Professor Guoqing SHINational Research Center for Resettlement (NRCR)

Hohai University ， Nanjing, CHINAMember of International Displacement and Resettlement Network (IDRN)

Email:gshi@hhu.edu.cnWebsite: www.chinaresettlement.com

BackgroundWhy we talk about Involuntary Resettlement

in Sustainable Hydropower？

Hydropower= Dam/hydropower plant

+Resettlement

+Other impacts and mitigate measures (social, env., etc.)

Involuntary resettlement– Is key challenge in hydropower worldwide – are key issue of hydropower development – should be sustainable and successful– should accompany advanced sustainable hydropower

The Magnitude of Development Displacement and Resettlement

14-15,000,000 new DDPs /year in 2000-2010

Compared to only 10,000,000 each year in 1991-2000

Dams Alone displaced between 40-80,000,000 (data WCD)

India: 65 million over 55 years (1950-2005)

China: 80 million over 60 years (1950-2010)

Some good cases in China

Three Gorges Dam: 1.3 millions DDP 1993-2009 Xiaolangdi Dam: 199,000 DDP 1994-2003 ---One of best practice assessed by World Bank Danjiangkou phase 2: 350,000 DDP 2009-2011 Jinghong Dam- Lancan River- Upstream of Mekong 2003-2010, 5285 DDP Nuozhadu Dam-Lancan River- Upstream of Mekong 2006- ,46,000 DDP……..

Budget (price in May 1993) 10.2 Billions USD, Resettlement Budget 5 Billions USD 1993-2009

Three Gorges Dam Project-1.3 millions APs 三峡 130万移民

Three Gorges Dam 三峡工程

1.3 millions APs, 44% rural farmers and 56% urban citizen, in 2 provinces and 21 county/districts

1,626 enterprises and 11 towns, 2 cities affected 200,000 rural APs relocated with long distant in

11 coast or downstream provinces, others relocated within county

resettlement budget 5 billions USD, 44.6% of dam project budget (12 billions USD) estimated in the price in May 1993

All APs have been relocated before June 2009 smoothly

• One of the state key projects--flood control, power, and irrigation in Yellow River, Funded by World Bank• Impact scope of the land requisition involves provinces, 8 counties 29 townships, 174 villages, 200,000 APs mainly rural people, 134,000 ha cultivatable land•Budget: Project’s-- 3.5 Billion USD, resettlement--1Billion•Finished resettlars’ relocation in 2004

IR relevant topics in HSAP (Preparation stage)

Key topics P-13 Affected communities &

livelihoods P-14 Resettlement P-15 Indigenous people

Associated topics P-1 Communications and

Consultation P-3 Governance P-5 Environmental and Social

Impacts Assessment & Management (ESIAM)

P-6 Integrated Project Management

P-10 Project Benefits P-18 Public Health P-22 Reservoir Planning

Contents of Involuntary Resettlement

Three different displacement– Physical displacement (houses, facilities etc.)– Economic displacement (farmland, livelihood, jobs,

employment etc.)– Social displacement (network, education, religious…)

Resettlement & Reconstruction (R&R)– Resettlement of the population– Relocation of the affected persons – Reconstruction of the facilities and communities

What challenges?

Resettlars were impoverished, rather than better off in many hydropower project in the past world widely

Many hydropower dams can not be built or delayed construction due to Involuntary resettlement

A lot of argument, conflict and complain arise in the public caused by IR

Resettlement cost is increasing rapidly in the hydropower sector

Can we take the Risks to be the Opportunities?---YES!

Challenges--Impoverishment Risks

Michael M Cernea

developer

IRR Model

Impoverishment

Risks &

Reconstruction

Model

Landlessness Joblessness Homelessness Marginalization Food Insecurity Increased Morbidity

Mortality Loss of Access to Com.

Prop. Social Disarticulation

Key challengesHow to reach the good objectives of IR --Benefit sharing through Hydropower

Opportunities Better living standards (houses, road, water,

electricity, school, clinics, market, community, religious facility

Better and sustainable livelihoods (farmlands, frestry,fishing, grassland, jobs etc.)

Better and sustainable income (amount, structure etc.)

