Ch7c (Botany Lecture)

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Commelinid Monocots

Michael G. Simpson

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Commelinid Monocots

Michael G. Simpson

Commelinid MonocotsCommelinid Monocots

Apomorphy: UV-fluorescent organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls.

Apomorphy: UV-fluorescent organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls.

ARECALESArecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family

(from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species.

ARECALESArecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family

(from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species.

The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family.

P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior.

The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family.

P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior.

reduplicate vs. induplicatereduplicate vs. induplicate

Fruit a drupeFruit a drupe

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana King PalmArchontophoenix cunninghamiana King Palm

Syagrus romanzoffiana Queen PalmSyagrus romanzoffiana Queen Palm

Calamus Rattan PalmCalamus Rattan Palm

Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean PalmChamaerops humilis Mediterranean Palm

Jubea chilensisJubea chilensis

Licuala peltataLicuala peltata

Nypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palmNypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palm

Phoenix canariensisCanary I. Palm

Phoenix canariensisCanary I. Palm

Phoenix dactyliferaDate Palm

Phoenix dactyliferaDate Palm

Rhopalostylis sapidaRhopalostylis sapida

Sabal urseanaSabal urseana

Washingtonia filifera Desert

Fan Palm

Washingtonia filifera Desert

Fan Palm

Washingtonia filifera Desert Fan PalmWashingtonia filifera Desert Fan Palm

Washingtonia robustaWashingtonia robusta Zombia antillarum

ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group

ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group

Apomorphies:

Penni-parallel venation

Supervolute leaf “ptyxis”

(1/2 of leaf rolled within the other)

Diaphraghmed air chambers

Silica cells

Inferior ovary

Apomorphies:

Penni-parallel venation

Supervolute leaf “ptyxis”

(1/2 of leaf rolled within the other)

Diaphraghmed air chambers

Silica cells

Inferior ovary

Musaceae - Banana family (after Antonia Musa, physician to Emporer Augustus 63-14

BC). 3 genera (Ensete, Musa, and Musella) / ca. 40 species.

Musaceae - Banana family (after Antonia Musa, physician to Emporer Augustus 63-14

BC). 3 genera (Ensete, Musa, and Musella) / ca. 40 species.

The Musaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having a spiral leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex.

P (3+3) A 5-6 G (3), inferior.

Economic importance includes use of fruits of Musa spp. as a food source (esp. Musa acuminata and the triploid hybrid of Musa x paradisiaca); Musa textilis (Manila-hemp, abacá) and Musa basjoo are used as a fiber source for twine, textiles, and building materials.

The Musaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having a spiral leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex.

P (3+3) A 5-6 G (3), inferior.

Economic importance includes use of fruits of Musa spp. as a food source (esp. Musa acuminata and the triploid hybrid of Musa x paradisiaca); Musa textilis (Manila-hemp, abacá) and Musa basjoo are used as a fiber source for twine, textiles, and building materials.

Musaceae

Musa Banana MusaceaeMusa Banana Musaceae

Ensete Musaceae

StrelitziaceaeMusaceae

Strelitziaceae - Bird-of-paradise family (after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III). 3 genera (Phenakospermum, Ravenala, Strelitzia) / 7

species.

Strelitziaceae - Bird-of-paradise family (after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III). 3 genera (Phenakospermum, Ravenala, Strelitzia) / 7

species.

The Strelitziaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having rhizomatous and decumbent or erect, arborescent stems with distichous leaves and flowers having 5-6 stamens.

P (3+3) A 5 or 6 G (3), inferior.

The Strelitziaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having rhizomatous and decumbent or erect, arborescent stems with distichous leaves and flowers having 5-6 stamens.

P (3+3) A 5 or 6 G (3), inferior.

Strelitzia nicolai Giant/Tree Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia nicolai Giant/Tree Bird of Paradise

Strelitzia reginae Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise

Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species


The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes.

P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.

The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes.

P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.



Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants,

e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria

cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale

(ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g.,

Alpinia and Hedychium.

Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants,

e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria

cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale

(ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g.,

Alpinia and Hedychium.

Zingiberaceae

StrelitziaceaeMusaceae

Alpinia Shell GingerAlpinia Shell Ginger

Brachychilus horsfieldiiBrachychilus horsfieldii

GlobbaGlobba

HedychiumHedychium

Nicolaia elatiorNicolaia elatior

Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family (Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species

Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family (Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species

The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes.

P 3+3 A 1, petaloid & monothecal + 1-4 petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.

The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes.

