Water Planning and Management

Course Code : WSW 151

Course Coordinator : Ms. Ranjana ChaudhuriPresenter : Priyank and Rajesh

Challenges in the Tapi River Basin

A case for shift from Development Phase Planning to

Strategic Planning

Flow of the Presentation

1) Tapi River Basin 2) Current Status and Challenges 3) Concepts and Principles 4) Tapi River and Urbanization 5) Tapi 2050 – Strategic Planning

Tapi River Basin

Basin Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/TapI.htm

Drainage Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/Tapi/tapi_drainage.jpg

Groundwater Depth Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_ground_water.jpg

Land-use Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_landuse.jpg

Slope Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_slope.jpg

Hydrological Soil Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_soil.jpg

Kharif Crop Pattern Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_kharif.jpg

Rabi Crop Pattern Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_rabi.jpg

District Boundary Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_district.jpg

Description ➢ Northern-most basin of the Deccan Plateau➢ River rises near Multai in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh

at an elevation of about 752m and flows for about 724 km before outfalling into the Arabian sea through the Gulf of Cambay.

➢ Region➢ Northern boundary – Satpura range ➢ Southern boundary – Ajanta and Satmala range➢ Eastern boundary – Mahadeo hills

State Region Drainage Area Percentage of total

Madhya Pradesh Nimar 9,804 sq. km 15.0

Maharashtra Kandesh and East Vidarbha

51,504 sq. km 79.1

Gujarat South Gujarat 3,837 sq. km 5.9

65,145 sq. km 100

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htmhttp://www.cwc.nic.in/regional/gandhinagar/welcome.html

River Basin➢ Divided in three sub-basins

➢ Water Potential and Utiization

Sub-basin Region Drainage Area

Annual Rainfall

Number of Watershed

Upper Tapi Basin

Up to Hathnur 29,430 sq. km

935.55 mm 26

Middle Tapi Basin

From Hathnur to Gidhade gauging site

25320 sq. km

631.5 mm 28

Lower Tapi Basin

Gidhade gauging site up to sea

10.395 sq. km

1,042.33 mm

5

Surface Water 14.88 km^3

Ground Water 8.27 km^3 (replenishable)

http://cgwb.gov.in/watershed/list-ws.htmlhttp://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htm

River Basin

➢ Tributaries (having length more than 50 km)➢ On right bank – Vaki, Gomai, Arunavati and Aner ➢ On left bank – Nesu, Amaravati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Waghur, Purna,

Mona, Sipna

➢ Hilly Region - Satpuras, Satmalas, Mahadeo, Ajanta and the Gawilgarh hills are well forested

➢ Plains - Khandesh areas consists of black soils➢ Coastal plains of Gujarat consisting of alluvial clays with a

layer of black soil on the surface

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htmhttp://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tapi

Current Status and Challenges

Water sharing agreement➢ Signed 12th January 1986

➢ At 75% dependability➢ Reserved upstream of Ukai project

Madhya Pradesh 70 TMC

Maharashtra 191.4 TMC

Total 261.4 TMC

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/images/2/2e/56.pdf

Water Demand Projection ➢ Total of surface water and ground water resources = 22.7

km^3

➢ Population = 20.5 million ; per capita water availability = 744 m^3 per year (2010)

Domestic 1.1

Irrigation 3.89

Return Flow 1.27

Net for Dam and Irrigation 3.72

Balance (Industrial and other uses, 2010, 2025, 2050)

19.05; 17.86; 16.96

http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/2011/Chp-1-A-River-Basin-Perspective-of-Water-Resources-and-C.pdf

Major and Medium Projects

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/Tapi/tapi_project.jpg

Focus Area – Lower Tapi Basin

➢ Basic Details

➢ Projects

Name River Status Capacity (MCM) Utilization

Ukai Tapi Major 8510 (gross) 7092 (live) Irrigation and Power

Kakrapar Tapi Major 51.51 36.51 Irrigation and Water Supply

Lakhiga Dhakani Medium 38.80 37.41 Irrigation

Ver Ver Medium 4.90 4.61 Irrigation

Districts Surat and Bharuch

Area and Length 2920 sq. km; 129 km

Industries Textile, Chemical, Diamond

Ukai dam & flood control➢ Reservoir 100 km upstream of Surat with a gross storage of 8511 MCM (1972)➢ Main objective when built : Irrigation, power generation and partial flood control➢ Surat city and villages around are part of flood drainage of Tapti River

7th August 2006 flood - Rs 22,000 cr. damages➢ Analysis of the dam operation and rainfall pattern in the catchment of the

reservoir makes it clear that this was a completely avoidable, man made mishap. ➢ Due to lack of timely release of water by the Gujarat water resources dept, the

storage in the Ukai reservoir was allowed to go up beyond the levels it should have, leading to sudden release of unmanageable quantities from Aug 7, for prolonged periods.

