Ch1 Introduction to operating system
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Transcript of Ch1 Introduction to operating system
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
To describe the basic concept of computer systems
To provide major components of operating systems
To give an overview of the many types of computing environments
To explore several open-source operating systems
To perform installation and configuration of operating system
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware
Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
An operating system (OS) is a software program that enables the BIOS of computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer Application software
Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Vacuum tube basedVacuum tube based The use vacuum tubes in place of The use vacuum tubes in place of
relays as a means of storing data in relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of stored‐memory and the use of stored‐program concept.program concept.
It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to keep the vacuum tubes day to keep the vacuum tubes runningrunning
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Generation in computer Generation in computer terminology is a change in terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being technology a computer is/was being used.used.
Initially, the generation term Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which hardware and software, which together make up an entire together make up an entire computer system.computer system.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
First invented by a British scientist named John A. Fleming in 1919, First invented by a British scientist named John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made some dsicoveries while working on the although Edison had made some dsicoveries while working on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube was improved by Lee DeForest.lightbulb. The vacuum tube was improved by Lee DeForest.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Vacuum tube technologyVacuum tube technology UnreliableUnreliable Supported Machine language onlySupported Machine language only Very costlyVery costly Generate lot of heatGenerate lot of heat Slow Input/Output deviceSlow Input/Output device Huge sizeHuge size Need of A.C.Need of A.C. Non-portableNon-portable Consumed lot of electricityConsumed lot of electricity
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
ENIACENIAC EDVACEDVAC UNIVACUNIVAC IBM-701IBM-701
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
This generation using the This generation using the transistor were cheaper, transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first and faster than the first generation machines made of generation machines made of vacuum tubes.vacuum tubes.
In this generation, magnetic In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.secondary storage devices.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right).Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right).
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Use of transistorsUse of transistors Reliable as compared to First generation Reliable as compared to First generation
computerscomputers Smaller size as compared to First Smaller size as compared to First
generation computersgeneration computers Generate less heat as compared to First Generate less heat as compared to First
generation computersgeneration computers Consumed less electricity as compared to Consumed less electricity as compared to
First generation computersFirst generation computers Faster than first generation computersFaster than first generation computers Still very costlyStill very costly A.C. neededA.C. needed Support machine and assembly languagesSupport machine and assembly languages
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
IBM 1620IBM 1620 IBM 7094IBM 7094 CDC 1604CDC 1604 CDC 3600CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108UNIVAC 1108
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistorstransistors
A single IC has many transistors, A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. the associated circuitry.
Integrated solid‐state circuitry, Integrated solid‐state circuitry, improved secondary storage improved secondary storage devices and new input/output devices and new input/output devices were the most important devices were the most important advances in this generation.advances in this generation.
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IC usedIC used More reliableMore reliable Smaller sizeSmaller size Generate less heatGenerate less heat FasterFaster Lesser maintenanceLesser maintenance Still costlyStill costly A.C. neededA.C. needed Consumed lesser electricityConsumed lesser electricity Support high-level languageSupport high-level language
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born, The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born, when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).prototype integrated circuit (IC).
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
IBM-360 seriesIBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 seriesHoneywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data PDP (Personal Data
Processor)Processor) IBM-370/168IBM-370/168 TDC-316TDC-316
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) VLSI circuits having about 5000 VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit transistors and other circuit elements and their associated elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.fourth generation.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Fourth Generation computers became Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.personal computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation, Remote processing, In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were programming Operating System were used.used.
All the higher level languages like C All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation.this generation.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
VLSI technology usedVLSI technology used Very cheapVery cheap Portable and reliablePortable and reliable Use of PC'sUse of PC's Very small sizeVery small size Pipeline processingPipeline processing No A.C. neededNo A.C. needed Concept of internet was introducedConcept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networksGreat developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily availableComputers became easily available
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
DEC 10DEC 10 STAR 1000STAR 1000 PDP 11PDP 11 CRAY-1 (Super Computer)CRAY-1 (Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science branch of computer science concerned with making concerned with making computers behave like humans. computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Technology.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Games PlayingGames Playing programming computers to play games such as chess and programming computers to play games such as chess and
checkers.checkers.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed, often loaded from ROM and known as Monitors.
The introduction of the Intel 80386 CPU chip with 32-bit architecture and paging capabilities, provided personal computers with the ability to run multitasking operating systems like those of earlier minicomputers and mainframes.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Computer system can be divided into four components: Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games Users
People, machines, other computers
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Depends on the point of view Users want convenience, ease of use and good
performance Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in devices and automobiles
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GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse
Example: 1. System 7.x2. Windows 983. Windows CE
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times.
Example1. Linux2. Unix3. Windows
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems.
Example:1. Linux2. Unix3. Windows
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Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems.
