active Entrance); Very Important (Predominant Structure)

Placement of light can create focal points and also draw people through or to a particular area.

Distributing highlight to predominant structures will help enhance the building’s presence.

Additionally by distributing light with higher brightness near entrances, it draws people to where

they are supposed to go.

Light Pollution/Trespass– Very Important

Light Pollution and trespass are particularly important in the setting of this project. Light pollution

will be measure in terms of upward sky glow (%) while light trespass will be measured in terms of

vertical illuminance at a setback from the specified site. Located in Chandler, Arizona, this project

has a special dark sky concern minimizing sky glow as priority for the exterior lighting. The

following table has been produced by the ILE, International Lighting Engineers defining a set of

recommendations for dealing with light pollution.

Figure 49: Obtrusive Lighting Limitations Table (ILE, International Lighting Engineers)



Chandler City Hall resides within environmental zone 3, referring to medium district brightness

centers such as small town centers, or urban locations. These concerns can be handled and a design

implemented in a variety of ways. This can include having a curfew in which the majority of

exterior lighting will be shut off, or different lighting scenarios can be developed appropriate for a

particular event at City Hall, in the town, or time of year.

Modeling of Faces or Objects –

Very Important (Active Entrance); Important (Predominant Structure)

At entry points and predominant structures, modeling of faces, objects and obstructions is

important along an exterior façade. Providing vertical and horizontal illuminance alike can help to

achieve adequate modeling of these objects. This can also be a safety issue so that one knows

whether it is a stranger or a friend who may be approaching.

Peripheral Detection –

Very Important (Active Entrance); Somewhat Important (Predominant Structure)

Important in the night hours, people, objects and obstructions become more difficult to see. To

enhance visual acuity, both horizontal and vertical illuminance levels shall be provided without

high contrasts between dark and lit spaces.

Points of Interest – Very Important

Depending on the event that may be occurring, the lighting scheme could be used to help create

focal points of those of interest. Different settings will be provided in which a general lighting

scheme highlighting the structure of the building is developed, another where the Council Chamber

is the focal point, and a final which would provide an artistic flare putting an added focus on the art

scrim feature on the west façade.

Reflected Glare – Very Important

With glass a major component of the façade, reflected glare becomes a concern. Set along the main

axis of transportation reflected glare should not inhibit either pedestrians or traveling vehicles.

Choosing fixtures with proper optics and specifying appropriate aiming angles can reduce any

potential negative effects.

Shadows – Very Important

Safety is of highest importance in an exterior environment at night. By minimizing the contrast

between lit and shadowed areas, the eye can adjust more easily and be able to see in the shadows.

In areas that should be lit, dark shadows can be a detriment to the appearance of the space or

object.



Source Task Eye Geometry –Very Important

In terms of luminaire placement, direct views of the lamp should be minimal from both pedestrian

and vehicular traffic. This can be achieved by specifying luminaires with proper cut off angles and

optical control.

Sparkle/Desirable Reflected Highlight –

Important (Active Entrance); Somewhat Important (Predominant Structure)

Having incorporated glass, stainless steel and quartzite into the façade materials, these material

have the potential enhance the appearance of the exterior of the building by bringing out the sheen

and sparkle within these materials through careful incorporation of light. Other considerations

when trying to achieve this desired effect include

Surface Characteristics – Very Important

Horizontal Illuminance – Very Important (Active Entrance); Important (Predominant Structure)

Category B: 50lux (or 5fc)

Horizontal illuminance is important in terms of safety and circulation. These levels should be met to

ensure safety at entrances and pedestrian walkways. This includes under the shaded canopies that

exist along the building’s perimeter that serve as main axes for circulation.

Vertical Illuminance – Very Important

Category A: 30lux (or 3fc)

For facial recognition, object obtrusions, and highlighting of predominant feature, vertical

illuminance measures should meet adequate levels. The illuminance values can be altered to create

a hierarchy of elements to create focal points as well as promote attractions and features that may

be occurring.

Design Intent

The exterior façade ties together a variety of elements. It is important to highlight each

individually, but without taking away from the strong presence and stature of Chandler City Hall.

Through the lighting design of the façade, it is important to reinforce the architect’s vision of

respecting the past and acknowledging the future. Standing tall and flowing with the wind, the west

façade of the tower boasts a Ned Kahn art scrim. The array of perforated pieces of stainless steel

set out from the façade overlay the glass curtain wall serving as both shading and artistic purposes.