➢ Since this coincided with the days of high tide when the river’s drainage capacity is further reduced, the floods brought catastrophic results

➢ Dam authorities tend to keep high storages at dams like Ukai for maximization of power generation

http://mddesai.com/Paper_2000_2010/6%20-%20IITBombay%20Paper%20-%2016-11-06.pdf

Ukai dam & flood control

Actions to prevent future floods➢ Complete construction of river embankment Pala yojana

scheme inaugurated in 1971 ➢ Maintain flood plain & improve drainage (storm water) of

Surat city➢ Prevention of coastal erosion➢ Improved forecasting & flood warning to downstream➢ Authority to decide against conservation or power needs of

water as well as control all parameters influencing drainage of flood of river valley

http://mddesai.com/Paper_2000_2010/6%20-%20IITBombay%20Paper%20-%2016-11-06.pdf

Focus Area – Lower Tapi Basin ➢ Tidal influence is up to 25 km ➢ Appreciable morphological changes have not been observed

in the bank line ➢ Water Quality

*A-River water fit for drinking after disinfection; B-fit for bathing; C-fit for drinking only after proper treatment; D-fit for fish wild life; E-suitable only for industrial and irrigation

*Average Chemical Composition (ppm)

http://www.academia.edu/4772160/WATER_QUALITY_AND_POLLUTION_STATUS_OF_TAPI_RIVER_GUJARAT_INDIA; www.edugreen.teri.res.in

Sub-basin Desired Status

Upper Tapi A B,Totcoli

Middle Tapi C D, BOD, Totcoli

Lower Tapi C D, BOD

HCO3

Cl SO4 SiO2 Ca Mg Na K TDS

150 65 1 16 19 22 48 3 322

Par-Tapi Narmada Link -Interlinking➢ Transfer of surplus water from west flowing rivers between Par

and Tapi to water deficit areas in North Gujarat➢ Link project consists of 7 proposed reservoirs on the rivers

between Par and Tapi and a 395 km long link canal (including 33 km length of the feeders) connecting these reservoirs to carry water to their target command areas north of Narmada

Benefits - Irrigation & Power generation➢ 7 proposed reservoirs to provide a total of 1350 Mm3 of water➢ The estimated annual energy to be generated from these power

houses is of the order of 93 Mkwh

http://nwda.gov.in/searchdetail.asp?lid=131&skey=tapi&langid=1

Challenges

➢ Inter-state cooperation over sharing of Tapi river water ➢ Manifold increase in demand due to population growth,

economic growth, infrastructure development, increase in crop production (irrigation), industrial growth and urbanization

➢ Influence of sea water and floods in the lower Tapi basin Pollution due to urban sewage, agricultural and industrial run-

off➢ Conservation, environmental flow and groundwater recharge

Concepts and Principles

Concepts and Principles

➢ Shift from traditional centralized infrastructure towards integrated water management

➢ Fit-for-purpose hybrid solutions ➢ Best practices in water systems and sanitary engineering ➢ Sustainable development considering social, political, climatic

and environmental factors ➢ Demand management and urban development➢ Multilevel governance and participatory planning ➢ Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis

Concepts and Principles

➢ Legislations, regulations, institutions, self-governance, participation

➢ Dublin’s Principles ➢ Private and Public partnership ➢ Water quality standards and health risk ➢ Human right to water ➢ Water-energy nexus and food security

Source: Presentation by Mr. Jatin Shah, City Engineer, Surat Municipal Corporation – “Preparing for the Urban Challenges of the 21st Century”

Tapi River and Urbanization

Surat City – Water Supply Status Area 326.51 sq. km

Population (2011) 44.7 lakh (8th most populated city)

Municipality and Village Panchayats 8 & 27

Source of Water Tapi River

Population covered under piped network

94% (out of 47 lakh, present population)

