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1

30 July 2007 1

CHAPTER5

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ndashPART 1

30 July 2007 2

OUTLINE

31 Mechanical Properties

311 Definition

312 Factors AffectingMechanical Properties

313 Kinds of MechanicalProperties

314 Stress and Strain

315 Elastic Deformation

316 Plastic Deformationamp Plasticity

317 Strength

318 BrittlenessToughness Resilience ampDuctility

319 Fatigue

3110 Creep andShrinkage Design andSafety Factors

32 Electrical Properties

33 Optical Properties

34 Magnetic Properties

35 Thermal Properties

36 Corrosion Properties



30 July 2007 3

31 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

311 DEFINITIONProperties or deformationobserved when a material issubjected

to an applied external force(F = ma)

to a mechanical force ofstretching compressingbending strikingare calledthe mechanical properties

eg Mechanical properties of airplane

wing made of aluminum alloy

Mechanical properties of a bridge made of steel

30 July 2007 4

312 FACTORS AFFECTING THE

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Nature of the applied load eg Tensilecompressive shear

Magnitude of the applied force

The duration (application time) may beless than a second may extend over aperiod of many years



30 July 2007 5

313 KINDS OF MECHANICAL

PROPERTIESElasticity

he ability of a material to deform under load and return to its original size and shape when the

load is removed

Stiffness

the slope of the linear segment of stress ndash strain curve is Elastic Modulus or Youngrsquos Modulus

The value of the Modulus is the measure of STIFFNESS materialrsquos resistance to elastic

deformation (MPa)

Plasticity the property of a material to deform permanently under the application of a load

Yield Strength the stress level at which the plastic deformation begins (MPa)

Tensile Strengththe stress at the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curvethe ability of a material to

withstand tensile loads without rupture when the material is in tension (MPa)

Compressive Strengththe ability of a material to withstand compressive (squeezing) loads without being crushed

when the material is in compression (MPa)

Fracture Strength corresponds to the stress at fracture (MPa)

30 July 2007 6


PROPERTIES

Toughness the ability of a material to withstand shatter A material which easily shatters is brittle The ability of a

material to absorb energy (Jm3)

ResilienceThe capacity of material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to

have this energy recovered (Jm3)

Ductilitythe ability of a material to stretch under the application of tensile load and retain the deformed shape on the

removal of the load Measure of ability to deform plastically without fracture (no units or mm)

Brittleness brittle materials approximately have a fracture strain of less than about 5

Malleabilityhe property of a material to deform permanently under the application of a compressive load A material

which is forged to its final shape is required to be malleable

Fatigue

Strengththe property of a material to withstand continuously varying and alternating loads

Hardnesshe property of a material to withstand indentation and surface abrasion by another hard object It is an

indication of the wear resistance of a material



30 July 2007 7

314 STRESS amp STRAIN

Tension Compression Shear Torsion

Reference Callister Material Science and Eng 5th Ed p114

Types of force(load) applied on the object

30 July 2007 8

3141 ENGINEERING STRESS (σ)

(Gerilme)

Stress is defined as force F applied over the original cross-sectional area Ao

For a tensile test the stress is given by

Stress (MPa or psi)

Where F = applied tensile force (N or lbs) A0= original cross-sectional area of the test specimen (m2 or in2)

Units for Engineering Stress US customary pounds per square inch (psi) SI N m-2 = Pascal (Pa) 1psi = 689 x 10 3 Pa



30 July 2007 9


(Gerilme)

Example A 125 cm diameter bar is subjected to a load of2500 kg Calculate the engineering stress on the bar inmegapascal (MPa)

Solrsquon F= ma = 2500 x 981 = 24 500 N

Ao = π r 2 = π ( 00125 2 4 )

σ = Ft Ao = 2 x 10 8 Pa = 200 MPa

30 July 2007 10

3142 ENGINEERING STRAIN

(Şekil Değiştirme)

When an unaxial tensile force is applied to a rod it causesthe rod to be elongated in the direction of the force

Engineering strain is the ratio of the change in the length ofthe sample in the direction of the force divided by the originallength