P 3+3 A 1, petaloid & monothecal + 1-4 petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.

Cannaceae

StrelitziaceaeMusaceae Zingiberaceae

Canna sp. CannaceaeCanna sp. Cannaceae

Commelinaceae—Spiderwort family (after Caspar Commelijn, Dutch botanist, 1667–1731)

39 genera/640 species.

Commelinaceae—Spiderwort family (after Caspar Commelijn, Dutch botanist, 1667–1731)

39 genera/640 species.

The Commelinaceae are distinctive in being mostly perennial herbs with closed sheathed leaves and a trimerous, hypogynous flower with an ephemeral corolla, staminodia in some, most species with characteristic 3-celled glandular microhairs, the latter a probable apomorphy for the family.

K 3 or (3) C 3 or (3) A 3 or 3 + 3 staminodes or 1 G (3)

The Commelinaceae are distinctive in being mostly perennial herbs with closed sheathed leaves and a trimerous, hypogynous flower with an ephemeral corolla, staminodia in some, most species with characteristic 3-celled glandular microhairs, the latter a probable apomorphy for the family.

K 3 or (3) C 3 or (3) A 3 or 3 + 3 staminodes or 1 G (3)

Haemodoraceae—Bloodwort family(Gr. haimo, blood, in reference to red pigmentation in roots and

rootstocks of some members)13 genera/100 species.

Haemodoraceae—Bloodwort family(Gr. haimo, blood, in reference to red pigmentation in roots and

rootstocks of some members)13 genera/100 species.

The Haemodoraceae are distinctive in being perennial herbs with arylphenalenone compounds (imparting a reddish coloration to stems and roots in almost all Haemodoroideae), unifacial leaves, and variable flowers.

P 3+3 or (3+3) or (6) A 1,3,6 G (3), inferior or superior,

hypanthium present or absent.

The Haemodoraceae are distinctive in being perennial herbs with arylphenalenone compounds (imparting a reddish coloration to stems and roots in almost all Haemodoroideae), unifacial leaves, and variable flowers.

P 3+3 or (3+3) or (6) A 1,3,6 G (3), inferior or superior,

hypanthium present or absent.

Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad family (after Swedish medical doctor and botanist, Olof Ole Bromell

(1639-1705). 59 genera / 2,400 species

Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad family (after Swedish medical doctor and botanist, Olof Ole Bromell

(1639-1705). 59 genera / 2,400 species

The Bromeliaceae are distinctive in being perrenial terrestrial or epiphytic herbs or shrubs with surface peltate scales, often colorful bracts, and trimerous flowers with typically twisted stigmas.

P 3+3 or (3)+(3) A 3+3 G 3, superior or inferior.

Economic importance: Ananas comosus, pineapple.

The Bromeliaceae are distinctive in being perrenial terrestrial or epiphytic herbs or shrubs with surface peltate scales, often colorful bracts, and trimerous flowers with typically twisted stigmas.

P 3+3 or (3)+(3) A 3+3 G 3, superior or inferior.

Economic importance: Ananas comosus, pineapple.

Peltate scalesPeltate scales

Peltate scalesPeltate scales fr. Pierce, 2006

Twisted StylesTwisted Styles

AechmeaAechmea

Ananas comosus PineappleAnanas comosus Pineapple

Bilbergia nutans (left), sp. (right)Bilbergia nutans (left), sp. (right)

Dyckia dawsoniiDyckia dawsonii

NeoregaliaNeoregalia

Puya alpestrisPuya alpestris

Puya venustusPuya venustus Puya sp.

Tillandsia fasciculataTillandsia fasciculata

Tillandsia usneoides Spanish-MossTillandsia usneoides Spanish-Moss

Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species


The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually

3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous

leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a

central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts,

each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual

flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales,

usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or

3-sided achene.

P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior.

The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually

3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous

leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a

central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts,

each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual

flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales,

usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or

3-sided achene.

P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior.



Economic importance is limited, with some

species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing

material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which

was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used

as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella

plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being

noxious weeds.

Economic importance is limited, with some

species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing

material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which

was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used

as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella

plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being

noxious weeds.