A wavelike movement across the scrim is created when a light breeze exists. This is the element

that will resemble the idea of moving toward the future by washing from below with light using

color changing LED’s. This enables the lighting design to continue to encompass both the dynamic

and static qualities of the art scrim. Strong elements comprised of quartzite stone are

representative of Arizona’s past through both their color and texture. These elements are

highlighted by inground metal halide fixtures using a warm color temperature source. With dark



skies, a concern, the upward wasted light is minimized by uplighting some of the architectural

canopies to create an appearance of lightness or floating elements while also adhere to some of the

community and state government’s concerns. The remaining of the façade’s appearance is created

from the lighting within the building. The lighting in the spaces along the exterior are set to provide

dim level lighting creating a glow from within. Overall, the idea of the façade is to merge and

contrast the different elements and essentially tie the building into a single iconic structure.

Luminaire Schedule- Exterior Facade

Table 34: Luminaire Schedule - Exterior Facade



Control Schedule- Exterior Facade

Table 35: Control Schedule - Exterior Facade



Performance

Table 36: Light Loss Factors- Exterior Facade



Table 37: ASHRAE 90.1 Lighting Power Density - Exterior Facade

Table 38: Horizontal Illuminance Table - Exterior

Table 39: Vertical Illuminance Table - Exterior



Figure 41: Pseudocolor Rendering Plan View - Exterior



Figure 42: Isoline Illuminance Plan - Exterior

8 fc

5 fc

2 fc

BU

ILD

ING

EN

TR

Y



Figure 43: Rendering - Exterior Facade



Figure 44: Rendering - Exterior Facade

Table 40: Dark Skies Associate - Upward Light Ratio



Evaluation

Combining the color changing LEDs with the warmth of the white light on the statured quartzite

stone elements creates the essence of what Chandler City Hall represents. It emphasizes the

materials that resemble Arizona and Chandler’s historic past, but at the same time seamlessly ties

in advanced technology to create an iconic structure as the architect had envisioned. The design is

very impressionable and creates an initial emotion appeal from an aesthetic standpoint. In this

case a successful lighting design serves both an aesthetically and functionally to create, a lighting

design for Chandler City Hall while still meeting ASHRAE Standard 90.1 recommendation and Dark

Skies Association requirements.



Electrical Depth



Electrical Branch Circuiting Redesign

Overview The lighting design for Chandler City Hall will reinforce the client’s vision for the building through

use of a sleek, modern design while also demonstrating energy efficiency to help achieve the LEED

rating the building is striving for. Within the multi-use facility the lighting design will create a

comfortable work environment for city officials and also serve as an attractive destination for

community events and gatherings. In the design of the lighting systems, luminaires and control

systems will be selected to create the desired lighting design with a focus on four distinct spaces:

Open Office – A Large Work Space Council Chamber – A Special Purpose Space Main Lobby – A Circulation Space Exterior Façade – An Outdoor Space

PANELBOARDS PANEL

TAG VOLTAGE SYSTEM

OPEN OFFICE

COUNCIL CHAMBER

LOBBY FAÇADE

HW3 480Y/277V, 3P, 4W N X

HLSW4 480Y/277V, 3P, 4W N/E X

CC-DP 208Y/120V, 3P, 4W N X

CC-DPE 208Y/120V, 3P, 4W N/E X

H1WA 480Y/277V, 3P, 4W N X X

HLSW1 480Y/277V, 3P, 4W N/E X X

L1WA 208Y/120V, 3P, 4W N X Table 41: Redesigned Panelboards

Special Note: Lobby | A Circulation Space & Exterior Facade | An Outdoor Space

For the electrical redesign portion involving the lobby and exterior façade lighting, the panel

redesign will be consolidated into one section. These loads are located on some of the same panels

and in several cases, on the same circuit. To distinguish the loads, the lobby circuits are highlighted

in blue, while the façade circuits are outlined in purple.



Open Office | A Large Workspace

The open office is enclosed by a south facing glass façade that makes use of external shading

louvers to control direct sunlight that would otherwise inhibit the space. Employees will spend

long hours in this space. There are twenty work stations are arranged throughout the space.

Intermixed among the workstations are separate filing storage units topped with a counter-like

work surface, providing collaboration space for the employees. An aisle extends along the east-

west axis to the north of the workstations which serves as the main axis of movement throughout

the space. Along it is a stopping point at a coffee bar where employees may potentially stop and

linger.

The new lighting design implements a task ambient system in order to create a comfortable

environment within the space. Task lighting on the work surface complements the ambient lighting

that provides a gentle uniform glow to the ceiling. The design implements a system that adhere to

all tasks with in the space include at the work surface and through the circulation space. The south

facing façade welcomes plenty of daylight into the space allowing the design to employ an energy

efficient solution coupled with daylight harvesting system. Photosensor control is used to dim the

lighting during the day and a time clock is used for automatic shut off in the evening. The lighting

design not only provides for the tasks of an office space, but also creates a glowing effect out of the

ceiling plane serving a dual purpose for the office lighting and façade appearance.

