Challenges of a Diverse Society
description
Transcript of Challenges of a Diverse Society
![Page 1: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Challenges of a Diverse Society
Race, Ethnicity, and ImmigrationDiNitto Chapter 12,
By Dr. Nerio
![Page 2: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Racial Equality: How Far Have We Come?
• By 2050: non-Hispanic whites will likely become a numerical minority– Hispanic population: 30%– African-American: 15%– Asian-American: 6%
![Page 3: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Civil Rights Act
• First Civil Rights Act: 1866
• Second Civil Rights Act: 1875 (declared unconstitutional)
• Civil Rights Act, 1964
![Page 4: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Events Leading Up to the Civil Rights Act
• See PowerPoint: Parting the Waters
![Page 5: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Civil Rights Act, 1964• Outlawed unequal standards for voter registration
• Outlawed discrimination by race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations
• AG must take action on behalf a person denied equal access
• AG must take civil action on behalf of persons attempting orderly desegregation of public schools
• Commission on Civil Rights must investigate and make reports regarding discrimination
• All federal agencies and departments must take action to end discrimination in federal aid
• Established EEOC
• All employers and labor unions with more than 25 employees are forbidden to discrimination in any fashion in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national original
![Page 6: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fair Housing Act, 1968
• An amendment to the Civil Rights Act
• Result of the Kerner Comission
![Page 7: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
From School Desegregation to Resegregation
• Dred Scot: 1857
• In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment: all citizens are guaranteed equal protection under the law
• 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate but equal
![Page 8: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Brown vs. Board of Education
• 1954
• De jure and de facto segregation
• Southern school districts resisted Brown with “freedom of choice” plans
• 1968: Green v. School Board of Kent County– Required districts to eliminate all vestiges of discrimination
![Page 9: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Busing
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education– Approved “mandatory student reassignment”
![Page 10: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Major Anti-Busing Backlash Begins
![Page 11: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
From Sticks to Carrots
• Magnet Schools
• Educational enhancements
• 2007: Supreme Court struck down the use of race as a criterion:
– John Roberts: “The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminated on the basis of race.”
![Page 12: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Resegregation
![Page 13: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Issue: Local Funding
• Texas’s “Robin Hood” law
• Class action suite against the State of California, 2000– State claimed that more money in poorer districts
would not fix the problem
• After a settlement in the California case, students showed improvement with more funding
![Page 14: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
No Child Left Behind
• Focus on achievement does nothing to improve funding
• NCLB had no civil rights component
• G.W. Bush: “soft bigotry of low expectations”
![Page 15: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Affirmative Action• Principle: “women and minorities should be admitted,
hired, and promoted in proportion to their representation in the population” (DiNitto, 466)
• Quotas or goals?
• Philadelphia Plan, 1967: those bidding on federal contracts must submit plans to employ specific % of minority workers
• 1971: Federal Aviation Administration: every fifth vacant position must be filled by a minority or hiring will be frozen
![Page 16: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Claims of Reverse Discrimination
• Does affirmative action violate the 14th Amendment?
• 1974: Marco DeFunis sued the University of Washington
• Several suits followed, mostly at universities
![Page 17: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Affirmative Action During the Reagan Years
• Reagan recommended people to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission who opposed affirmative action
• Justice Department began to force localities to abandon affirmative action policies
![Page 18: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
George H.W. Bush
• A supporter of civil rights
• Congress attempted to “restore civil rights” and affirmative action in 1990
• George Bush defeated the attempt
• ACLU accused him of using quotas as a “smokescreen”
![Page 19: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Affirmative Action and Voters• Early 1990s:
• California Proposition, Proposition 209 • Washington State, Initiative 200
• Voters banned gender/racial preferences
• 1996
• Hopwood v. Texas• U.S. Court of appeals ruled that racial preferences in university
administration are unconstitutional
![Page 20: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The States Respond with New Plans
• Texas: all high school students who finish in the top 10% of their class are guaranteed admissions to Texas universities
• California: 12.5%
• Investigation by U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: the percent plans did not work well
![Page 21: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• NAACP: strong supporter of affirmative action
• Many African-American conservatives oppose it
• What do you think?
![Page 22: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stop and Frisk
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/#44996131
![Page 23: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Immigration: An Introductory Discussion
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/#44939271
![Page 24: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Immigration and Social Welfare
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Immigration Act of 1924
• Waves of Immigration– English/North European– Mid-1800s, Britain, Germany, Ireland– 1880s to 1914, southern and eastern European and Asian– Post 1965 – Lyndon Johnson reforms the Johnson-Reed Act
![Page 25: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Crisis and Immigration
• Vietnam War
• Trujillo in DR, 1960s
• Cuban Revolution (several waves, including Mariel Boat Lift in 1980)
• Haiti and Duvalier
![Page 26: Challenges of a Diverse Society](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062302/56816735550346895ddbe2d6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sanctuary Cities and the Sanctuary Movement
• 1980s – El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua
• Backlash to sanctuary movement