Chad 1

ChadThis article is about the country. For other uses, see Chad (disambiguation).

Republic of Chad•• République du Tchad•• جمهورية تشاد•• Ǧumhūriyyat Tšād

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: 

• "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French)•• "Unity, Work, Progress"

Anthem: 

•• La Tchadienne•• The Chadian Hymn

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Capitaland largest city

N'Djamena12°06′N 16°02′E [1]

Official languages •• French•• Arabic

Ethnic groups (1993) • 27.7% Sara• 12.3% Arab•• 11.5% Mayo-Kebbi• 9.0% Kanem-Bornou•• 8.7% Ouaddaï• 6.7% Hadjarai•• 6.5% Tandjilé• 6.3% Daza• 4.7% Fitri-Batha•• 6.4% other•• 0.3% unknown

Demonym Chadian

Government Dominant-party presidential republic

 -  President Idriss Déby

 -  Prime Minister Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet

Legislature National Assembly

Independence

 -  from France 11 August 1960 

Area

 -  Total 1,284,000 km2 (21st)495,753 sq mi

 -  Water (%) 1.9

Population

 -  2009 estimate 10,329,208 (73rd)

 -  1993 census 6,279,921

 -  Density 8.0/km2 (212th)20.8/sq mi

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GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate

 -  Total $31.448 billion (123rd)

 -  Per capita $2,787 (150th)

GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate

 -  Total $15.986 billion (130th)

 -  Per capita $1,417 (151st)

HDI (2014)  0.328low · 184rd

Currency Central African CFA franc (XAF)

Time zone WAT (UTC+1)

 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+1)

Drives on the right

Calling code +235

ISO 3166 code TD

Internet TLD .td

Chad (Arabic: تشاد Tšād; French: Tchad i/ˈtʃæd/), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country inCentral Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south,Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west.Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertileSudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad andthe second-largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerlyFort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabicand French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the endof the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused oncontrolling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 andincorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership ofFrançois Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of along-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1978, the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony.However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He wasoverthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. Since 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border anddestabilised the nation, with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in easternChad.Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état (see Battle of N'Djamena (2006)and Battle of N'Djamena (2008)). Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; mostinhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003, crude oil has become the country'sprimary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry.

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HistoryMain article: History of ChadIn the 7th millennium BC, ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favored human settlement,and the region experienced a strong population increase. Some of the most important African archaeological sites arefound in Chad, mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.[2][3]

For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary people. The regionbecame a crossroads of civilisations. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artifacts and oralhistories. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire,[4] the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad'sSahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control ofthe trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extendedtheir control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.[5] In Kanem, about a third of the population wereslaves.[6]

Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The Kanem-BornuEmpire controlled almost all of what is today

Chad.

A Chadian soldier fighting for Free France duringWorld War II. The Free French Forces included

15,000 soldiers from Chad, among them FrançoisTombalbaye, later the 1st President of Chad.[7]

French colonial expansion led to the creation of the Territoire Militairedes Pays et Protectorats du Tchad in 1900. By 1920, France hadsecured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of FrenchEquatorial Africa.[8] French rule in Chad was characterised by anabsence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisationcompared to other French colonies.[9]

The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source ofuntrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cottonproduction in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was criticallyunderstaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service.Only the Sara of the south was governed effectively; French presencein the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational systemsuffered from this neglect.

After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseasterritory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to theFrench National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. The largestpolitical party was the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), based in thesouthern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11August 1960 with the PPT's leader, a Sara people FrançoisTombalbaye, as its first president.[10][11]

Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and establisheda one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitivemismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslimsbegan a civil war. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975,[12]

but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered thecapital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contendedfor power.[13][14]

The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. Libya moved to fill the powervacuum and became involved in Chad's civil war.[15] Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; theFrench-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before[16]

and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.[17]

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Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands ofpeople estimated to have been killed under his rule.[18][19] The president favoured his own Daza ethnic group anddiscriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990.[20] Attemptsto prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in Senegal in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally chargedwith war crimes committed during his rule.Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a newconstitution by referendum, and in 1996, Déby easily won a competitive presidential election. He won a second termfive years later.[21] Oil exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would at last have somechances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. Déby unilaterallymodified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civilsociety and opposition parties.[22]

In 2006 Déby won a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad hasincreased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur mayyet occur in Chad.[23] In 2006 and in 2008 rebel forces have attempted to take the capital by force, but have on bothoccasions failed. An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010,marked the end of a five-year war. The fix in relations led to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, theopening of the border between the two countries after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force tosecure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against the President Idriss Deby that had beenin preparation for several months.

Geography, climate and environmentMain article: Geography of Chad

Chad is divided into three distinctzones, the Sudanese savanna in the

south, the Sahara Desert in the north,and the Sahelian belt in Chad's

center.