Example:1. Unix2. Windows
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:
Example:1. Linux2. Unix3. Windows
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as
firmware Initializes all aspects of system
Daemons (system processes) Not part of kernel but remain in memory all the time
Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Computer-system operation One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through
common bus providing access to shared memory Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Stand-alone general purpose machines But blurred as most systems interconnect with
others (i.e., the Internet) Portals provide web access to internal systems Network computers (thin clients) are like
Web terminals Mobile computers interconnect via wireless
networks Networking becoming ubiquitous – even home
systems use firewalls to protect home computers from Internet attacks
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc What is the functional difference between them
and a “traditional” laptop? Extra feature – more OS features (GPS,
gyroscope) Allows new types of apps like augmented
reality Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data
networks for connectivity Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android
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Distributed computiing Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems
networked together Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Personal Area Network (PAN)
Network Operating System provides features between systems across network Communication scheme allows systems to exchange
messages Illusion of a single system
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Client-Server Computing Dumb terminals replaced by smart PCs Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated
by clients Compute-server system provides an interface to client to
request services (i.e., database) File-server system provides interface for clients to store
and retrieve files
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Another model of distributed system P2P does not distinguish clients and
servers Instead all nodes are considered
peers May each act as client, server or both Node must join P2P network
Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or
Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service via discovery protocol
Examples include Napster and Gnutella, Voice over IP (VoIP) such as Skype
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Allows operating systems to run applications within other OSes Vast and growing industry
Emulation used when source CPU type different from target type (i.e. PowerPC to Intel x86) Generally slowest method When computer language not compiled to native code
– Interpretation Virtualization – OS natively compiled for CPU,
running guest OSes also natively compiled Consider VMware running WinXP guests, each running
applications, all on native WinXP host OS VMM (virtual machine Manager) provides
virtualization services
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Use cases involve laptops and desktops running multiple OSes for exploration or compatibility Apple laptop running Mac OS X host, Windows as a
guest Developing apps for multiple OSes without having
multiple systems QA testing applications without having multiple
systems Executing and managing compute environments within
data centers VMM can run natively, in which case they are also
the host There is no general purpose host then (VMware ESX
and Citrix XenServer)
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network
Logical extension of virtualization because it uses virtualization as the base for it functionality. Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of virtual
machines, petabytes of storage available across the Internet, pay based on usage
Many types Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud
components Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available
via the Internet (i.e., word processor) Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for
application use via the Internet (i.e., a database server) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available
over Internet (i.e., storage available for backup use)
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Cloud computing environments composed of traditional OSes, plus VMMs, plus cloud management tools Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications
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Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of computers Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS,
real-time OS Use expanding
Many other special computing environments as well Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS
Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints Processing must be done within constraint Correct operation only if constraints met
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Operating systems made available in source-code format rather than just binary closed-source
Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights Management (DRM) movement
Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has “copyleft” GNU Public License (GPL)
Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of Mac OS X), and many more
Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows), Virtualbox (open source and free on many platforms - http://www.virtualbox.com) Use to run guest operating systems for exploration
Windows 7 installation
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
2. Go to Boot menu and choose Boot from CD/DVD.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
3. Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
4. Insert Windows 7 DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer, Windows 7 will be loading files.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
5. Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and click Next.
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6. Click Install now.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
7. Check I accept the license terms and click Next.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
8. Click Upgrade if you already have a previous Windows version 117 or Custom (advanced) if you don’t have a previous Windows version or want to install a fresh copy of Windows 7.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
9. (Skip this step if you chose Upgrade and have only one partition) Select the drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want tomake any partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and then click Next.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
10. It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows files) was already done when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will complete instantly.
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11. After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it has been copied.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
12. The third and fourth step will also complete instantly like the first step.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
13. After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup. You can also click Restart now to restart without any delays.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
14. After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step so it will take the most time than the previous steps.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
15. It will now automatically restart again and continue the setup. You can click Restart now to restart without any delays.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
16. Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will automatically fill up the computer name.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
17. If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
18. Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can also skip this step and simply click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows will run only for 30 days if you do that.
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19. Select your desired option for Windows Updates
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20. Select your time and click Next.
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21. If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the network’s location.
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
• Windows 95/98/ME Vista (obsolete)• Windows NT Workstation / Windows 2000 Professional (obsolete)• Windows XP (Legacy)• Windows 7 (Legacy)• Windows 8 / Windows 8.1 (Current)• RedHat Enterprise Linux Desktop• SuSE Desktop• Ubuntu Desktop• LinuxMint
Desktop Operating System DKC1301
GROUP 1: WINDOWS 8
GROUP 2: RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX DESKTOP
GROUP 3: SuSE LINUX
GROUP 4: UBUNTU DESKTOP
GROUP 5: LINUXMINT
GROUP 6: MACINTOSH