ε = ( l ndash lo ) lo = ∆ l lo Where ∆l = l - lo is the change in length l0 = original length of the specimen In engineering practice it is common to convert engineering

strain into percent strain or percent elongation engineering strain = engineering strain x 100 =

elongation Unit of engineering strain Inch inch or mm which is dimensionless



30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress

Engineering(normal) strain

==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12

3143 STRESS ndash STRAIN TESTING

Tension tests they are common since they are easier toperform for most structural materials steel etc

Compression tests are used when a materialrsquos under largeand permanent strains is desired or when the material is

brittle in tension concrete Shear and torsion tests Torsion test are performed on

cylindrical solid shafts or tubes machine axles and driveshafts

Typical tensile Specimen



30 July 2007 13

3143 STRESS ndash STRAIN TESTINGHydraulic

Wedge

Grips

SpecimenExtensometer

Schematic representation of the apparatusused to conduct tensile stress - strain tests

Typical tensile test machine

30 July 2007 14

3144 YOUNGS MODULUS (E)

During ElasticDeformation Stress Strain = a constant

σ ε= E =Modulus ofelasticity (YoungrsquosModulus) (ElastisiteModuumlluuml) (MPa)

Modulus of Elasticitygives an idea aboutmaterialrsquos resistanceto elastic deformation



30 July 2007 15

STIFFNESSMaterialrsquos resistance to

Elastic Deformation

Atomic Origin of Stiffness

Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded

N e t I n t e r a t o m i c F o r c e

Interatomic Distance

E prop dF

dr

r o

The value of the Modulus of Elasticity isthe measure of STIFFNESS

30 July 2007 16

Metal Alloy Modulus of Elasticity

E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17


Engineering Strain ε = ∆LLo)0002

E n g i n e e r i n g

S t r e s s σ = F A o

Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18

315 ELASTIC DEFORMATION

Elasticity or elastic deformation is defined as ability of returning toan initial state or form after deformation

In most engineering materials however there will also exist a time-dependent elastic strain component That is elastic deformation willcontinue after the stress application and upon load release some

finite time is required for complete recovery This time-dependentelastic behavior is known as ANELASTICITY and it is due to time-dependent microscopic and atomistic processes that are attendant tothe deformation

For metals the inelastic component is normally small and is oftenneglected However for some polymeric materials its magnitude issignificant in this case it is termed VISCOELASTIC BEHAVİOR

A simplified view of ametal bars structure

P

The same metal bar thistime with an applied load

After the load is releasedthe bar returns to itsoriginal shape This iscalled elastic deformation



30 July 2007 19

315 ELASTIC DEFORMATION EXAMPLE A piece of copper originally 305 mm (12 in) long is

pulled in tension with a stress of 276 MPa (40000 psi)If the deformation is entirely elastic what will be theresultant elongation

Solrsquon

Since the deformation is elastic strain is linearlydependent on stress the magnitude of E for copper is

110 GPa ε= (l ndash lo ) lo = ∆ l lo 991750l = (276 MPa) (305 mm) 110 x 103 MPa = 077 mm

= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20

316 PLASTIC DEFORMATION ampPLASTICITY

For most metallic materialselastic deformation existsonly to strains of about0005 As the material isdeformed beyond this

point the stress is notproportional to strain Andpermanent nonrecoverabledeformations PLASTICDEFORMATION occurs



30 July 2007 21

316 PLASTIC DEFORMATION amp

PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22

317 STRENGTH3171 YIELD STRENGTH ( Y ) ( MPa or psi )

Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation hasoccurred

The magnitude of the yield strength for a metal is ameasure of its resistance to plastic deformation

A straight line is drawn parallel to the elastic deformation

part of the curve from the engineering strain value of0002 The stress corresponding to the intersection pointof these two lines is YIELD STRENGTH

Yield strengths may range from 35 MPa for a low strengthAl to over 1400 MPa for high strength steels

Comparison of Yield Strength σy (ceramics) gtgt σ y (metals) gtgt σ y (polymers)

gtgt σ y (composites)



