CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!
Transcript of CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!
![Page 1: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY
THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!
![Page 2: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What do human geographers do?
…..they ask two main questions:
1. Where are things/people?
2. Why are they there?
![Page 3: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
We will define geography as…
-The study of where people/things are found on Earth’s surface and the reasons for their location
GEOGRAPHY
human physical
![Page 4: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ISSUE #1
How do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?
![Page 5: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MAPS
Storing Reference MaterialCommunicating geographic
information
![Page 6: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SCALE….
Represented in different ways1. Ratio (1: 24,000)2. Fraction (1/24,000)3. Written statement (1” equals
24,000 miles)4. Bar scale (p.10 in text)
![Page 7: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SCALE cont…
SMALL SCALE• Represents smaller detail of
a large area (p. 10 in text)
Ex. 1:10,000,000 is a smaller scale map (it represents a huge area but the ratio is a smaller number, not much detail)
LARGE SCALE• Represents larger detail of a
smaller area (p. 10 in text)
Ex. 1:10,000 is a larger scale map (it represents a smaller area but the ratio is a larger number, there is more detail)
![Page 8: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Small Scale
Objects appear smaller
Large Scale
Objects appear larger
![Page 9: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PROJECTION…
…. Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
![Page 10: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROJECTION PROBLEMS
• Maps show:
- Shape- Distance- Size- Direction
But………………
.....no map can accurately depict all 4 at once on the same map
- For ex. A map might show true directions and shapes but distorts size (Mercator, compare maps on pp.6 & 19)
West Wing Video
![Page 11: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of Map Projection
![Page 12: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mercator Projection
![Page 13: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mercator Projection
Mercator Distorts:• Shape• Distance• Relative Size
Was designed for navigation purposes (for which it is VERY effective)
Has been criticized for cultural bias because the less-developed world is portrayed much smaller than it truly is
![Page 14: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Gall-Peters Projection
![Page 15: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gall-Peters Projection
Gall-Peters Distorts:• Shape• Distance
Projection is “Equal Area” -countries are in correct proportion with
each otherClaimed to eliminate the “cultural bias” of the
Mercator Projection
![Page 16: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Robinson Projection
![Page 17: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Robinson Projection
Robinson Distorts:• Shape• Distance• Relative Size• Direction (at edges)
Distortion is minimal at the center of the map but increases at poles and edges
Seen as a compromise to create an appealing view of the entire Earth
![Page 18: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Goode’s Projection
![Page 19: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Goode’s Projection
Goode’s Distorts:• Distance
Often called the “Orange-Peel Map”Shows the surface of the Earth in relative
size, but distance and direction are greatly distorted
![Page 20: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The only way to avoid distortion…
![Page 21: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ISSUE #2
Why is Each Point on Earth Unique?
![Page 22: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
4 Ways Geographers Identify Location
TOPONYMSITE
SITUATIONMATHEMATICAL LOCATION (lat/long)
![Page 23: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TOPONYM
• The name given to a place on Earth– Ex. Philadelphia
– Sometimes it can tell youabout the place
ex. San Francisco….?
![Page 24: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SITE
• The physical characteristics of a place– Site characteristics
include climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation…
![Page 25: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SITUATION
• Location of a place relative to other places
– Ex. John’s Pizza is located across the street from the movie theater
– Situation helps us:1. Find a location2. Understand the importance of a location
![Page 26: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION
• Latitude and Longitude, no explanation needed
![Page 27: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
REGION
• Areas, not specific points, that can be categorized according to various characteristics, a concept known as…
– Cultural landscape (know definition)
![Page 28: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TYPES OF REGIONS
• Formal
• Functional
• Vernacular
*** make sure you know the definition and examples of each!!!
![Page 29: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Formal Region
• Everybody shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
– Exs. Pennsylvania (political), Middle East (religious), North American wheat belt (economic/agricultural), voting areas within the U.S.
![Page 30: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Functional Region
• area organized around a node or focal point– Diminishes as you move away from the node
- Exs. Television station, newspaper circulation, shopping mall
- How is technology affecting functional regions????
![Page 31: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
![Page 32: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vernacular Region
• a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity (more informal)
– Exs. High school campus, home state, your house, the “South” (a combination of features)
![Page 33: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of features are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
![Page 34: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SPATIAL ASSOCIATION
• Geographers try to identify certain factors (cultural, economic, environmental...)
• Factors that have similar distribution have spatial association
– Ex. On a national level, regions in the east may have higher cancer rates due to the spatial association between cancer rates and the distribution/location of factories
![Page 35: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Spatial Association at Various Scales
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the US, Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.
![Page 36: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cancer Death Rates in the U.S.
![Page 37: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cancer Death Rates in Maryland
![Page 38: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cancer Death
Rates in Baltimore
![Page 39: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CULTURE(body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people)
• Major tool used by geographers to explain uniqueness of a region
Culture
Intellectual Popular
(what makes up American culture?)