At 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), Chad is the world's 21st-largestcountry. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.[24]

Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and24°E.[25]

Chad is bounded to the north by Libya, to the east by Sudan, to the west byNiger, Nigeria and Cameroon, and to the south by the Central African Republic.The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport,Douala, Cameroon.[26] Because of this distance from the sea and the country'slargely desert climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart ofAfrica".

The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north, east andsouth by mountain ranges such as the Ennedi Plateau in the north-east. LakeChad, after which the country is named, is the remains of an immense lake thatoccupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of the Chad Basin 7,000years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres(6,875 sq mi), and its

Chad 6

Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image. On the top, the changes from1973 to 1997 are shown, with the lake shrinking.

surface area is subject to heavy seasonalfluctuations,[27] the lake is Africa's second largestwetland.[28] The Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano in theTibesti Mountains that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft)above sea level, is the highest point in Chad and theSahara.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make itfavourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals.Chad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and theirtributaries—flow through the southern savannas fromthe southeast into Lake Chad.[29]

The Agriculture in Chad includes the raising ofpeanuts, wheat, rice, livestock, andcorn.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Climate

Main article: Climate of ChadEach year a tropical weather system known as theintertropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in thesouth, and from June to September in the Sahel.[30] Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones.The Sahara lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres(2.0 in); only the occasional spontaneous palm grove survives, and the only ones to do so are south of the Tropic ofCancer.

The Sahara gives way to a Sahelian belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600 mm (11.8 to23.6 in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly acacias) gradually gives way to the south to EastSudanian savanna in Chad's Sudanese zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in).

WildlifeMain article: Wildlife of Chad

An African bush elephant.

Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. Inthe Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis.Palms and acacia trees grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, orSudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable forgrazing. As of 2002, there were at least 134 species of mammals, 532species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over1,600 species of plants throughout the country.

Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes,antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and many species of snakes arefound here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.Elephant poaching, particularly in the south of the country in areas such as Zakouma National Park, is a severeproblem.

Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. This has alsocaused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock farmingby increasing human settlements. Animals like lions, leopards and rhino have been almost decimated.

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Efforts have been made by the Food and Agricultural Organization to improve relations between farmers,agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve insoutheastern Chad to promote sustainable development. As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the localeconomy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce gum arabic, and also from fruit trees.Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable ivory industry and a threat tolives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and aroundthe parks by organized poaching. The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that anumber of wardens have been murdered by poachers.

DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Chad2005 estimates place Chad's population at 10,146,000; 25.8% live in urban areas and 74.8% in rural ones. Thecountry's population is young: an estimated 47.3% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000people, the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 47.2 years.

An Ouaddaian girl

Chad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1 /km2

(0.26 /sq mi) in the Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region but52.4 /km2 (136 /sq mi) in the Logone Occidental Region. In the capital,it is even higher. About half of the nation's population lives in thesouthern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populatedregion.[31]

Urban life is virtually restricted to the capital, whose population ismostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are Sarh,Moundou, Abéché and Doba, which are less urbanised but are growingrapidly and joining the capital as decisive factors in economic growth.Since 2003, 230,000 Sudanese refugees have fled to eastern Chad fromwar-ridden Darfur. With the 172,600 Chadians displaced by the civilwar in the east, this has generated increased tensions among theregion's communities.[32]

Polygamy is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automaticallypermits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage.[33] Although violence againstwomen is prohibited, domestic violence is common. Female genital mutilation is also prohibited, but the practice iswidespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest ratesamong Arabs, Hadjarai, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the Sara (38%)and the Toubou (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them tocompete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French codedo not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according totraditional practice.

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Ethnic groups in ChadMain article: Ethnic groups in Chad

A tribal delegation

Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, whichcreate diverse social structures. The colonialadministration and independent governments haveattempted to impose a national society, but for mostChadians the local or regional society remains the mostimportant influence outside the immediate family.Nevertheless, Chad's peoples may be classifiedaccording to the geographical region in which they live.In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, thenation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unitis the lineage. In the Sahel sedentary peoples liveside-by-side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, thecountry's second major ethnic group. The north isinhabited by nomads, mostly Toubous.

LanguagesMain article: Languages of ChadChad's official business languages are French, Arabic and Hausa, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken.Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities, ChadianArabic has become a lingua franca.

ReligionMain article: Religion in ChadChad is a religiously diverse country. The 1993 census found that 54% of Chadians were Muslim (48% Sunni, 21%Shia and 4% Ahmadi), 20% Roman Catholic, 14% Protestant, 10% animist and 3% atheist. None of these religioustraditions are monolithic. Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression ishighly specific. Islam is expressed in diverse ways. Christianity arrived in Chad with the French and Americanmissionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs. Muslims are largelyconcentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and Guéra.The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communitiesgenerally co-exist without problems.[34]

Religion in Chad (Pew Research)[]

religion percent

Muslim 55%

Catholic 22%

Protestant 18%

None 3%

Folk 1%

Other 1%

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The vast majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism) knownlocally as Tijaniyah, which incorporates some local African religious elements. A small minority of the country'sMuslims hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-orientedSalafi-movement.Roman Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. Most Protestants, including theNigeria-based "Winners Chapel," are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the Bahá'í andJehovah's Witnesses religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced afterindependence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both Christian and Islamic groups. Itinerant Muslim preachersprimarily from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, also visit. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social andeducational projects and extensive mosque construction.