Table 42: Control Schedule - Open Office

Please see Appendix I for the lighting plan, circuitry and switching details.



Figure 45: Existing Panel H3W



Figure 46: Existing Panel HLSW4



Figure 47: Panelboard Worksheet H3W



Figure 48: Panelboard Worksheet HLSW4



Figure 49: Redesigned Panelboard H3W

Figure 50: Redesigned Panelboard HLSW4



Table 43: Redesigned Panelboard Feeder Schedule

Table 44: Redesigned Panelboard Voltage Drop Calculations



Council Chamber Auditorium | A Special Purpose Space

The Council Chambers is a uniquely shaped auditorium space with intended use for council

meetings, presentations, academic lectures, and other social venues. The Council Chambers exists

in the shape of trapezoid with round corners of specified radii. From the Council lobby, people enter

the auditorium through a small cove space that serves as a sound lock to reduce sound

transmittance into and from the Council Chambers. During Council assemblies, the council will

incur reading, writing, and potential video conferencing. Discussion is important as well as viewing

characteristics from an audience. Other more private presentations will include the task of the

presenter presenting at the podium, they may need adequate lighting for reading notes. From the

audience perspective, the main objective is viewing the presenter and any display materials or

video presentation.

The new lighting design complements the architecture of this space. Luminaires are concealed

where possible. Highlight emphasizes the ceiling tiers and rounded lower wood walls within the

space. Since the space is especially tailored for council meetings, an array of theatrical luminaires is

used to provide the necessary levels at the council desk and in the presentation area. Due to the

multi-use functionality of the space, a Lutron control system was originally specified to control the

scene settings and the electrical load were located on two dimming panels; one for normal power

and one for emergency. The new Lutron Grafik Eye has four scene controls as outlined in the table

below.

Table 45: Grafik Eye Council Chamber Scene Control

The full luminaire schedule lighting plan and circuitry details can be found in Appendix I.



Figure 51: Existing Panel CC-DP

Figure 52: Existing Panel CC-DPE



Figure 53: Panelboard Worksheet CC-DP



Figure 54: Panelboard Worksheet CC-DPE



Figure 55: Redesigned Panelboard CC-DP

Figure 56: Redesigned Panelboard CC-DPE




Table 47: Redesigned Panelboard Voltage Drop



Lobby | A Circulation Space

The lobby, serving as both a common and impressionable space, should be welcoming and pleasant

as it is frequented by both employees and guests. The space itself is designed as a sleek linear

transitional space with high quality materials. The design intent is to maintain the transitional

quality of the space while also putting an emphasis on the material qualities. Sleek thin linear

fixtures fit into the stainless steel panel array seemlessly with a soft glow to provide the ambient

function light for the space. Due to the transitional function of the space, the same pattern

arrangement from the exterior part of the entrance continues into the lobby for both the recessed

ceiling luminaires and ingrade fixtures that highlight the stone quartzite wall creating a pull into

and flow through the space. Linear fixtures recessed in the mullions also provide indirect lighting

from the glass façade to put an emphasis on the double height portion of the lobby giving the space

a more volumous appearance. Wall grazing techniques are also used to emphasize the double story

wood wall behind the reception desk as well as the quartzite wall in the elevator lobby. Keeping

the materiality of the space in mind, the idea is to create a functional transition space while

highlighting the unique architectural characteristics this space provides.

A full luminaire schedule, lighting plan and circuitry details can be found in Appendix I.

Exterior Facade | An Outdoor Space

The exterior façade ties together a variety of elements. It is important to highlight each

individually, but without taking away from the strong presence and stature of Chandler City Hall.

The west façade of the tower boasts a Ned Kahn art scrim. The array of perforated pieces of

stainless steel is set out from the façade overlaying the glass curtain wall serving both shading and

artistic purposes. A wavelike movement across the scrim is created when a light breeze exists. This

is the element that will resemble the idea of moving toward the future by washing from below with

light using color changing LED’s. This enables the lighting design to continue to encompass both

the dynamic and static qualities of the art scrim. Strong elements comprised of quartzite stone are

representative of Arizona’s past through both their color and texture. These elements are

highlighted by inground metal halide fixtures using a warm color temperature source. With dark

skies, a concern, the upward wasted light is minimized by uplighting some of the architectural

canopies to create an appearance of lightness or floating elements while also adhere to some of the

community and state government’s concerns. The remaining of the façade’s appearance is created

from the lighting within the building. The lighting in the spaces along the exterior are set to provide

dim level lighting creating a glow from within. Overall, the idea of the façade is to merge and

contrast the different elements and essentially tie the building into a single iconic structure.



The lighting plan and circuitry details can be found in Appendix I.