30 July 2007 23

3172 TENSİLE STRENGTH (TS)

( MPa or psi )

The stress at the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve

This corresponds to the maximum stress that can beresisted by a structure in tension It is the maximumstress without fracture

Examples metals occurs when noticeable ldquoneckingrdquo starts ceramics occurs when crack propagation starts polymers occurs when polymer backbones are all

aligned and about to break

Tensile Strengths may vary from 50 MPa to 3000 MPa

30 July 2007 24

3173 COMPRESSIVE (CRUSHING)STRENGTH

It is important inceramics used instructures such asbuildings or refractory

bricks Thecompressive strengthof a ceramic is usuallymuch greater thantheir tensile strength

Tensile compressiveand bending testingfor materials



30 July 2007 25

3173 COMPRESSIVE (CRUSHING)

STRENGTHComparisonof Stress -

StrainCurves for

MetalsCeramicsPolymers

andElastomers

30 July 2007 26


The Relationship between Elastic Modulus and Melting Temperature



30 July 2007 27

318 BRITTLENESS TOUGHNESS RESILIENCEamp DUCTILITY

3181 BRITTLENESS

A material that experiences very little or no plasticdeformation upon fracture is termed brittle

Ductile vs Brittle Materials

bull Only Ductile materials will exhibit necking

bull Ductile if ELgt8 (approximately)

bull Brittle if EL lt 5 (approximately)

X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D

E n g i n e e r i n g S t r e s s

Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS

Brittle Fracture Surfaces



30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS

A measure of the ability of a material to absorb energywithout fracture

(Jm3 or N mm3= MPa) It is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb

energy up to fracture Energy needed to break a unit volume of material Area under stress-strain curve For a material to be tough it must display both

strength and ductility Often ductile materials are tougher than brittle ones Examples

smaller toughness (ceramics) larger toughness(metals PMCs) smaller toughness unreinforced ( polymers)

30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut

Engineering Strain e = ∆LLo)

E n g i n e e r i n g S t r e s s S = P A o

X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness is really ameasure of the energy asample can absorbbefore it breaks

30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE

A measure of the ability of a material to absorb energywithout plastic or permanent deformation (Jm3 or Nmm3= MPa)

X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33

3184 DUCTILITY ( EL)

Ductility is another important mechanical property

It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformationthat has been sustained at fracture

30 July 2007 34


Stress-Strain diagrams fortypical (a) brittle and (b) ductile

materials

Stress- StrainCurves for Brittle

and DuctileMaterials



30 July 2007 35

3184 DUCTILITY ( EL)Ductile Materials

Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37

STRESS ndash STRAIN CURVES

Stress- Strain Curves for Different Materials

CURVE EXAMPLEA Stiff but Weak CERAMICB Stiff and Strong CERAMICC Stiff and Strong METALC Moderately Stiff and Strong METALD Flexible and Moderately Strong POLYMERE Flexible and Weak POLYMER

30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE

If placed under too large of a stress metals will mechanicallyfail or fracture This can also result over time from manysmall stresses The most common reason (about 80) formetal failure is fatigue

The most common reason (about 80) for metal failure isfatigue



30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM

This front brake assembly broke off under braking and severely injured the cyclistPoor maintenance had allowed the brake bolt to loosen and allow the assembly to

chatter when braking imposing cyclic loads instead of steady stress on the fasteningbolt



30 July 2007 41


Typical Mechanical Properties

Material Yield Stress(MPa)

UltimateStress (MPa)

DuctilityEL

Elastic Modulus(MPa)

PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035

6-4 Ti Alloy 942 1000 14 107000 036AZ80 Mg Alloy 285 340 11 45000 029

Metals in annealed (soft) condition



30 July 2007 3

31 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

311 DEFINITIONProperties or deformationobserved when a material issubjected

to an applied external force(F = ma)

to a mechanical force ofstretching compressingbending strikingare calledthe mechanical properties

eg Mechanical properties of airplane

wing made of aluminum alloy

Mechanical properties of a bridge made of steel

30 July 2007 4

312 FACTORS AFFECTING THE


Nature of the applied load eg Tensilecompressive shear

Magnitude of the applied force

The duration (application time) may beless than a second may extend over aperiod of many years