Government and politicsMain article: Politics of ChadChad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system.The president has the power to appoint the prime minister and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence overappointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms. In cases of grave andimmediate threat, the president, in consultation with the National Assembly, may declare a state of emergency. Thepresident is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005 constitutional term limits were removed,allowing a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit. Most of Déby's key advisers aremembers of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented ingovernment.[][35]

CorruptionChad is listed as a failed state by the Fund for Peace (FFP). In 2007 Chad had the seventh highest score on the failedstate index. Since then the trend has been upwards each year. Chad had the fourth highest score (behind Sudan) onthe Failed State Index of 2012.Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 named Chad (tiedwith Bangladesh) as the most corrupt country in the world. Chad's ranking on the index has improved onlymarginally in recent years. Since its first inclusion on the index in 2004, Chad's best score has been 2/10 for 2011.[36]

Critics of President Déby have accused him of cronyism and tribalism.

Legal systemChad's legal system is based on French civil law and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere withpublic order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence,the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the Supreme Court and theConstitutional Council, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice,named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. TheConstitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation,treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption.

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Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

Parliament

The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 155members elected for four-year terms who meet three times per year.The Assembly holds regular sessions twice a year, starting in Marchand October, and can hold special sessions when called by the primeminister. Deputies elect a National Assembly president every twoyears. The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's planof government and may force the prime minister to resign through amajority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assemblyrejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, thepresident may disband the Assembly and call for new legislativeelections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party,the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), which holds a large majority.

Political partiesMain article: List of political parties in ChadUntil the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad. Since, 78registered political parties have become active.[] In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisationssupported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term[37]

amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent mediaoutlets during the campaign. Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as theopposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted them.[38]

Internal opposition and foreign relationsMain article: Foreign relations of ChadDéby faces armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but united in their intentionto overthrow him.[39] These forces stormed the capital on 13 April 2006, but were ultimately repelled. Chad'sgreatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. Déby relies on the French to helprepel the rebels, and France gives the Chadian army logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapseof regional stability. Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to theAmerican Exxon company in 1999.[40]

Administrative divisionsMain articles: Regions of Chad, Departments of Chad and Sub-prefectures of ChadChad has been divided since February 2008 into 22 regions.[41][42] The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous 14 prefectures. Each regionis headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the 61 departments within the regions. Thedepartments are divided into 200 sub-prefectures, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons.[43][44]

The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has notyet been completed.[45] The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to playan active role in their own development.[46] To this end, the constitution declares that each administrativesubdivisions be governed by elected local assemblies, but no local elections have taken place,[47] and communalelections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed.

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The regions are:

Regions of Chad

1.1. Batha2.2. Chari-Baguirmi3.3. Hadjer-Lamis4.4. Wadi Fira5.5. Bahr el Gazel6.6. Borkou7.7. Ennedi8.8. Guéra9.9. Kanem10.10. Lac11.11. Logone Occidental12.12. Logone Oriental13.13. Mandoul14.14. Mayo-Kebbi Est15.15. Mayo-Kebbi Ouest16.16. Moyen-Chari17.17. Ouaddaï18.18. Salamat19.19. Sila20.20. Tandjilé21.21. Tibesti22.22. N'Djamena

MilitaryMain article: Military of ChadAs of 2011, Chad currently spends 1.6% of GDP on its army, a drastic drop from the level of 2009 (4.2% of GDP),when the country was engaged in a civil war, with rebels supported by neighboring Sudan.[48] This then increased to2.0% of GDP in 2013, when Chad began its military intervention in Northern Mali, to help France and other Africannations in bringing back Mali's sovereignty over the North. The army has over 30,350 active personnel and3,000,000 fit for military service, making it the most efficient force in the region besides the armies of Libya andSudan.

Rebel groups

See also: Category:Rebel groups in ChadThere have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. In 2007, a peace treaty was signedthat integrated United Front for Democratic Change or FUC soldiers into the Chadian Army. The Movement forJustice and Democracy in Chad or MDJT also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrowPresident Idriss Déby. In addition, there have been various conflicts with Khartoum's Janjaweed rebels in EasternChad who killed civilians by use of helicopter gunships.[49] Presently, the Union of Resistance Forces or UFR are arebel group that continues to battle with the government of Chad. In 2010, the UFR reportedly had a force estimating6,000 men and 300 vehicles.[50]

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Law enforcementSee also: Law enforcement in ChadIn Chad, the Gendarmerie Nationale serves as the national police force for the country.

