Ch7sec2 1220511880934086-9
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Transcript of Ch7sec2 1220511880934086-9
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Cell Structure Section 2
Section 2: Inside the Eukaryotic Cell
Preview• Bellringer• Key Ideas• The Framework of the Cell• Directing Cellular Activity• Protein Processing• Storage and Maintenance• Energy Production• Summary
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Cell Structure Section 2
Bellringer
Use a light microscope to view a slide of a eukaryotic cell. Try to find the nucleus of the cell and give your reason why you identified the structure as the nucleus.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Key Ideas
• What does the cytoskeleton do?
• How does DNA direct activity in the cytoplasm?
• What organelles are involved in protein production?
• What are vesicles and vacuoles?
• How does the cell get energy?
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Cell Structure Section 2
The Framework of the Cell
• The cytoskeleton helps the cell move, keep its shape, and organize its parts.– Like a human’s skeleton
• There are three different kinds of cytoskeleton fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Directing Cellular Activity
• DNA contains instructions for making proteins which control most of the activity of the cell.
• The DNA of eukaryotic cells is stored in the nucleus.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Directing Cellular Activity, continuedNucleus• The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus.
• Nuclear pores located on the nuclear envelope act as channels to allow certain molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.
• The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus where ribosomes are made.
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Cell Structure Section 2
The Nucleus
A
BC
D
Click to animate the image.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Directing Cellular Activity, continued
Ribosomes
• Each ribosome in a cell is made of RNA and many different proteins.
• Free ribosomes make proteins that remain inside the cell.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Protein Processing
• Proteins that are sent outside the cell are packaged in vesicles. Vesicles are small, membrane-bound sacs that enclose the proteins.– Like sending mail (need to put mail in an envelope)
• The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are organelles involved in preparing proteins for extracellular export.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Protein Processing, continued
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, is a system of internal membranes that moves proteins and other substances through the cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two portions: rough ER and smooth ER.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Cell Structure Section 2
Protein Processing, continued
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The portion of the ER with attached ribosomes is called rough ER because it has a rough appearance
• The portion of the ER with no attached ribosomes is called smooth ER because it has a smooth appearance
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Cell Structure Section 2
Visual Concept: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
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Cell Structure Section 2
Protein Processing, continued
Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs.
• The Golgi apparatus helps modify, sort, and package cell products for distribution.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Golgi apparatus
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Cell Structure Section 2
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Cell Structure Section 2
Storage and Maintenance
Lysosomes
• A lysosome is a vesicle produced by the Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down large molecules.
• Lysosomes recycle old or damaged organelles and digest food particles to provide nutrients for the cell.(the “stomach” of a cell)
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Cell Structure Section 2
Visual Concept: Lysosomes
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Cell Structure Section 2
Storage and Maintenance, continued
Vacuoles
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled vesicle found in the cytoplasm of many plant cells.
• Plant cells contain a large compartment called the central vacuole, which stores water, ions, nutrients, and wastes.
• When water fills the central vacuole, the cell becomes rigid, allowing the plant to stand up. When the vacuole loses water, the cell shrinks, and the plant wilts.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Visual Concept: Vacuoles
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Cell Structure Section 2
Energy Production, continued
Chloroplasts
• A chloroplast is an organelle found in plant and algae cells that uses light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Energy Production, continued
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are cell organelles that use energy from organic compounds to make ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate – the main energy source for cells).
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Cell Structure Section 2
Mitochondrion
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Cell Structure Section 2
Summary
• The cytoskeleton helps the cell move, keep its shape, and organize its parts
• In the cytoplasm, ribosomes use the RNA messages to assemble proteins.
• The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are organelles involved in preparing proteins for extracellular export.
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Cell Structure Section 2
Summary, continued
• Vesicles help maintain homeostasis by storing and releasing a variety of substances as the cell needs them.
• The energy for cellular functions is produced by chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.