Installed capacity of intake wells 1146 MLD

Installed capacity of water works 1178 MLD

Gross daily average water supply 840 MLD

Average per capita water supply per day

140 MLD

Storage capacity of all WDS and WW 653 MLD

Approximate length of water supply pipelines

2750 km

Water Supply Master Plan

➢ Projected Water Demand

➢ Water Supply Infrastructure

Year 2026 2041

Population 87.84 lac 123.04 lac

Projected Water Demand 1682.63 MLD 2331.67 MLD

Water Supply Components 2013 Ongoing (2013)

Ultimate Capacity 2041

Cumulative Capacity Increase

Intake wells (in MLD) 1463 2033 2425

WTP (in MLD) 1178 1468 1678

UGSR Capacity (in ML) 624.7 680.9 726.7

ESR Capacity (in ML) 28.6 70.9 124.3

Distribution Network (in km) 2750 3100 3400

Surat City – Sewerage System Year 2014

Coverage 204 sq. km (100% of present habitat area)

Length of sewer network ~1600 km

Sewage pumping stations 58 No. (1949.98 MLD)

Sewage treatment plants 12 No. (992.50 MLD)

➢ Location of STP – Anjana, Bhesan, Bhatar, Karanj, Singanpore, Bamroli, Asharma, Khajod, Variav-Kosad, Dindoli

Weirs.Singanpur (1995)➢ Constructed due to reduction in river flow, siltation around

infiltration & collection wells➢ Provides a standing pool of freshwater ➢ Prevents the ingress of tidal water and drifting silt entering

infiltration well area during the high tides

Proposed weir in downstream➢ Recharge rainwater to saline GWL of flood plain➢ Provide source of raw water for no-source villages of Choryasi

Taluka and Hazira industries➢ Rubber dam is a type of hydraulic structure made of rubberized

high strength fabric, which forms a rubber bag. The barrage will be filled with air, so that it can be inflated or deflated as per requirement

Urban Challenges & Water Supply

➢ Efficient water supply management ➢ Quality Adherence and adequate Supply ➢ Conservation (RWH) and IEC activities ➢ Optimum O&M cost – reduce production cost; reduce energy consumption; loss

reduction/control - and 100% cost recovery➢ Service delivery in sustainable manner

➢ Water quality monitoring ➢ Location – Generation, WDS, Consumer➢ Frequency – Round the clock, Hourly, Shift-wise, Daily, Weekly, Quaterly, During supply

hours ➢ Parameters – pH, turbidity, TDS, free residual chlorine (FRC), DO, BOD, COD, color index,

alkalinity, taste, odor, nitrate, iron, fluoride, ammoniac nitrogen, chloride, chlorine demand, all heavy metals and MPN index (17 parameters)

➢ Stages – Raw water, treated water, supply water, WDS water, consumer samples

Urban Challenges & Water Supply➢ Operation and maintenance practices

➢ SCDA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)➢ GRID system

➢ Energy efficiency and savings measure➢ Energy audits

➢Re-engineering in water supply routes ➢ Renewable energy and water supply

➢ NRW reduction initiatives ➢ Water audit➢ Flow measurement and metering

➢ Water conservation ➢ Recycling of domestic wastewater is important due to limited

ground water recharge potential as a result of proximity to sea and saline aquifers

Urban Challenges & Sewerage System

➢ STPs - Latest Technology ➢ Cost effective implementation ➢ Efficient O&M practices ➢ Energy efficiency reforms

➢ Sewage gas based power plants➢ Carbon Credit – Clean Development Mechanism

➢ SCADA and automation ➢ PPP initiatives

➢ Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP)➢ Waste Water Recycling Project

Salient Features

➢ Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) apparently has financial autonomy and long-term focus till 2045

➢ Cost recovery and public awareness campaign towards it and loss reduction

➢ Best practices, benchmarking and utilization of latest technology

➢ Use of legislation regulations for mandatory RWH systems and sewage tax

➢ Energy efficient technologies, renewable energy sources, power generation from waste

➢ Private public partnership

Tapi 2050 : Strategic Planning

Understanding

➢ Restoration and conservation should be decoupled ➢ Conservation should essentially be a part of governance and

management ➢ Dedicated data collection and analysis systems and

information sharing mechanisms should be designed ➢ A basin level coordination agency should be constituted to

assist and advice the governing and managing bodies in decision-making and execution

➢ Employing latest technology is inevitable for management and conservation but social and cultural aspect of water should be given equal importance

Understanding

➢ Intra-generational and inter-generational equity should become the part of policy and planning at all stages of governance

➢ Strategic urban development, sustainable industrial growth and agricultural reforms must be pursued and analyzed in context of river basin health

Questions?