EconomyMain article: Economy of Chad

Graphical depiction of Chad's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

The United Nations' HumanDevelopment Index ranks Chad as theseventh poorest country in the world,with 80% of the population livingbelow the poverty line. The GDP(Purchasing power parity) per capitawas estimated as US$1,651 in 2009.Chad is part of the Bank of CentralAfrican States, the Customs andEconomic Union of Central Africa(UDEAC) and the Organization for theHarmonization of Business Law inAfrica (OHADA).

Chad's currency is the CFA franc. Inthe 1960s, the Mining industry of Chadproduced sodium carbonate, or natron.There have also been reports ofgold-bearing quartz in the Biltine Prefecture. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; thosewho left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects.

Women in Mao, where water in Chad is provided by a water tower.Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.

Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistencefarming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Thecrops grown and the locations of herds are determinedby the local climate. In the southernmost 10% of theterritory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with richyields of sorghum and millet. In the Sahel only thehardier varieties of millet grow, and these with muchlower yields than in the south. On the other hand, theSahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercialcattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. TheSahara's scattered oases support only some dates andlegumes. Chad's cities face serious difficulties ofmunicipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residentshave access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.

Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market and accounted forapproximately 80% of export earnings.[51] Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available.Rehabilitation of Cotontchad, a major cotton company that suffered from a decline in world cotton prices, has been

Chad 13

financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD). The parastatal is now expected to be privatised.

Humanitarian situationMain article: Human rights in ChadAccording to the United Nations, Chad has been affected by a humanitarian crisis since at least 2001. As of 2008, thecountry of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central AfricanRepublic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persons.[52]

In February 2008 in the aftermath of the battle of N'Djamena, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian AffairsJohn Holmes expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability ofhumanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him –heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival.[53] UN spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano stated to The WashingtonPost: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitariancatastrophe".[54] In addition, organizations such as Save the Children have suspended activities due to killings of aidworkers.[55]

Infrastructure

TransportSee also: Transport in Chad

A bridge on the Bragoto River.

Civil war crippled the development of transportinfrastructure; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres(19 mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitationprojects improved the network[56] to 550 kilometres(340 mi) by 2004.[57] Nevertheless, the road network islimited; roads are often unusable for several months ofthe year. With no railways of its own, Chad dependsheavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport ofChadian exports and imports to and from the seaport ofDouala.

Airports

See also: List of airports in Chad

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An airplane landing in Abéché.

An international airport serves the capital and providesregular nonstop flights to Paris and several Africancities.

Railways

See also: Rail transport in ChadAt the beginning of the 20th century, a railway systemwas in development near Lake Chad. In the 21stcentury, Chad and the China Civil EngineeringConstruction Corp agreed to a $7 billion contract tobuild additional railway infrastructure. Presently, thereare rail links to Libya and Sudan.

Energy

See also: Energy in ChadChad's energy sector has suffered from years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society(STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power.ExxonMobil leads a consortium of Chevron and Petronas that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reservesestimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the completion of a pipeline(financed in part by the World Bank) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon.As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects.In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducingthis amount. On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which theGovernment of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.[58]

TelecommunicationsSee also: Telecommunications in ChadThe telecommunication system is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephonecompany SotelTchad. Only 14,000 fixed telephone lines serve all of Chad, one of the lowest telephone density ratesin the world.Gateway Communications, a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider also has apresence in Chad.[59] In September 2013, Chad's Ministry for Posts and Information & CommunicationTechnologies (PNTIC) announced that the country will be seeking a partner for fiber optic technology.[60]

Mobile phones

In September 2010 the penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million.

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Rank Operator Technology Subscribers(in millions)

Ownership

1 Tigo GSM-900 1.257[61] (Oct 2010) MIC (100%)

2 Airtel GSM-900 1.199 (June 2009) Bharti Airtel (100%)

3 salam GSM 0.120 (December 2008) Salam

4 Celtel[62] Zain

MediaMain article: Media of ChadChad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned TeleTchad. Radiohas a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations.[63] Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, andcirculation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.[64] While the constitutiondefends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began toenact a system of prior censorship on the media.[65]

EducationEducators face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance onthe part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 per cent of boysattend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. Higher education is provided at theUniversity of N'Djamena. At 33 per cent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of Sub-Saharan Africa.

HealthSee also: Health in ChadIn Chad, there is a hospital in Abéché and there were an estimated 239 other clinics reported in 1987.[66]

Culture

Holidays

Date English Name

1 January New Year's Day

1 May Labour Day

25 May African Liberation Day

11 August Independence Day

1 November All Saints' Day

28 November Republic Day

1 December Freedom and Democracy Day

25 December Christmas

Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the Chad National Museum and the Chad Cultural Centre. Six national holidays are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include

Chad 16

the Christian holiday of Easter Monday and the Muslim holidays of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, and Eid Milad Nnabi.

