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2.03.
1 The Classification of Various Living Organisms
Pengelasan Pelbagai Organisma Hidup
1. Biodiversity shows the existence of many different species of organisms
that are found on Earth.
Biokepelbagaian merujuk kepada kewujudan pelbagai spesies organisma yang berlainan di Bumi.
2. Classification is a process of grouping living things that possess
characteristics that are the same into the same class.
Pengelasan ialah proses pengumpulan benda hidup yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang sama ke dalam kelas yang sama.
3. Animals can be divided to two classes, i.e. vertebrates and invertebrates.
Haiwan boleh dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu haiwan vertebrata dan haiwan invertebrata.
AnimalsHaiwan
VertebratesVertebrata Invertebrates
Invertebrata
AmphibiansAmfi bia
FishIkan
BirdsBurung
MammalsMamalia
ReptilesReptilia
Figure 2.03.1 Classification of animalsRajah 2.03.1 Pengelasan haiwan
4. The difference between vertebrate animals and invertebrate animals are
shown in the Table 2.03.1.
Perbezaan di antara haiwan vertebrata dengan haiwan invertebrata seperti dalam Jadual 2.03.1.
Vertebrate / Vertebrata Invertebrate / Invertebrata
Has a backbone Does not have a backbone
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Mempunyai tulang belakang Tidak mempunyai tulang belakang
Uses a skeletal frame to support the bodyMenggunakan rangka tulang untuk menyokong tubuh badan
Uses the exoskeleton that is hard or body fluids to support the bodyMenggunakan rangka luar yang keras atau bendalir badan untuk menyokong tubuh badan
Has a central nervous systemMempunyai sistem saraf dan otak yang cekap
Some of the invertebrates do not possess a developed nervous systemSesetengah invertebrata tidak mempunyai sistem saraf
Example: cows, snakes, cats and birdsContoh: lembu, ular, kucing, burung
Example: beetle, cockroaches and white antsContoh: kumbang, lipas, anai- anai
Table 2.03.1 Vertebrate and invertebrate animals
Jadual 2.03.1 Haiwan vertebrata dan haiwan invertebrata
5. Table 2.03.2 shows the characteristics that are present in the vertebrates
according to their classification.
Jadual 2.03.2 menunjukkan ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada haiwan vertebrata mengikut pengelasannya.
Vertebrate / Vertebrata Characteristic / Ciri-ciri
Fish / IkanExample: shark, eel
Contoh: ikan jerung,belut
Lives in fresh water or seaHas slimy scalesBreathes through the gillsCold-bloodedExternal fertilizationLay eggsHidup di air tawar atau air masinMempunyai sisik berlendirBernafas dengan insangBerdarah sejukPersenyawaan luarBertelur
Amphibians / AmfibiaExample: frog, toadContoh: katak, kodok
Lives on land and waterCovered by moist skinBreathes through the gills (tadpole stage)and the lungs (adult stage)Cold-bloodedExternal fertilizationLay eggHidup di darat dan airBerkulit lembap dan terdedahBernafas dengan insang (peringkat berudu)dan peparu (peringkat dewasa)
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Berdarah sejukPersenyawaan luarBertelur
Reptiles / ReptiliaExample: lizard, snakes, crocodile
Contoh: cicak, ular, buaya
Lives on land and waterHas scaly and dry skinBreath through lungsCold-bloodedInternal fertilizationMajority lay eggsHidup di darat atau di dalam airBersisik keringBernafas dengan peparuBerdarah sejukPersenyawaan dalamKebanyakan bertelur
Birds / BurungExample: chicken, ducksContoh: ayam, itik
Lives on landFeathersMouth has beakBreathes through lungsWarm-bloodedInternal fertilizationLay eggsHidup di daratBerbulu pelepah dan berkepakMulut berparuhBernafas dengan peparuBerdarah panasPersenyawaan dalamBertelur
Mammals / MamaliaExample: rabbits, bats and humanContoh: arnab, kelawar, manusia
Most live on land except the whaleHas fur or hairCupped earsBreathes through lungsWarm-bloodedHas diaphragm and teethInternal fertilizationGives birth to young, feeds the young withown milk and looks after the youngKebanyakan hidup di darat kecuali ikan pausBerbulu atau berambutTelinga bercupingBernafas dengan peparuBerdarah panasMempunyai diafragma dan gigiPersenyawaan dalam
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Melahirkan anak, menyusu dan menjaga anak
Table 2.03.2 Characteristics of vertebrate animalsJadual 2.03.2 Ciri-ciri pada haiwan vertebrata
6. Plants can be divided into flowering plants and non-flowering plants.
Tumbuhan boleh dibahagikan kepada tumbuhan berbunga dan tumbuhan tak berbunga.