![Page 40: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TYPES OF REGIONS/COUNTRIES
MORE DEVELOPED• Know the characteristics
and examples(p. 25)
LESS DEVELOPED• Know the characteristics
and examples (p.25)
![Page 41: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
MORE DEVELOPED vs. LESS DEVELOPED REVIEW
1. 2 Regions that are MD
2. Regions that are LD
3. Possession of wealth and material goods (is this MD or LD?)
4. 3 shared characteristics of a MD region
5. Most people are engaged in agriculture (is this MD or LD?)
![Page 42: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
MORE DEVELOPED vs. LESS DEVELOPED
1. 2Regions that are MD North America, Europe, Japan
2. Regions that are LD sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America
3. Possession of wealth and material goods MD
4. 3 shared characteristics of a that distinguish a region per capita income, literacy rates, televisions per capita, hospital beds per capita…
5. Most people are engaged in agriculture LD
![Page 43: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What does this map represent?Try to list the blue countries in your notes.
You may work together.
![Page 45: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The number of planets needed to sustain specific countries at different levels of current consumption.
![Page 47: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
How to Compare Developed vs. Developing
1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)2. GDP per capita3. Life Expectancy/Healthcare4. Education/Literacy Rate5. Agricultural System (Subsistence or Commercial?)6. Rural vs. Urban7. Poverty8. Communications/Infrastructure9. And many more!
![Page 48: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
• The geographic study of human-environment relationships
- how people interact with the environment
Different cultures modify the environment in different ways, producing different regions
![Page 49: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
LIST 5 WAYS….
• Humans impact/modify the environment
• The environment impacts humans
![Page 50: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The World - Dubai
![Page 54: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM
• how the physical environment causes social development
• Positives and negatives about ED????
![Page 55: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
MODERN GEOGRAPHERS & ED
• They prefer Possibilism– Environment limits, but
people can adjust to it
ED
ED Stinks!!
![Page 56: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
POSSIBILISM MEANS THAT HUMANS NOT ONLY ADAPT TO, BUT ALSO CHANGE, THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS CAN BE GOOD OR
BAD……………especially with modern technology
![Page 57: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
• Geographers need to be aware of these in order to understand the distribution of human activities and their impact on the environment
• Why people live where they do or how they make a living depends on these processes/forces
What are these processes?1. Climate2. Vegetation3. Soil4. Landforms
- pp.26-28
![Page 58: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
World Climate Regions
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.
![Page 59: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.
![Page 60: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Environmental Modification
in Florida
Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.
![Page 61: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
C-38 CanalFlorida
The canal has carried water with agricultural runoff and pollution into Lake Okeechobee
![Page 62: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ISSUE #3
Why are Different Places Similar?
![Page 63: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
SCALE
SPACE
CONNECTIONS
![Page 64: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
SCALE
• Local level shows unique features– Stores, housing, hospitals
• At the global level shows broad patterns– Where is rapid population growth?– Where followers of different religions live
• It helps explain globalization (important!!!!!)(the “scale” of the world is shrinking)
![Page 65: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
![Page 66: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Globalization of Culture
Positives? Negatives?
![Page 67: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
SPACE: DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES
• an action at one point in space can result from something happening at another point in space, which can affect conditions in other places
![Page 68: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
DISTRIBUTION(the arrangement of a feature in space)
• Students in GVHS are distributed (arranged) in classrooms….look at the following for our room:
a. Density – frequency with which something occurs
b. Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space (clustered or dispersed)
c. Pattern – geometric arrangement of objects in space
![Page 69: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Key aspects of Distribution are:
Density, Concentration, & Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.
![Page 70: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.
![Page 71: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952
Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.
![Page 72: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007
Fig. 1-19: By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and their number and density at a national level had increased.
![Page 73: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
1. What three things do geographers use to explain why different places are similar?
2. Which scale is more helpful in identifying global patterns, small or large? Why?
![Page 74: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
1. What three things do geographers use to explain why different places are similar? (scale, space, connections)
2. Which scale is more helpful in identifying global patterns, small or large? Why? (small, see global patterns)
![Page 75: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
CONNECTIONS
• More rapid connections have reduced the distance across space between places
• Space-Time Compression describes this reduction in time to reach other places
SPACETIME
![Page 76: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
SPACE TIME
= Rapid Change
![Page 77: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
• New technologies like email, phones, planes, television….make people far away connected and aware of same cultural beliefs (geographers call this Spatial Interaction)
• These technologies affect space time compression
![Page 78: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.
- Go to p.36
![Page 79: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.
![Page 80: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
DIFFUSION
• This has all led to an increase in diffusion– The process by which a
characteristic spreads from one place to another
– Hearth?