Figure 57: Existing Panelboard L1WA



Figure 58: Existing Panelboard H1WA



Figure 59: Existing Panelboard HLSW1



Figure 60: Panelboard Worksheet L1WA-1



Figure 61: Panelboard Worksheet L1WA-2



Figure 62: Panelboard Worksheet H1WA



Figure 63: Panelboard Worksheet HLSW1



Figure 64: Redesigned Panelboard L1WA



Figure 65: Redesigned Panelboard H1WA

Figure 66: Redesigned Panelboard HLSW1




Table 49: Redesigned Panelboard Voltage Drop



Short Circuit & Coordination Study

A protective device coordination study was conducted to evaluate a single path from APS to the APS

transformer, through Switchboard SES-1. From the switchboard the path continues through

Transformer T-L1WA to distribution panel L1WA and finally to Panel LMK. The analysis was

conducted using the Per Unit Short Circuit Method. A calculation summary and results are shown

below in table format.



Table 50: Short Circuit Calculation Worksheet



Table 51: Short Circuit Results Table

For the same single path evaluated in the short circuit calculation study, an overcurrent proctection

device coordination study was conducted. Circuit breaker trip curves for a 100A and 225A at

208Y/120V and a 100A breaker at 480Y/277V were evaluated. The breakers should be

coordinated to trip in that order. The circuit breaker types evaluated include Square D: FH-100A-

3POLE-16DC for the 100A breakers and Square D: KI-225A-3POLE breaker for the 225A Breaker.



Figure 67: Overcurrent Protection Coordination



The time/current trip curves were obtained for Square D circuit breakers and were super imposed

on each as shown below which will successfully coordinate with each other for a successful

coordination system.



Electrical Depth Topic One:

Photovoltaic Array Study

With the original intent of sustainability in mind, photovoltaic panels were considered in the

schematic stages of design for Chandler City Hall. A photovoltaic array was not included in the final

design; however after much consideration, the building systems were design to complement the

possibility of a future photovoltaic array. The following analysis assesses the feasibility of the costs

versus the savings generated by a photovoltaic array.

In their new city hall, the city of Chandler hoped to set an example for the typically historic town

that they are moving toward the future and want to promote sustainability in all new construction

projects. Located in Chandler, Arizona the abundant sunshine makes the idea of a photovoltaic

array much more feasible than many other locations in the United States. The figures below

indicate Chandler, Arizona’s climate by far outweighs the national average for sunshine throughout

the year, while also maintaining minimal days of cloud cover.

Figure 68: Days of Sunshine – Chandler, AZ

Figure 69: Cloudy Days - Chandler, AZ



System Design

The idea of the photovoltaic array is to implement a system that harvests the suns energy and

converts it to a useable source to supply power to Chandler City Hall’s building systems. Not only

does a photovoltaic array provide environmental benefits by reducing the amount of electricity

used that is produced from fossil fuels, but it also can create significant financial benefits due to

savings on electricity costs.

The specified photovoltaic array is designed to fit on the available roof space of Chandler City Hall

and supplement the APS utility service to create energy savings over a reasonable payback period.

The array is designed using the Schuco MPE 320 MP 02 Module coupled with Fronius 12kW IG Plus

PV Inverters as shown below. More detailed specifications can be found in the Appendix.

Figure 70: Photovoltaic Electrical Specifications



Figure 71: Inverter Electrical Specifications

Each 12kW inverter has six DC inputs terminals which allows for six strings of PVs per inverter. In

order to determine the number of PVs permissible on each string was determined using the

following data and equations.



Per ASHRAE Standard 90.1- Table D1 – US and US Territory Climatic Data the heating design

temperature was chosen from Phoenix, Arizona as data was not available for Chandler but it is

located in close proximity to Phoenix.

Phoenix- Heating Design Temperature: 34 F

C Conversion: 1.11 F

Taken from the electrical characteristics of the PV Module, the temperature coefficient and rated

voltage are used to determine the new overcurrent voltage to calculate the PV Modules per string.

PV Module Rated Voltage: 72.3 V

Temperature Coefficient (Voc): -0.34%/ C

Change in Overcurrent Voltage = (-0.34%/ C) (1.11 C - 25 C) = 8.1226%

New PV Overcurrent Voltage = 72.3 V + (72.3 V*8.1226%) = 78.2V

Inverter Max Input Voltage: 600V

PV Modules per string = Inverter Max Input Voltage/ PV Overcurrent Voltage

= 600V / 78.2 V

= 7 PV Modules per String

According to the above calculations, module size, and available roof space, the photovoltaic array

was designed using 777 modules to harvest the suns energy and convert usable electric energy.

This photovoltaic system was then evaluated using RETScreen International Clean Energy Project

Analysis Software.

In RETScreen, the following climate data was input according records for Chandler, Arizona.