PlantsTumbuhan
FloweringBerbunga
Non-floweringTidak Berbunga
MonokotiledonMonokotiledon
DikotiledonDicotyledon
AlgaAlga
KulatFungus
Paku PakisFerns
LumutMoss
Figure 2.03.2 Classification of plantsRajah 2.03.2 Pengelasan tumbuhan
7. Flowering plants
Tumbuhan berbunga
a. Plants that produce flowers and seeds
Tumbuhan yang menghasilkan bunga dan biji benih
b. Consists of monocoty ledonous and dicotyledonous plants
Terdiri daripada monokotiledon dan dikotiledon
Part / BahagianMonocotyledon /Monokotiledon
Dicotyledon / Dikotiledon
Example / Contoh Paddy, maizePadi, jagung
Balsam plant, rosePokok keembung, mawar
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Seeds / Biji benih1 cotyledon1 kotiledon
2 cotyledons2 kotiledon
Leaf / DaunParallel veinsUrat selari
Netted veinUrat jejala
Roots / AkarFibrous rootsSistem serabut
Tap rootSistem tunjang
Stem / BatangNon-woody, softTak berkayu, lembut
Woody, herbaceousBerkayu, lembut
Flower / Bunga3 whorls3 pusaran
2,4 or 5 whorls2,4 atau 5 pusaran
Table 2.03.3 Characteristics of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants
Jadual 2.03.3 Ciri-ciri tumbuhan monokotiledon dan dikotiledon
8. Non-flowering plants
Tumbuhan tidak berbunga
a. Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers and seeds but produce
spores for reproduction.
Tumbuhan tidak berbunga tidak menghasilkan bunga dan biji benih tetapi menghasil kan spora-spora untuk membiak.
b. Most non-flowering plants are parasites, saprophyte and epiphytes.
Kebanyakan tumbuhan tidak berbunga adalah parasit, saprofit dan epifit.
c. Plants that are nonflowering can be divided into four groups, i.e., alga,
fungus, ferns and moss.
Tumbuhan tidak berbunga boleh dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu kulat, alga, paku pakis, dan lumut.
Example / Contoh
Characteristic / Ciri-ciri
Fungus / Kulat Grows in damp areas, cannot make its own food, no proper root system, no
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leaves, produces spores and lives as a parasite or saprophyteTumbuh di kawasan lembap, tidak boleh membuat makanan sendiri, tiada akar sebenar, tidak berdaun, menghasilkan spora dan hidup sebagai parasit atau saprofit
Algae / AlgaGrows on land or in water, no roots, leaves and stem but has chlorophyllTumbuh di darat dan di air, tidak mempunyai akar, daun dan batang serta mempunyai klorofil
Ferns / Paku pakis Grows in damp areas, has roots, stem and leaves, can make its own foods,
produces spores.Tumbuh di kawasan lembap, dan mempunyai akar, batang, dan daun, boleh membuat makanan sendiri, menghasilkan spora
Moss / Lumut
Grows on damp surfaces, has roots, stem and leaves and make its own foodTumbuh di permukaan yang lembap, mempunyai akar, batang, dan daun, dan boleh membuat makanan sendiri.
Table 2.03.4 Characteristics of non-flowering plants
Jadual 2.03.4 Ciri-ciri tumbuhan tidak berbunga
9. Maintenance of the biodiversity is important as it is:
Mengekalkan biokepelbagaian adalah penting kerana ia merupakan:
a. a source of food;
sumber makanan;
b. a source of things;
sumber kebendaan;
c. source of medicine;
sumber perubatan;
d. source of fresh water;
sumber air yang bersih;
e. air for breathing.
udara untuk bernafas.
10. Efforts to maintain the biodiversity include:
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Usaha untuk mengekalkan biokepelbagaian termasuklah:
a. control and management of the habitat;
menjaga dan mengurus habitat;
b. provide public awareness;
memberi pendedahan kepada manusia;
c. use of animals, plants, land and water with caution;
menggunakan binatang, tumbuhan, tanah dan air dengan bijaksana;
d. conserve plant species.
menjaga spesies tanaman.