Better socio-economic environment for living

Good approach To use IRR’s Model in the IR

Four functions Predictive Diagnostic Problem-Resolution Research

Good approach

From Landlessness to Land-Based Reestablishment

From Joblessness to Reemployment

From Homelessness to House Reconstruction

From Disarticulation to Community Reconstruction

From Marginalization to Social Inclusion

From Expropriation to Restoration of Community Assets/Services

From Food Insecurity to Adequate Nutrition

From Increased Morbidity to Better Health Care

Fundamental good policy and practice----International experiences WB/ADB…

Policies Minimize the land acquisition and

resettlement If it can not avoid, income restoration

and livelihoods recovering of pre-resettlement level (no project)

RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) Compensation in replacement cost All cost covered by Project Participation and consultation process ………..

Practice Land for land option House for house or cash

compensation in replacement cost or market value

Institution arrangement and full time staff

Supervision Monitoring

……..

Good Governance-Chinese experiences

Law-Land Administration Law National Regulations-Reservoir Resettlement Regulation National Technique standards- PD standards “1+7” Institution system -Resettlement Bureau +Staffs in National, Province, City and county level Capacity building -education/ Ph.D+Master+training +Research-NRCR-Hohai University Good Policies: Compensation +Pre-/Im-/Post assistants Implementation+ Monitoring +Supervision Benefits sharing mechanism Consultation process + Participation+ Transparence……

Bases of good practices in resettlement and affected communities and livelihoods

Good resettlement policies and legislation system Good governance and institution system Good RP (resettlement plan) prepared with participation approach

and consultation process Good detail designs Good RIP and its implementation Independent monitoring and supervision mechanism Participation of APs Consultation and grievance process Self- organization and self-management of ACs High attention the special impacts in social, culture and traditional

livelihoods and develop mitigation measures for affected indigenous people or ethnic minority

Capacity building through research, training and education

What are best-practices in resettlement？

House– Better quality– Larger space– Higher value

Community facilities – Water supply– Electricity supply– Roads– Clinics– School– Market– TV and internet…

Housing– Replacement price as fundamental– Minimal compensation standard in

concrete-brick structure house 24 m² per capital (benefits for poor families)

Community facilities rehabilitation– good location selected by local government

and satisfied by APs– public facilities rebuilt in better standards,

cost by project and local government

Deliver better living conditions for resettlars

Danjiangkou Dam- Resettlement Villages/ 2011

House space per person in 10 villages (pre- vs post-) photos: Guanggou Village

Danjiangkou Dam IR- Guanggou Village photo in 2011

School teachers (pre- vs post-) in 10 villages

Danjiangkou Dam IR- Guanggou Villages/ 2011

Water supply in 10 villages (pre- vs post)

What are best-practices in resettlement (affected community and livelihoods) ？

Restoration and development of sustainable livelihoods of affected people

– Land for land as the first priority option for rural farmers

– Help to generate multi income sources

– Deliver the post-resettlement support fund for livelihoods

– Deliver micro credit support– Deliver technique skills and

training– Create non-farming jobs and

deliver employment services

Farmlands and food/pp in 10 villages ( pre- vs post-)

Danjiangkou Dam IR- Guanggou Village 2011

Best practices in Resettlement and Affected Community and Livelihoods innovation --Benefits sharing mechanism

Higher reconstruction standards for houses and community’s public facilities in resettlement villages

Income restoration and improvement for APs– Long term compensation (LTC) for farmers who loosen farmlands

according to annual output of farmlands annually up to the end of life of the hydropower station, rather than compensation once when land acquisition happens

– Socioeconomic pension replaced farmland use (SPRFU) for old farmers- standard high than the income from farmlands

– Farmlands asserts securitization (FAS) as the Patten of sustainable hydropower development through the “farmland resource assertslization- asserts capitalization- capital securitization” innovation mechanism

– Skills and employments with high wages for young and middle age APs

Possible results of good practices

Affected people want to be resettled From Involuntary resettlement to Voluntary

resettlement Turn risks to opportunities through

resettlement Affected people shares benefits of hydropower

development rather than be impoverished Increase social sustainability and social

friendship of hydropower development

Conclusion

IR is one of the most important issues IR has many challenges especially in livelihoods

reconstruction and living standard recovering IR can be successful PAPs can share the benefits of hydropower The good policies, planning and design,

implementation are basic elements of good IR

Thanks

for

your attention!