Figure 72: RETScreen Climate Data



Figure 73: RETScreen Climate Data

At a module efficiency of 11.9%, 777 Schuco MPE 320 MP 02 PV modules were input into the

RETScreen software. RS Means Electrical Cost Data 2011 was used to determine the cost for the

grid connected photovoltaic complete power system.

RS Means Electrical Cost Data 2011

Photovoltaic Power System, Grid Connected 777 PV Module Array: $1,249,675

Data for typical yearly energy usage and costs for Chandler City Hall are not currently available;

therefore the peak rate published by Arizona Public Service utility company was used to determine

the Electricity Export Rate. $0.10320 per kWh was converted and input into RETScreen software as

$103. 20/MWh. A full copy of the RETScreen Analysis can be found in the Appendix.

Figure 74: RETScreen Calculations

The project life was evaluated based on photovoltaic modules guarantee for 25 years. Inflation data

was gathered based on current data inflation rate from January 2011 which yielded a 1.63%

inflation rate according to www.inflationdata.com.

Both the state and federal governments offer incentives and rebates for using renewable energy.

Under US Code Title 26 (Section 48 (a)(3)) the federal government offer a tax credit or grant for



businesses investing in renewable power. The federal grant, available until 2016, is a one-time

credit equal to 30% the initial cost of the system. Additionally, APS utility service also offers

incentives through their renewable energy program. For grid-tied, non-residential applications

APS offers a one-time incentive of $2.50 per connected DC watt.

These government and utility company incentives provide for the following savings for the system

implemented for Chandler City Hall.

$1,249,675 * (30%) = $374,902.50

$2.50/W(DC) * 248.64kW = + $621,600.00

$996,502.50 Total Incentives

The following displays the RETScreen Financial Analysis for the system.

Figure 75: RETScreen Results



Figure 76: RETScreen Results

Conclusions

Due to the sunny Arizona climate and the government and state incentives that would be offered to

toward a photovoltaic renewable power system at Chandler City Hall, this system would yield the

following paybacks.

Simple Pay-back: 5.9 years

Equity Pay-back: 6.2 years

The designed photovoltaic system will very much so benefit Chandler City Hall. The very sunny

climate allows the photovoltaic system to harvest a maximum amount of energy from the sun and

provides for a very cost effective solution of producing renewable energy.



Electrical Depth Topic Two:

Cost Benefit Analysis of Increasing Feeder Sizes

An analysis was conducted to evaluate the initial cost and potential energy saving for increasing

feeder sizes in Chandler City Hall. While a lesser initial cost exists in installing smaller wire sizes to

meet the minimum requirements of the National Electric Code, there exists a potential energy

savings through use of larger wires. Larger wires exhibit less resistance over a substantial distance,

and in turn yield less energy loss than smaller wires. Data was gathered from the existing circuitry

and used to compare to a system using the larger wires in the same configuration and layout.

The existing feeders were evaluated, and a

take-off of the length and load on each of the

feeders was taken based off of the existing

the panelboard schedules. These loads were

then multiplied by three different demand

factors to calculate an average load; 0.3 to

represent loads at night, 0.6 to represent the

early morning and late evening when more

loads are in used than at night but less than

the peak hours of the day which are

represented by the 0.9 demand factor.

The initial costs of the feeders were

determined using RS Means Electrical Cost

Data 2011 for both the existing feeders and

for the increased size. The difference was

calculated to find the additional cost of the

larger wire. The intent is to find a feasible

solution in which the energy savings per

year make up for the added initial cost of the

feeders.

Data for energy usages and costs in Chandler

City Hall are not currently available; therefore the rates published by Arizona Public Service, (APS)

will be used to determine the amount of energy cost savings generated by increasing the feeder

size.

Table 52: RS Means Cost Data



May- October

$0.10320 per kWh for the first 200kWh

+ $0.06034 per kWh for all additional kWh

November – April

$0.08619 per kWh for the first 200kWh

+ $0.04334 per kWh for all additional kWh

The total energy lost in each feeder was calculated from the voltage drop across all feeders and

used to determine estimated cost savings over a one year time period. Using voltage drop

multipliers from Eaton 2006 Consulting Application Guide, the voltage drop was calculated using

the following equation:

Voltage Drop = (Load (A) * Length (ft.) * VDMultiplier)/100

Voltage Drop was multiplied by the load adjusted for each demand factor and then adjusted to

account for the energy lost over the course of one year. These losses were then multiplied by rates

supplied by APS to determine the cost of this lost energy.

Upon completion of the calculations for the existing feeders, each feeder was increased to the next

wire size. The voltage drop multiplier was adjusted appropriately and total energy loss and costs

over a one year time period were calculated. This data is then compared to determine the cost

effectiveness of upsizing the feeders. The following tables show the costs and savings generated by

each wire at each of the three demand factors.



