Challenges in Speaking Producing language / Processing language Negotiating Time constraints...
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Transcript of Challenges in Speaking Producing language / Processing language Negotiating Time constraints...
Challenges in Speaking
Producing language / Processing language
Negotiating
Time constraints
Real-time / online processing
Planning may be severely limited
Adjusting language for interlocutor
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 198.
Issues in Speaking
1. Genres of Speaking
2. Generic Structure
3. Exchange
4. Turn-Taking and Turn Types
5. Topic Management
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, pp. 199-203.
Personal Narrative Structure
(Abstract) ^ Orientation ^ Complication ^ Evaluation ^ Resolution ^ (Coda)
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 200.
Obtaining a Turn
Self-select Current speaker nominates the next Adjacency pairs (with expected shifts in
turns)
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 200.
Topic Management
Check for comprehension Select appropriate levels of explicitness Use Discourse strategies Clarifying Checking Summarizing Adapting other speakers’ points Repeating others
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 203.
Issues in Pronunciation
1. Tone Units / Chunking
2. Prominence
3. Turn-Taking
4. Introducing and Ending Topics
5. Social Meanings and Roles
/ Degrees of Involvement
6. Stress and Unstress
7. Sound Segments Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, pp. 203-207.
What we (think we) hear 1
“We can thus say that we ‘think in phonemes’ but ‘speak in allophones’ (Dalton and Seidlhofer, 1994, Chapter 2).”
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 207.
What we (think we) hear 2
That is, we think we HEAR phonemes and we interpret in terms of phonemes. but we really speak in allophones because it is impossible to SPEAK in phonemes
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 207.
Implications for Pedagogy
1. Should speaking activities focus on texts or sentences?
2. How can a discourse-based approach be applied in classroom practice?
3. Should we use only 'authentic' texts?
4. What procedures are there specifically for pronunciation teaching?
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, pp. 207-212.
Discourse Application: Macro-Level
1. Functional purpose: Primarily transactional or interactional
2. Generic structure
3. Gate-keeping contexts: Recognizing them
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 208.
Discourse Application: Micro-Level
1. Exchange structure
2. Turn-taking
3. Conversational moves: Openings, closings, evaluative follow-ups, back-channeling
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, pp. 208-209.
Practical Techniques for Teaching Pronunciation
Elicited Mechanical Production Ear Training for Sound Contrasts Sounds for Meaning Contrasts Cognitive Analysis Whole Brain, Communication Activities,
and Games Learning Strategies
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, pp. 210-212.
Learner Strategies
“Fostering learner autonomy and enabling students to develop strategies for coping on their own and for continuing to learn is perhaps the most valuable thing that can be developed in learners.”
Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer. 2010. Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp. 196-214. London: Hodder Education, p. 211.