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Transcript of Ch14
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 14
Stress and Health
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Stress and Health
Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides
psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress and Illness Leading causes of death in the US in
1900 and 2000
Stress and Illness
Stress the process by
which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulatesthe outer part of the adrenalgland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Sympathetic nervoussystem releases the stress hormonesepinephrine andnorepinephrinefrom nerve endings in the inner part ofthe adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex(perceives stressor)
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s
concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of
job, promotion Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress by Age
Perceived Control Health consequences of a loss of control
No connection to shock source
To shock control To shock source
“Executive” rat “Subordinate” rat Control rat
Perceived Control Equality and Longevity
Stress and the Heart
Coronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
Stress and the Heart
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 Heart attack DeathLow risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Stress and the Heart
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and the Heart
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow
and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CS(sweetenedwater) CR
(immunesuppression)
Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Promoting Health
Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
Depressionscore
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Before treatmentevaluation
After treatmentevaluation
No-treatmentgroup
Aerobicexercise
group
Relaxationtreatment
group
Promoting Health Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension
Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can
reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentageof patients
with recurrentheart attacks
(cumulativeaverage)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-stylereduced recurrent
heart attacks
Promoting Health Social support across the life span
12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years
100%
90
80
70
60
50
Percentagewith high
support
Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
Promoting Health Predictors of mortality
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Men Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance
Relativerisk
of dying
Promoting Health Religious Attendance
Promoting Health The religion factor is mulitidimensional
Religiousinvolvement
Healthybehaviors
(less smoking,drinking)
Social support(faith
communities,marriage)
Positiveemotions
(less stress,anxiety)
Better health(less immune systemsuppression, stress
hormones, and suicide)
Promoting Health
Complementary and Alternative Medicine unproven health care treatments
not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
Alternative systems ofmedical practice
Bioelectromagneticapplications
Diet, nutrition,life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care system based onalternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditionsfor pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnosticand therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
Promoting Health Smoking-related early deaths
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
33,348
1,686 1,135 556 202
Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide crash AIDS
Cause of death
Numberof deaths
per 100,000
The Physiological Effects of Nicotine
Promoting Health Fewer Canadian smokers
Males
Females
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994- 1996- 1995 1997
Year
60%
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentageof Canadians
smoking
Smoking Prevention
U.S. teen smoking
Smoking Prevention
Results of a smoking inoculation program
Percentageof studentswho smoke
20
15
10
5
0 0 4 9 12 16 21 33
Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade
Months of study
Control school
School with smokingPrevention program
Fewer teens took upsmoking when “inoculated” against it
Obesity and Weight Control
Obesity and body mass index
Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and mortality
18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9
Body-mass index (BM I)Men Women
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Relativerisk ofdeath
Weight Discrimination
When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Willingnessto hire scale
(from1:definitely
not hire to7: definitely
hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women Men
Normal Overweight
Weight Control Effects of a severe diet
Caloric intake
in caloriesper day
Body weight
in kilograms
Metabolism:Oxygen
consumptionin liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
0 8 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32
Weight Control Trading risks
Weight Control Thinning of Miss America
Weight Control
Most lost weight is regained
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Startingpoint
Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight
loss regained
Weight Control
Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)