30 July 2007 5




load is removed

Stiffness



deformation (MPa)








30 July 2007 6


PROPERTIES










Fatigue






30 July 2007 7





30 July 2007 8


(Gerilme)



Stress (MPa or psi)





30 July 2007 9


(Gerilme)


Solrsquon F= ma = 2500 x 981 = 24 500 N

Ao = π r 2 = π ( 00125 2 4 )

σ = Ft Ao = 2 x 10 8 Pa = 200 MPa

30 July 2007 10










30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress


==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12









30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 5




load is removed

Stiffness



deformation (MPa)








30 July 2007 6


PROPERTIES










Fatigue






30 July 2007 7





30 July 2007 8


(Gerilme)



Stress (MPa or psi)





30 July 2007 9


(Gerilme)


Solrsquon F= ma = 2500 x 981 = 24 500 N

Ao = π r 2 = π ( 00125 2 4 )

σ = Ft Ao = 2 x 10 8 Pa = 200 MPa

30 July 2007 10










30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress


==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12









30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 7





30 July 2007 8


(Gerilme)



Stress (MPa or psi)





30 July 2007 9


(Gerilme)


Solrsquon F= ma = 2500 x 981 = 24 500 N

Ao = π r 2 = π ( 00125 2 4 )

σ = Ft Ao = 2 x 10 8 Pa = 200 MPa

30 July 2007 10










30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress


==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12









30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 9


(Gerilme)


Solrsquon F= ma = 2500 x 981 = 24 500 N

Ao = π r 2 = π ( 00125 2 4 )

σ = Ft Ao = 2 x 10 8 Pa = 200 MPa

30 July 2007 10










30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress


==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12









30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 11



L

Engineeringstress


==

== A

F

δ ε

σ

A

F

L

A

F

δ ε

σ

=

==2

2

LL

A

F

δ δ ε

σ

==

=

2

2

30 July 2007 12









30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 13


Wedge

Grips




30 July 2007 14







30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 15


Elastic Deformation


Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded



E prop dF

dr

r o


30 July 2007 16


E ( GPa)

Aluminum

Brass

Copper

Magnesium

Nickel

Steel

Titanium

Tungsten

69

97

110

45

207

207

107

407




30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 17





Total Elongation

E

30 July 2007 18







P





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 19



Solrsquon



= E ε εε ε σ

30 July 2007 20






30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 21


PLASTICITY

30 July 2007 22











30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 23


( MPa or psi )






30 July 2007 24







30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 25



StrainCurves for


andElastomers

30 July 2007 26





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 27


3181 BRITTLENESS






X

XX A

B C

XDBrittle Ductile

A amp B C amp D


Engineering Strain

30 July 2007 28

3181 BRITTLENESS




30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 29

3182 TOUGHNESS






30 July 2007 30

3182 TOUGHNESS

Toughness Ut



X

U t = S deo

e f

int

asymp(S y + S u )

2

EL

100

SuSy



30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 31

3182 TOUGHNESS


30 July 2007 32

3183 RESILIENCE


X

Resilience Ur



S = P A o

U r = S deo

e y

int

asymp S y e y

2

= S y

2

2 E

SuSy

E

ey



30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 33




30 July 2007 34



materials





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 35


Brittle Materials

30 July 2007 36




30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 37




30 July 2007 38

319 FATIGUE





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 39

FATIGUE MECHANISM

30 July 2007 40

FATIGUE MECHANISM





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035





30 July 2007 41





DuctilityEL


PoissonrsquosRatio

1040 Steel 350 520 30 207000 030

1080 Steel 380 615 25 207000 0302024 Al Alloy 100 200 18 72000 033

316 Stainless Steel 210 550 60 195000 030

7030 Brass 75 300 70 110000 035



CH5 -Mechanical Properties of Mat..pdf

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