Chicago Surrealism, Herbert Marcuse, and the Affirmation ...
Ch.1: New World Beginnings 33,000 BC to 1769 AD By: Kurt Hofius Edited: Andres Marcuse.
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Transcript of Ch.1: New World Beginnings 33,000 BC to 1769 AD By: Kurt Hofius Edited: Andres Marcuse.
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Ch.1: New World Beginnings
33,000 BC to 1769 AD
By: Kurt Hofius
Edited: Andres Marcuse
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Shaping of North America
• According to continental drift, North America was formed when it broke off from the super continent.
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The Land Bridge Theory
• During the Ice Age, the seas congealed and a land bridge was formed across the Bering Straight.
• Theories state that the Americas were peopled when people crossed the Bering Straight from Asia
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The Land Bridge Theory
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1n47P2d1Fg
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Early Native Americans
• Aztecs- modern day Mexico
• Incas- Modern day Peru
• Pueblos- southwest United States
• Mound Builders- Ohio River Valley
• Iroquois Confederacy- northeast United States
• Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula
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North American Indian Tribes
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Southwestern Pueblos
• Lived in adobe houses
• Elaborate irrigation systems
• Named Pueblo people by the Spanish
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Mound Builders
• Located, for the most part, in the Ohio Valley
• Built ceremonial mounds
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Mound Builders
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Iroquois Confederacy
• This federation gave the most resistance to colonization.
• Led by Hiawatha• Made up of
independent tribes that worked together when the need arose
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Iroquois Longhouses
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“three-sister” farming
• By planting high yielding corn, squash, and beans, relatively large populations could be sustained.
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Three-Sister Farming
• Allowed for higher population densities
• Used by groups such as the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Iriquois
• More diverse diet
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Causes for European Colonization
• Motive was economic, not religious.
• Came looking for gold and spices resources
• For the most part, colonization helped countries economically
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Around Africa• The Portuguese
explored the coast of Africa first Cape Horn
• Bartholomeu Dias was able to round South Africa, but he was forced to turn back.
• This was the first sea route to the Asian markets
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• Vasco de Gama was the first to reach India.
• This opened a sea route to the products of Asia.
• Portugal controlled these routes
Around Africa
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What made Columbus’s discoveries possible?
• The unification of Spain and mariner’s compass made ocean exploration more feasible.
• Improved ships also helped
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Columbian Exchange• The Columbian Exchange
allowed the exchange of goods from Old World to the New World and Vice Versa.
• Diseases also were unwittingly passed causing devastation to the Indian populations.
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Conquistadors
• Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico.
• Malinche, a native women (non Aztec) translated for Cortes. The word Malinchista gets its meaning from her. It means “traitor.”
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The Aztecs• Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was as
large as any European city.• Eventually conquered by Cortez• Spain had the advantages of guns, steel,
horses, and disease
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The Aztecs
• The architecture and aqueduct reflected an advanced civilization.
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Francisco Pizarro
• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in South America.
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The Incas
• This once powerful civilization became a source of gold for the Spanish.
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Encomienda
• The Spanish who conquered the land used the Indians as forced workers on their farms.
• This practice of enslaving the Indians was considered permissible since they were also being forced to become Christians.
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Encomienda
• Some historians sum up Spanish exploration in the New World as the quest for “God, glory, and gold.”
• Gold economy• Glory conquering
civilizations• God “converting” the
natives
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Other explorers
• Juan Ponce de Leon more than likely for gold than the fountain of youth.
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Other explorers
• Vasco Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, althuogh he was actually not the first in his party to reach the sea.
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Other explorers cont.
• Francisco Coronado sought fabled “golden” cities. They ended up being Adobe Pueblos.
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Other explorers cont.
• Hernando de Soto sought gold and explored through Florida to the Mississippi River. He treated the Indians poorly and died of fever and wounds during the expedition.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
• In 1494, the Pope drew this line to divide the New World findings between Spain and Portugal
• Spain would dominate the New World while Portugal would keep its trading posts and trade routes to India.
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Other European Powers
• France– Giovanni da
Verrazano explored the eastern coast of North America.
– Jacques Cartier explored hundreds of miles of the St. Lawrence River.
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Spanish Fortify their holdings• St. Augustine Florida is the site of a large Spanish fort. • The purpose was to protect the waterways into the Caribbean.
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The Mission System
• This system allowed for the conversion of local Indians, fortifications, and religious centers for the Spanish Americas.
• Every mission was a day’s ride from another mission
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Fr. Junipero Serra
• This Catholic priest founded the mission system in California.
• This system would “convert” nearly 300,000 Indians to Christianity.
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Catholicism and New Spain
• Catholicism was strong in New Spain, but particularly present in New Mexico.
• The harsh treatment of the Indians sparked one major rebellion called the Pope’s Rebellion.
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Pope’s Rebellion
• The natives destroyed every Catholic Church and rebuilt their worship grounds.
• It took nearly half a century for the Spanish to regain control of the rebellious region.
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Effects of Spanish Missionaries.
•The missionaries changed the lives of Indian tribes forever.
•They adopted Christianity and a stationary agricultural life style.
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The “Black Legend”
• The Spanish did more than just kill, infect, pillage, and enslave natives.
• They also brought things with them from the new world: horses, etc.
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The “Black Legend”
They instilled their language and customs into the Indian society eventually creating a score of Spanish speaking nations.