MusicThe music of Chad includes a number of unusual instruments such as the kinde, a type of bow harp; the kakaki, along tin horn; and the hu hu, a stringed instrument that uses calabashes as loudspeakers. Other instruments and theircombinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and kodjo drums;and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.

A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.

The music group Chari Jazz formed in 1964 andinitiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, morerenowned groups such as African Melody andInternational Challal attempted to mix modernity andtradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clungfaster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditionalstyle of music from southern Chad. The people of Chadhave customarily disdained modern music. However, in1995 greater interest has developed and fostered thedistribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuringChadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protectionsfor artists' rights remain problems to furtherdevelopment of the Chadian music industry.[67]

CuisineMillet is the staple food throughout Chad. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north thisdish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga(sun-dried and lightly smoked Alestes and Hydrocynus) or as banda (smoked larger fish).[68] Carcaje is a popularsweet drink extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south,where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet and as coshate when from whitemillet.

LiteratureSee also: Chadian literatureAs in other Sahelian countries, literature in Chad has suffered from an economic, political and spiritual drought thathas affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status andhave generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are JosephBrahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, AhmatTaboye, published his Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne to further knowledge of Chad's literatureinternationally and among youth and to make up for Chad's lack of publishing houses and promotionalstructure.[69][70]

Chad 17

FilmThe development of a Chadian film industry has suffered from the devastations of civil war and from the lack ofcinemas, of which there is only one in the whole country. The first Chadian feature film, the docudrama Bye ByeAfrica, was made in 1999 by Mahamat Saleh Haroun. His later film Abouna was critically acclaimed, and his Darattwon the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival. The 2010 feature film A ScreamingMan won the Jury Prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as wellas win, an award in the main Cannes competition. Issa Serge Coelo directed Chad's two other films, Daresalam andDP75: Tartina City.[71][72][73][74] The North Face also sponsored an expeditionary film called "Towers of theEnnedi" in which climbers explored the desert. The expedition was a four day journey away from the nearesthospital.[75]

SportsFootball (Soccer) is Chad's most popular sport. The country's national team compete at the Stade Omnisports IdrissMahamat Ouya and are closely followed during international competitions. Chadian footballers have played forFrench teams. Basketball and freestyle wrestling are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers dontraditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust. In addition, Chad has participated in the Summer Olympicssince 1964.

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[34] " Chad (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2006/ 71293. htm)". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006.Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.

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Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.[44] Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005) " A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données

d'Enquête (http:/ / www. pep-net. org/ fileadmin/ medias/ pdf/ files_events/ 4th_colombo/ PMMA/ Ndang-pa. pdf)" (PDF). 4th PEP ResearchNetwork General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.

[45] " Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (http:/ / www-wds. worldbank. org/ servlet/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/ IB/ 2004/ 08/ 18/ 000112742_20040818161300/ Rendered/ PDF/ 298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004. pdf)" (PDF). 24September 2002. World Bank.

[46] " Tchad (http:/ / www. unesco. org/ education/ wef/ countryreports/ tchad/ contents. html)". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an2000: Rapport des pays. UNESCO, Education for All.

[47] " Chad (http:/ / www. oecd. org/ dataoecd/ 25/ 62/ 38561813. pdf)" (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007. OECD. May 2007. ISBN978-92-64-02510-3

[48] Country Comparison: Military expenditures: 2011 (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/ 2034rank.html) vs. . CIA.gov

[49] Reeves, Eric (9 August 2008) Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan(http:/ / www. sudantribune. com/ spip. php?page=imprimable& id_article=28211). Sudan Tribune. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.

[50] Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2013/ 03/ 21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321). Reuters. 21 March 2013

[51][51] Decalo, p. 11[52] Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report (http:/ / www. reliefweb. int/ rw/ rwb. nsf/ db900sid/

YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument), UN, 6 March 2008[53] Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs (http:/ / www. reliefweb. int/ rw/ rwb. nsf/ db900sid/

SHES-7BLMXD?OpenDocument) (press release), UN, 7 February 2008[54] Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/

article/ 2008/ 02/ 05/ AR2008020500461. html), The Washington Post[55] Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK (http:/ / www. savethechildren. org. uk/ crisis-in-chad). Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28

September 2013.[56] " Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development (http:/ / www-wds. worldbank. org/ servlet/ WDSContentServer/ WDSP/ IB/

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Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004[58] World Bank (14 July 2006). World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction (http:/ / web.

worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ NEWS/ 0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00. html)[59] Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal (http:/ / www. itnewsafrica. com/ 2010/ 04/

gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/ ). IT News Africa. 22 April 2010.[60] Chad in search of partners to develop fiber optic network – WORLD (http:/ / www. globaltimes. cn/ content/ 810511. shtml#.

UjMb03-SHV8). Globaltimes.cn (11 September 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.