Table 53: Initial Costs Calculation Table

Refer to Appendix IV for Calculation Tables.



Results and Conclusions

The initial cost of the conductors increases with the increase in size. The increase in wire size

affects the diameter of the conductor. With a larger diameter, the copper is less resistive, therefore

improving the voltage drop and decreasing the amount of wasted energy over the length of the

conductor.

Table 54: Resulting Cost Data

Figure 77: Cost Savings vs. Initial Cost Trends

$0.00

$500.00

$1,000.00

$1,500.00

$2,000.00

$2,500.00

$3,000.00

$3,500.00

$4,000.00

$54,843.23 $75,805.82

Ene

rgy

Savi

ngs

pe

r ye

ar (

$)

Initial Cost ($)

Energy Cost Saving vs. Intial Cost of Increased Feeder Size

0.3 DEMAND FACTOR

0.6 DEMAND FACTOR

0.9 DEMAND FACTOR



Based off of the above tables and graphs, it is evident that with the higher demand factor, more

energy savings are generated. This in turn yields a lesser payback period by generating more

energy savings.

Table 55: Pay Back Period for Increasing Feeder Sizes

The above calculated pay back periods shows the most efficient system operating with an increased

feeder size at the highest demand factor of 90% total load. Based on these numbers, the 60% and

90% demand factors yield a reasonable payback period in which significant energy savings could

be generated. An even more cost effective solution might be to evaluate the loads that each

conductor services, determine a more exact demand factor and then evaluate exactly which wires

would benefit from an increase in size.



M.A.E. Focus | Daylight Integration and Control The city clerk occupies the tower portion of Chandler City Hall which is enclosed by a glass façade.

Open office spaces comprise the south half of the tower on each floor. These open office spaces are

enclosed by a south-facing glass façade allowing for a variety of different daylight solutions that

could possibly be implemented to enhance the quality of the space. Located in Chandler, Arizona,

the climate provides ample sunlight throughout the year. Residing in the northern hemisphere in a

climate with an abundance of sunny days and very few overcast days brings to concern the direct

sunlight entering the space. And evaluation should be a consideration of the not only the total

amount of daylight in the space that could potentially reduce the electric lighting loads, but also the

amount of usable daylight.

System Overview

The indirect pendant mounted lighting design for the space

provides an ample amount of light to the large workspaces;

however the opportunity exists to save on energy costs by

implementing a daylight integration and control system to

enhance the quality of the space. This south facing façade is

enclosed by a glass curtain wall coupled with exterior sun shades.

The exterior sun shades have a 12” profile spaced 1’-6” O.C. and

are angled at 20˚.

The following analysis uses Daysim daylight simulation analysis

software to compare a dimming daylight integration scenario

using closed loop proportional photosensors to the same system

coupled with shade control. The space was modeled using

AutoCad 2011 and then converted in to a .rad file to be compatible

with Daysim and then actual space, object, and glass properties

were defined in a material.rad file.

The following material definitions were used to create the

material.rad file:

void plastic l_ceiling 0 0 5 0.9000 0.9000 0.9000 0.0000 0.0000 void glass l_glass 0 0 3 0.4700 0.4700 0.4700 void plastic l_exteriormullions 0 0 5 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_interiormullions 0 0 5 0.6500 0.6500 0.6500 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_shadedevice 0 0 5 0.6500 0.6500 0.6500 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_floor 0 0 5 0.3200 0.3200 0.3200 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_floor2 0 0 5 0.3200 0.3200 0.3200 0.0000 0.0000

Figure 78: Exterior Sun Shades



void plastic l_ground 0 0 5 0.1800 0.1800 0.1800 0.0000 0.0000 void glass l_interiorglass 0 0 3 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 void plastic l_roof 0 0 5 0.3000 0.3000 0.3000 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_wall 0 0 5 0.4400 0.4400 0.4400 0.0000 0.0000 void plastic l_desk 0 0 5 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 For the analysis involving roller shades, and additional .rad file was created to define the geometry and material properties of the shades. The open office space uses Nysan Greenscreen Eco motorized roller shades with a 3% openness factor and a visible transmittance equal to 7% and reflectance value of 0.12. The following was used to define the material property in the shade.rad file: void trans l_shade 0 0 7 0.22 0.22 0.22 0 0 0.455 0.1 In the Daysim analysis, the target illuminance was set at 30fc (or 322.8 lux) for the open office

space. The usable daylight is set in the range of 30-250fc (or 322.8-2690lux) and shade control is

signaled at 250fc (or 2690lux.) To prevent unwanted sunlight through the glass façade it was

decided to be of importance to turn the shades on when this signal is reached 3’ into the room.