![Page 81: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
RELOCATION EXPANSION (know all 3 types – Hierarchical, Contagious,
Stimulus)
Spread by people moving Spread by snowballing process
![Page 82: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
WHICH TYPE OF DIFFUSION IS IT?
1. A rumor is started on the “web” that Michael Jackson is still alive and within 1 week most people believe it and spread the idea.
2. The president begins to use a term that quickly becomes part of the every day language of the American people
3. The invention of velcro by a shoe company that goes out of business but the idea of velcro continues to spread.
![Page 83: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
WHICH TYPE OF DIFFUSION IS IT?
1. A rumor is started on the “web” that Michael Jackson is still alive and within 1 week most people believe it and spread the idea.
- Contagious
2. The president begins to use a term that quickly becomes part of the every day language of the American people
- Hierarchical
3. The invention of velcro by a shoe company that goes out of business but the idea of velcro continues to spread.
- Stimulus
![Page 84: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
AIDS Diffusion in
the US, 1981-2002
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.
![Page 85: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
New AIDS Cases, 1981 (per 100,000 population)
![Page 86: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
New AIDS Cases, 1993 (per 100,000 population)
![Page 87: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
New AIDS Cases, 2002(per 100,000 population)
![Page 88: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Cumulative AIDS Cases, 1981-2002
![Page 89: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The AIDS Memorial
Quilt
![Page 90: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Chapter 01: Review
![Page 91: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
01.01 Which map would have the largest scale?
1. country2. continent3. state4. city5. world
![Page 92: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
01.01 Which map would have the largest scale?
1. country2. continent3. state4. city5. world
![Page 93: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
01.02 A place’s location relative to other objects or places is called its
1. Absolute location2. Situation 3. Site4. Dimension
![Page 94: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
01.02 A place’s location relative to other objects or places is called its
1. Absolute location2. Situation 3. Site4. Dimension
![Page 95: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
01.03 An object at 90 degrees north latitude is
1. At the North Pole2. On the equator3. At the Tropic of Cancer4. At the Tropic of Capricorn5. Closer to Australia than to Europe
![Page 96: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
01.03 An object at 90 degrees north latitude is
1. At the North Pole2. On the equator3. At the Tropic of Cancer4. At the Tropic of Capricorn5. Closer to Australia than to Europe
![Page 97: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
01.04 This climate is not found in the continental United States:
1. Humid subtropical2. Humid continental3. Humid tropical4. Mediterranean 5. Marine west coast
![Page 99: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
01.04 This climate is not found in the continental United States:
1. Humid subtropical2. Humid continental3. Humid tropical4. Mediterranean 5. Marine west coast
![Page 100: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
01.05 The International Date Line is approximately ___ degrees from the Prime Meridian.
1. 02. 453. 904. 1805. 360
![Page 102: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
01.05 The International Date Line is approximately ___ degrees from the Prime Meridian.
1. 02. 453. 904. 1805. 360
![Page 103: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
01.06 An area (think larger rather than smaller) with one or more unique and distinguishing characteristics is called a:
1. Locality 2. Situation 3. Site 4. Location 5. Region
![Page 104: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
01.06 An area with one or more unique and distinguishing characteristics is called a:
1. Locality 2. Situation 3. Site 4. Location 5. Region
![Page 105: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
01.07 The movement of money from one country to another and one currency to another has primarily been facilitated by
1. The leadership of the United States2. Advances in electronic communications3. The World Trade Organization4. Transnational corporations5. Global agreements brokered by the United Nations
![Page 106: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
01.07 The movement of money from one country to another and one currency to another has primarily been facilitated by
1. The leadership of the United States2. Advances in electronic communications3. The World Trade Organization4. Transnational corporations5. Global agreements brokered by the United Nations
![Page 107: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
01.08 Globalization
1. Decreases consumer preferences2. Promotes the maintenance of traditional cultures3. Benefits some countries more than others4. Decreases communication across borders5. Is tightly controlled by the United States
![Page 108: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
01.08 Globalization
1. Decreases consumer preferences2. Promotes the maintenance of traditional cultures3. Benefits some countries more than others4. Decreases communication across borders5. Is tightly controlled by the United States
![Page 109: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
01.09 The frequency an object appears in a given area is its
1. Distribution 2. Density 3. Relative location4. Dispersion 5. Diffusion
![Page 110: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
01.09 The frequency an object appears in a given area is its
1. Distribution 2. Density 3. Relative location4. Dispersion 5. Diffusion
![Page 111: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
01.10 That the physical environment causes social development is the core concept of
1. Cultural relativism2. Possibilism 3. Cultural ecology4. Environmental determinism5. Stimulus diffusion
![Page 112: CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649cac5503460f9496ecd6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
01.10 That the physical environment causes social development is the core concept of
1. Cultural relativism2. Possibilism 3. Cultural ecology4. Environmental determinism5. Stimulus diffusion