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[61] RESULTS FOR THE 3 MONTH PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2010 (http:/ / files. shareholder. com/ downloads/ MICC/1042867849x0x410578/ 4d61d055-83f3-4348-9a03-6d4909b1eb39/ 101019_FINAL. PDF). Millicom International Cellular S.A. 19 October2010

[62] Malakata, Michael (3 March 2008) Security claims blocking Africa telecom deregulation (http:/ / www. itworldcanada. com/ article/security-claims-blocking-africa-telecom-deregulation/ 2184). itworldcanada.com

[63] Radio Stations | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad (http:/ / ndjamena. usembassy. gov/ radio_stations. html).Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.

[64] Newspapers | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad (http:/ / ndjamena. usembassy. gov/ newspapers. html).Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.

[65] "Chad – 2006". Freedom Press Institute.[66] Hospitals in Fada, Chad | Cybo (http:/ / en. cybo. com/ TD/ fada,_chad/ hospitals/ ). En.cybo.com. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.[67] * Gondjé, Laoro (2003); " (http:/ / www. cefod. org/ archives/ spip. php?article231)", 214.[68] " Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries (http:/ / www. fao. org/ docrep/

005/ D7238E/ D7238E03. htm)". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. 29 November – 1 December 1972.[69] Malo, Nestor H. (2003); " Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche (http:/ / www. cefod. org/ archives/ spip. php?article236)", Tchad et

Culture 214.[70] Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World

Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2, pp. 12, 132, 135[71] Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); " Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire (http:/ / www. cefod. org/ spip.

php?article915)", Tchad et Culture 256.[72] Young, Neil (23 March 2004) An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father") (http:/ / www.

jigsawlounge. co. uk/ film/ harouninterview. html). jigsawlounge.co.uk[73] " Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 5328462. stm)", BBC News, 9 September 2006.[74] Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) " Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir (http:/ / www. cefod. org/ archives/ spip. php?article235)", Tchad et Culture

214.[75] Enders, Caty (23 November 2011) The Top 10 Films from the Banff Mountain Film Festival: Towers of the Ennedi | Rock Climbing (http:/ /

www. outsideonline. com/ outdoor-adventure/ climbing/ rock-climbing/ Banff-Towers-of-the-Ennedi. html). OutsideOnline.com. Retrieved on28 September 2013.

Bibliography• Decalo, Samuel (1987). Historical Dictionary of Chad (2 ed. ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press.

ISBN 0-8108-1937-6.• Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville:

University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1628-3.

Further reading• " Chad Urban Development Project (http:/ / www-wds. worldbank. org/ servlet/ WDSContentServer/ WDSP/ IB/

2004/ 11/ 23/ 000104615_20041129133849/ Rendered/ PDF/ PID010Concept0Stage. pdf)" (PDF). 21 October2004. World Bank.

• Azevedo, M J and Nnadozie, Emmanuel, Chad: A Nation in Search of its Future, (Westview Press Inc., 1997)• Azevedo, M J, Roots of Violence: History of War in Chad, (Routledge, 1998)• Collelo, Thomas (1990); Chad: A Country Study (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ tdtoc. html), 2d ed.

Washington: U.S. GPO. ISBN 0-16-024770-5• Myas, Terry M, Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981–1982, (Greenwood Press, 2002)• (French) République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives[[Category:Articles containing French-language

text (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070703022324/ http:/ / www. primature-tchad. org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS. pdf)]] at the Wayback Machine (archived July 3, 2007). Government of Chad.

• Zuchora-Walske, Christine, Chad in Pictures, (Twenty-First Century Books, 2009)

Chad 20

External linksGovernment• (French) Official presidency site (http:/ / www. presidencetchad. org/ )• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/

world-leaders-c/ chad. html)General• Chad (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ cd. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Chad country study (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ tdtoc. html) from Library of Congress• Chad (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ chad. htm) web resources provided by GovPubs at the

University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries• Chad (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Africa/ Chad) at DMOZ• Chad profile (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-africa-13164686) from the BBC News• Wikimedia Atlas of Chad• Key Development Forecasts for Chad (http:/ / www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile. aspx?Country=TD)