Figure 79: Daysim Input



The analysis was conducted using a grid spacing of 2’ x 2’ at a workplane height of 2’-6”.

Figure 80: Daysim Calculation Grid

The Focal Point Verve II Fixture was specified with an integral Wattstopper daylight sensor. The

luminaire cut sheet can be found in Appendix II.

Table 56: Open Office Control Schedule



Figure 81: Daysim Luminaire Schedule

Two 8’ long fixture runs were connected for a total run length of 16’ and spaced 16’ O.C. These

runs were split into two separate dimming zones as shown in the figure below.

Figure 82: Daysim Luminaire Layout

A more detailed luminaire schedule and lighting plan can be found in Appendix I.



The following parameters were used for the daylighting and electric light calculation in Daysim.

Figure 83: Daysim Calculation Parameters



Open Office- Two Zone Dimming Control

Two analyses were conducted using Daysim to account for a two zone dimming control system.

Each zone is control separately. The first run dims the luminaires in Zone 1 closest to the window

while Zone 2 is set ON. Then second run then has Zone 1 set OFF and dims Zone 2 accordingly

when light levels are met. When analyzed together, the data will represent the total savings that

will be generated by dimming each zone.

After evaluating the .wea file generated by Daysim from the .epw weather file, November 28, an

overcast day at 11:00AM was chosen to set the critical point for the specified closed loop

photosensors.

Figure 84: Daysim Critical Point Setpoint Screen – Zone 1 Dimmed; Zone 2 ON

The chosen critical point is marked by an “X” in the above figure. This point is set at on the work

plane. The photosensor sees this point and adjusts to maintain and control the necessary

illuminance levels for the space through control of the dimming ballast.



The target illuminance at the critical point was set at 30fc (or 322.8 lux). Notice, the potential exists

to slightly dim the luminaires even during the night condition.

Figure 85: Daysim Closed Loop Control Algorithm Setpoint

The photosensor is located on the edge of the end luminaire 8’-0” A.F.F. facing down.

Figure 86: Daysim Photosensor Location Zone 1



For control of the second zone, the critical point and control algorithm was reset and recalculated

as shown below.

Figure 87: Daysim Critical Point Setpoint Screen – Zone 1 OFF; Zone 2 Dimmed




The photosensor that controls Zone 2 is located on the same end luminaire at the opposite edge of

the 16’ fixture run.


Performance

The daylighting analysis was evaluated over three sunny days representative of daylight scenarios

throughout the including days near the summer solstice, winter solstice and equinox, and one

overcast day.

November 28th (Overcast day)

January 22nd

March 23rd

July 12th

Detailed hour by hour analysis from 7:00AM to 9:00PM, Chandler City Hall’s typical hours of

operation, can be found in Appendix V. These images show the dimming levels of each zone at each

hour of the day.

The following images include the daylight autonomy, continuous daylight autonomy and useful

daylight illuminance. The contours are representative of how often the criterion is met.

Briefly, the daylight autonomy measure how often each point in the room meets 30 fc. The

continuous daylight autonomy meaures how often each point in the room meets 30 fc and gives

partial credit for times when the daylight illuminance falls short of 30 fc. Lastly, the useful daylight

illuminance shows a measure of how often the daylight illuminance falls within the useful or

acceptable range of 30 – 250 fc.



Figure 90: Daylight Autonomy

Figure 91: Continuous Daylight Autonomy

Figure 92: Useful Daylight Illuminance



Zone1 Dimmed; Zone2 On

Figure 93: Dimming Level vs. Signal – Zone 1

Table 57: Energy Table (kWh ) Controlled Zone - Zone 1

Table 58: Energy Table (kWh ) Grand Total - Zone 1



Zone1 Off; Zone2 Dimmed

Figure 94: Dimming Level vs. Signal – Zone 2

Table 59: Energy Table (kWh ) Controlled Zone - Zone 2

Table 60: Energy Table (kWh ) Grand Total - Zone 2



Open Office- Two Zone Dimming Control + Roller Shades

Like the previous analysis, two runs were conducted using Daysim to account for a two zone

dimming control system. The first run dims the luminaires in Zone 1 closest to the window while

Zone 2 is set ON and then second run sets Zone 1 OFF and dims Zone 2 accordingly when light

levels are met. These analyses are then coupled with open loop photosensor control of roller

shades.

The critical point for the closed loop photosensors was again set on November 28, an overcast day

at 11:00AM but this time, shade control was also set based on a signal level of 250 fc (or 2690 lux)

at a distance of 3 ft. into the room along the room midpoint.