Cyperaceae of San Diego County

Cyperaceae of San Diego County

Bolboschoenus maritimus Bolboschoenus maritimus

Carex barbarae Carex barbarae

malespikelet

femalespikelets

femalespikelet

perigynia

Carex praegracilis Carex praegracilis

femalespikelet

perigyniaenclosingovaries

Carex triquetra

Cyperus sp.

spikelet: bracts

distichous

Cyperus involucratusCyperus involucratus

spikelet involucral

bracts

Eleocharis macrostachya Eleocharis macrostachya

Eleocharis montevidensis Eleocharis montevidensis

Eleocharis parishii Eleocharis parishii

Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] americanus Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] americanus

Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] californicus Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] californicus

Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens

involucralbract

spikelet

Juncaceae - Rush family (L. for binder, in reference to use in weaving and basketry).

7 genera / 430 species

Juncaceae - Rush family (L. for binder, in reference to use in weaving and basketry).

7 genera / 430 species

The Juncaceae are distinctive in being usually perennial herbs with spiral, sheathing, bifacial or unifacial leaves, trimerous, actinomorphic flowers with a typically scarious perianth and a loculicidal capsule.

P 3+3 [2+2 or 3] A 3+3 [3+0 or 2] G (3), superior, hypanthium absent

The Juncaceae are distinctive in being usually perennial herbs with spiral, sheathing, bifacial or unifacial leaves, trimerous, actinomorphic flowers with a typically scarious perianth and a loculicidal capsule.

P 3+3 [2+2 or 3] A 3+3 [3+0 or 2] G (3), superior, hypanthium absent

Juncaceae of San Diego CountyJuncaceae of San Diego County

Juncus acutus Spiny Rush Juncus acutus Spiny Rush

Juncus bufonius Juncus bufonius

Juncus dubius Juncus dubius

Juncus phaeocephalus Juncus phaeocephalus

Poaceae - Grass family (after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species

Poaceae - Grass family (after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species

STEMS: hollow-pithed

LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade

INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet

= axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets

Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower

FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3)

FRUIT: caryopsis (grain).

STEMS: hollow-pithed

LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade

INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet

= axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets

Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower

FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3)

FRUIT: caryopsis (grain).

DISTRIBUTION: worldwide.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

1) agricultural grains (most important food in world):

barley (Hordeum)

corn (Zea)

oats (Avena)

rice (Oryza)

rye (Secale)

wheat (Triticum);

2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin

3) forage and grazing plants;

4) important components of many ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannahs.

DISTRIBUTION: worldwide.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

1) agricultural grains (most important food in world):

barley (Hordeum)

corn (Zea)

oats (Avena)

rice (Oryza)

rye (Secale)

wheat (Triticum);

2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin

3) forage and grazing plants;

4) important components of many ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannahs.

distichousleaf

arrangement

distichousleaf

arrangement

open sheathopen sheath

liguleligule

Bamboos

Fruit: Grain

Achnatherum coronatumAchnatherum coronatum

GRASSES OF SAN DIEGO CO.

Agrostis pallensAgrostis pallens

Arundo donaxArundo donax

Avena barbataAvena barbata

Avena fatuaAvena fatua

Bothriochloa barbinodisBothriochloa barbinodis

Brachypodium distachyonBrachypodium distachyon

Briza minorBriza minor

Bromus diandrusBromus diandrus

Bromus hordeaceusBromus hordeaceus

Bromus rubens ssp. madritensisBromus rubens ssp. madritensis

Cortaderia selloanaCortaderia selloana

Cynodon dactylonBermuda Grass

Cynodon dactylonBermuda Grass

Distichlis littoralis [Monanthochloe l.]Distichlis littoralis [Monanthochloe l.]

Distichlis spicataDistichlis spicata

Echinochloa crus-galiEchinochloa crus-gali

Gastridium ventricosumGastridium ventricosum

Hordeum murinumHordeum murinum

Lamarckia aureaLamarckia aurea

Lolium multiflorumLolium multiflorum

Melica frutescensMelica frutescens

Melica imperfectaMelica imperfecta

Muhlenbergia microspermaMuhlenbergia microsperma

Muhlenbergia rigensMuhlenbergia rigens

Nasella lepidaNasella lepida

Nasella pulchraNasella pulchra

Parapholis incurvaParapholis incurva

Paspalum dilatatumPaspalum dilatatum

Paspalum distichumPaspalum distichum

Pennisetum setaceumPennisetum setaceum

Piptatherum miliaceumPiptatherum miliaceum

Polypogon maritimusPolypogon maritimus

Polypogon monspeliensisPolypogon monspeliensis

Melinis repensMelinis repens

Schismus barbatusSchismus barbatus

Spartina foliosaSpartina foliosa

Vulpia myurosVulpia myuros

Ch7c (Botany Lecture)

Education

Transcript of Ch7c (Botany Lecture)