from International Futures

Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and ContributorsChad  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=613083078  Contributors: *drew, -- April, 100yearold, 2D, 334a, A Werewolf, A-giau, AEMoreira042281, ARC Gritt, Aaker,AbigailAbernathy, Acabashi, Accurizer, Aceman91, Achangeisasgoodasa, AcidSnow, Acntx, Acroterion, Adambro, Addshore, Afsd, Afzaliya, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ahmadac, Ahoerstemeier,Ahuskay, Aisteco, Ajraddatz, Akanemoto, Al Ameer son, Alan Liefting, Alawadhi3000, Aldux, AlefZet, Alexaguilar, Alexander Domanda, AlexanderM, Alexandr Busa, Alexf, AlexiusHoratius,Alfio, Aliasd, AliveFreeHappy, Amakuru, Amalex5, Amcaja, Amp71, Ana manal, Andajara120000, Andajew, Andrejj, Andrew Gray, AndrewLB, Andy Marchbanks, Andy Smith, Angela,Animetroopers, Antandrus, Antonio Lopez, Aordictator, Archer7, ArcticFlame, AsceticRose, Asifahsanasif, Aslasfdlsdebfil, Asombluedude, Assarhaddon, Athn, Atitarev, Aude, Avala,Avirusfool, Avoided, B00P, Badisou, BaileyDCampbell, BanyanTree, Baristarim, Baseball Bugs, Baseonidk0, Basilisk4u, Bastion Monk, Bazonka, BazookaJoe, Beamathan, Beastiness, Bebo dotcom, Belovedfreak, Bender235, Benvom, Bidabadi, Bikeable, BillyH, Bje2089, Bkell, Blakislewis99, Blanchardb, Blechnic, Blondeguynative, Bman798, Bob247, Bobblewik, Bobet, Bobo192,Boing! said Zebedee, Bonadea, Bond304, Bongwarrior, Briaboru, Brian0918, Brianski, Brion VIBBER, BritishWatcher, Bronayur, Bruce Hall, Brutaldeluxe, Buaidh, BucInExile, Bucketsofg,Buffalobills1234567890, Burn, Béka, C.Fred, CAPS LOCK, CPARG, CTZMSC3, CWii, CalJW, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Camanda, CambridgeBayWeather, Camitz, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,CanadianLinuxUser, Cantus, CapitalR, Caponer, Capricorn42, Captain Courageous, Captain Yankee, Carcharoth, CarlKenner, Catgut, Cburnett, Cdecoro, Cenarium, Century0, Chad2000,Chadlupkes, Chadmonger, Chadwhiteman8, Chadwickpark, Chamal N, Champion19Alex, Chanheigeorge, Charles.millar, CharlotteWebb, Charmedxximsure, Chaser, Che090572, Cheeker22,Cheesething, Chipmunkdavis, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02, ChristianBier, Chtito, Circeus, Citicat, Clairywarey, ClickRick, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Conrad77, ConsiderPhlebas, Conte diCavour, Conversion script, Corvus cornix, Craigy144, Crawling in my skin, these wounds they will not heal, CrazyChemGuy, Credema, Cremepuff222, Criptonite, CristianoMacaluso,Crybaby4life, CsDix, Cwolfsheep, Cybercobra, Cyde, D, D6, DMG413, DMacks, Dahn, Dan6hell66, Daniel Polehn, Danielpark95, Danny, Dark Shikari, Darth Panda, Darwinek, Darylgolden,Dave-ros, Dave6, David Kernow, DavidHallett, Davidley, Dawn Bard, Dbrodbeck, Dcandeto, De Administrando Imperio, DeadEyeArrow, Deflective, Dekisugi, Delldot, Delusion23, Demicx,Demmy, Den fjättrade ankan, Dendodge, Denisarona, Deor, DerHexer, Destolan, Diagonalfish, Dick Van Daam, Dinkytown, Discospinster, Dispenser, Dissident93, Diwas, Dlohcierekim,Dmjams69, Docu, Doldrums, DoubleBlue, Dr. Blofeld, DrKiernan, Drbug, Drtjumper, Dshooper, Dsvyas, DuKot, Dulcem, Dumpendebat, E Pluribus Anthony, E2eamon, EJF, ESkog,EamonnPKeane, Econoclysm, Editor2423, Edivorce, Eduardo Sellan III, Edward, El C, El Greco, Electionworld, Elmoro, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, EncycloPetey, Epbr123, Epicgenius,Eran of Arcadia, Ericd, Erikjohansson, Eteagl2, Ethan Talon, EthanKP, Eugen Simion 14, Evanclifthorne, Event horizon6, Evercat, Everest700, Everyking, Evilbu, Excirial, Ezeu, Fabiform,FallingGravity, Fanyavizuri, Faradayplank, Farolif, Feydey, Fidelia, Filip1507, Fillibuster, FisherQueen, Flatterworld, Flyer22, Flyguy649, Francis Tyers, Fransvannes, Freetown, Frietjes,Friginator, Funandtrvl, Funnyhat, FutureTrillionaire, Fxdirect, GATJREMAT, GB fan, GCarty, GHe, Gadfium, Gardsmyg, Gaynate, Gggh, Gilesmorant, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, Glacialfox, GogoDodo, Golbez, Goldenburg111, Gondnok, Good Olfactory, Goodnightmush, Google9999, Googleimage, Gordini53, Gothika (usurped), Goustien, Gr8opinionater, Gracenotes, Grafen, Graham87,Green Giant, Grendelkhan, Groovydude777, Gryffindor, Gscshoyru, Gssq, Gtstricky, Gunjan verma81, Guoguo12, Gurch, Gwguffey, Gzornenplatz, HIDECCHI001, HJ Mitchell, Hadal,Hakeem.gadi, HalfShadow, HansHermans, HarryPotter420, Hawaiian717, Hazard-SJ, Hbzxc, Hcsims3, Hdt83, HeikoEvermann, Henry Flower, Heroeswithmetaphors, Herostratus, HexaChord,Hippietrail, Hirzel, HkCaGu, Hmains, Hogfan1228, Homer slips., Horselover Frost, Hoshie, Hsh2002, HuStL MO, HuskyHuskie, Hvn0413, IJA, IW.HG, Iablood, Idaltu, Ief, Igoldste, Illnab1024,Illspirit, ImaTinterNetFug, Imoeng, Imroy, Inhakito, Innotata, Intelligentsium, Ioeth, Iph, IronGargoyle, Irregulargalaxies, Istanbuljohnm, It