Figure 95: Daysim Roller Shade Control Set Point



Figure 96: Daysim Critical Point Setpoint Screen – Zone 1 Dimmed; Zone 2 ON




Figure 98: Daysim Photosensor Location Zone1

Figure 99: Daysim Critical Point Setpoint Screen – Zone 1 Off; Zone 2 Dimmed





Performance

Like the previous analysis, the daylighting analysis was evaluated over three sunny days

representative, and one overcast day.

November 28th (Overcast day)

January 22nd

March 23rd

July 12th

Detailed hour by hour analysis from 7:00AM to 9:00PM, Chandler City Hall’s typical hours of

operation, can be found in Appendix V. These images show the dimming levels of each zone at each

hour of the day.



The following images include the daylight autonomy, continuous daylight autonomy and useful

daylight illuminance. The contours are representative of how often the criterion is met.

Figure 102: Daylight Autonomy

Figure 103: Continuous Daylight Autonomy

Figure 104: Useful Daylight Illuminance



Zone1 Dimmed; Zone2 On

Figure 105: Dimming Level vs. Signal – Zone 1+ Shade Control

Table 61: Energy Table (kWh ) Controlled Zone - Zone 1+ Shade Control

Table 62: Energy Table (kWh ) Grand Total - Zone 1+ Shade Control



Zone1 Off; Zone2 Dimmed

Figure 106: Dimming Level vs. Signal – Zone 2+ Shade Control

Table 63: Energy Table (kWh ) Controlled Zone - Zone 2+ Shade Control

Table 64: Energy Table (kWh ) Grand Total - Zone 2+ Shade Control



Daylight Performance Evaluation

The dimming level versus signal graphs from both analyses show optimal performance from the

closed loop photosensor. Each graph clearly defines the slope on which the control algorithm

works for the photosensors. Notice in the analysis dimming zone 1 with shade control that two

distinct slopes exist representing the operation of the photosensor with and without the shades.

Both daylight integration solutions for the 3rd floor south facing open office provide for energy

savings, add to points toward a potential LEED Gold Rating, and enhance the space by introducing

daylight to the work environment.

In both scenarios dimming of zone 1 provides slightly greater savings than zone 2. This is typical

because zone 1 is located closer to the windows and receives the most daylight. Also it is true that

the two zone dimming control without shades provides for more savings on energy usage from

electric lighting, however, when coupled with shade control, the dimming/shade control

integrations provides for more useful daylight illuminance in the space. Energy saving can be very

appealing; however a comfortable environment should be of highest concern for a work

environment.

With that in mind, dimming control couple with shade control would provide the greatest benefit to

this open office space.



Summary and Conclusions

The main goal of this thesis report was to determine how changes in one building system can

potentially affect several others. Furthermore, advantages can be found aesthetically and in terms

of efficiency, energy savings, or cost savings.

Chandler City Hall in itself is a blend of elements, concepts, and foundations. Exhibiting a theme of

respecting the past and acknowledging the future, both the architecture and implemented lighting

design complement the space to create a sense of timelessness and a new edge for the city of

Chandler. Important steps were taken to reach this sense of satiety.

Architecturally, the redesign of the Council Chamber affected the way surfaces would be treated

with light. Additionally, in the lobby small adjustments had the potential to reduce solar gains

drastically.

Daylighting integration and control was of importance especially because of the abundant daylight

available in the Arizona climate. This provided for the potential energy savings through an daylight

integration system however sometimes quality is better for a little extra cost such as through

implementation of shade control.

The electrical analysis included specifying energy efficient system and coordinating appropriately

Additionally a photovoltaic analysis proved to be a great way of producing energy with the

available incentives, and the feeder analysis showed some other potential savings if evaluated

carefully.

Overall, this process created a link and shown challenges in coordinating between nearly all

building systems. However a comprehensive analysis and integrative approach can have great

potential on building projects.



References ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2007. The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference & Application, 9th Edition. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. New York, NY. 2000. RSMeans Electrical Data 2011. Kingston, MA: R.S. Means Company, Inc. 2009.

Hughes, S. David. Electrical Systems in Buildings. Albany, NY: Delmar Inc., 1988.

National Electric Code 2008, Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, Inc., 2008

Spitler, Jeffery ASHRAE Load Calculations Manual American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2007.

SOFTWARE:

Daysim

3D Studio Max Design 2011

AGI32

AutoCAD 2011

Adobe Photoshop CS5



Acknowledgements

Thank you all for your support and assistance throughout my senior thesis.

Dr. Kevin Houser

Dr. Richard Mistrick

Professor Theodore Dannerth

Professor Robert Holland

Professor Kevin Parfitt

Matt Alleman, SmithGroup

Jeff Gerwing, SmithGroup

A/E students particularly the Lighting/Electrical option

And, finally, to all my family and friends, especially Mom, Dad, Michaela, and Weston. I love you all.

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