Is Me Here, Iuhkjhk87y678, J.delanoy, JForget,JFreeman, JJ cool D, JNW, JaGa, Jab843, Jackbuffalohead, Jacobi kitchen-gurney, Jadtnr1, Jahangard, JamesR, Jami430, Jarodalien, Jauerback, JavierMC, Jaw101ie, Jaxl, Jayjg, Jbonilla 61,Jeepday, Jeff G., Jel585, Jennavecia, Jeraphine Gryphon, Jesse.niemeir1, Jhendin, Jiang, Jim1138, Jimp, Jimtaip, Jmaddux23, Jmont1, JoSePh, Joan-of-arc, JodyB, Joe Katzman, Joefromrandb,John of Lancaster, John0101ddd, JohnCD, Johncapistrano, Jojit fb, Jokpoke, Jolly Janner, JonHarder, Jonathansuh, Jons63, JorisvS, Jorunn, Jose77, Jossi, Joy, Joyous!, Jpau, Jpaul174, Jpgordon,Jrobin08, Jtkiefer, Juliancolton, Just James, Justin Eiler, K6ka, KI, KJS77, KNHaw, Kafziel, Kahuzi, Kanags, Kappa, Keeger12, Keightjo, Keilana, Kelisi, Kent Witham, Kesac, Kevinsam, Kevs,Khazar, Khazar2, Khoikhoi, KiloByte, King of Hearts, Kintetsubuffalo, Kitch, Kittygirl7878, Knutux, Konstantinos, Korossyl, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Koyaanisqatsi, Kpjas, Kralizec!, Krich,Kross, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kurykh, Kushinthebush1, Kusma, Kwamikagami, KyraVixen, LAWLSNUBSAUCE, LFaraone, La Pianista, La goutte de pluie, LandoBFMV, Lardiot, Laudaka,Leafyplant, LeaveSleaves, Legis, LemonadeCharade, Levineps, Life of Riley, Lightmouse, Lilac Soul, Lilidor, Lincmad, Listmeister, Little Mountain 5, LittleDan, LittleOldMe, Littledork25,Livajo, Loganrocks4lyfe, Loren36, Lotje, Lugia2453, Luk, Luna Santin, Lupin, Lusanaherandraton, MBisanz, MECU, MER-C, MJCdetroit, MJD86, MLA, MPerel, MSGJ, Madmanguruman,Madmardy, Mag7cute, Magioladitis, Mahmudmasri, Majorly, Maksim L., Malhonen, Mallocks, Mangostar, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Júnior, Marek69, Mark K. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Chad.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chad.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKopp & others (see upload log)File:Coat of arms of Chad.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: ShadowxfoxFile:ChadMap.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ChadMap.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:NummiesFile:Chad - Location Map (2013) - TCD - UNOCHA.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chad_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_TCD_-_UNOCHA.svg  License: unknown Contributors: -File:Decrease2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Decrease2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sarangfile:speakerlink-new.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:KelvinsongImage:Group of Kanem-Bu warriors.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Elisee ReclusFile:Chadian soldier of WWII.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Free French press. Transfer:United States Office of War Information.File:Chad sat.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chad_sat.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Amcaja, Cwolfsheep, Serg!o, 2 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 22

File:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Amcaja,Frieda, Frumpy, IngolfsonImage:African Bush Elephant Mikumi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Taken byOliver WrightFile:Ouaddaian girl from Chad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ouaddaian_girl_from_Chad.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:User:AmcajaFile:Chadian delegation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chadian_delegation.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Mark Knobil fromPittsburgh, usaFile:Embassy of Chad (Washington, D.C.).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKidFile:Chad regions map-numbered 2008-02.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Eric Gaba (Sting - fr:Sting)File:Tree map export 2009 Chad.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Clusternote, Donarreiskoffer, TeleComNasSprVen, TreemapperFile:Mao Women.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mao_Women.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:AmcajaFile:Rebuilt bridge on Bragoto River.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Kappa, MonkeybaitImage:Aeroport abeché1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aeroport_abeché1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DansFile:Tailor in Chad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Mark Knobil from Pittsburgh, usaFile:Gnome-globe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnome-globe.svg  License: GNU Lesser General Public License  Contributors: David Vignoni

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