Ch09
-
Upload
universidade-federal-de-alfenas -
Category
Documents
-
view
266 -
download
0
Transcript of Ch09
![Page 1: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 1 of 50
Philip DuttonUniversity of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2002
General ChemistryPrinciples and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition
Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms
![Page 2: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 2 of 50
Contents
9-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
9-2 Atomic Spectra
9-3 Quantum Theory
9-4 The Bohr Atom
9-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
9-6 Wave Mechanics
9-7 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
![Page 3: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 3 of 50
Contents
9-8 Quantum Numbers
9-9 Interpreting and Representing Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
9-9 Electron Spin
9-10 Multi-electron Atoms
9-11 Electron Configurations
9-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers
![Page 4: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 4 of 50
9-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves through empty space or through a medium.
• A wave transmits energy.
![Page 5: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 5 of 50
EM Radiation
Low
High
![Page 6: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 6 of 50
Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity
• Frequency () in Hertz—Hz or s-1.• Wavelength (λ) in meters—m.
• cm m nm pm
(10-2 m) (10-6 m) (10-9 m) (10-10 m) (10-12 m)
• Velocity (c)—2.997925 108 m s-1.
c = λ λ = c/ = c/λ
![Page 7: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 7 of 50
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 8: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 8 of 50
RedOrange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Prentice-Hall ©2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 8
ROYGBIV
700 nm 450 nm
![Page 9: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 9 of 50
Constructive and Destructive Interference
![Page 10: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 10 of 50
![Page 11: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 11 of 50
Refraction of Light
![Page 12: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 12 of 50
9-2 Atomic Spectra
![Page 13: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 13 of 50
Atomic Spectra
![Page 14: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 14 of 50
9-3 Quantum Theory
Blackbody Radiation:
Max Planck, 1900:
Energy, like matter, is discontinuous.
є = h
![Page 15: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 15 of 50
The Photoelectric Effect
• Light striking the surface of certain metals causes ejection of electrons.
> o threshold frequency
• e- I• ek
![Page 16: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 16 of 50
The Photoelectric Effect
![Page 17: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 17 of 50
The Photoelectric Effect
• At the stopping voltage the kinetic energy of the ejected electron has been converted to potential.
mu2 = eVs12
• At frequencies greater than o:
Vs = k ( - o)
![Page 18: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 18 of 50
The Photoelectric Effect
Eo = hoEk = eVs o = eVo
h
eVo, and therefore o, are characteristic of the metal.
Conservation of energy requires that:
h = mu2 + eVo2
1
mu2 = h - eVo eVs = 2
1
Ephoton = Ek + Ebinding
Ek = Ephoton - Ebinding
![Page 19: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 19 of 50
9-4 The Bohr Atom
E = -RH
n2
RH = 2.179 10-18 J
![Page 20: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 20 of 50
Energy-Level Diagram
ΔE = Ef – Ei = -RH
nf2
-RH
ni2
–
= RH ( ni2
1
nf2
–1
) = h = hc/λ
![Page 21: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 21 of 50
Ionization Energy of Hydrogen
ΔE = RH ( ni2
1
nf2
–1
) = h
As nf goes to infinity for hydrogen starting in the ground state:
h = RH ( ni2
1) = RH
This also works for hydrogen-like species such as He+ and Li2+.
h = -Z2 RH
![Page 22: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 22 of 50
Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy
![Page 23: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 23 of 50
9-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
• Wave-Particle Duality.– Einstein suggested particle-like properties of
light could explain the photoelectric effect.– But diffraction patterns suggest photons are
wave-like.
• deBroglie, 1924– Small particles of matter may at times display
wavelike properties.
![Page 24: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 24 of 50
deBroglie and Matter Waves
E = mc2
h = mc2
h/c = mc = p
p = h/λ
λ = h/p = h/mu
![Page 25: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 25 of 50
X-Ray Diffraction
![Page 26: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 26 of 50
The Uncertainty Principle
Δx Δp ≥ h
4π
• Werner Heisenberg
![Page 27: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 27 of 50
9-6 Wave Mechanics
2Ln
• Standing waves.– Nodes do not undergo displacement.
λ = , n = 1, 2, 3…
![Page 28: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 28 of 50
Wave Functions
• ψ, psi, the wave function.– Should correspond to a
standing wave within the boundary of the system being described.
• Particle in a box.
L
xnsin
L
2ψ
![Page 29: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 29 of 50
Probability of Finding an Electron
![Page 30: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 30 of 50
Wave Functions for Hydrogen
• Schrödinger, 1927 Eψ = H ψ
– H (x,y,z) or H (r,θ,φ)
ψ(r,θ,φ) = R(r) Y(θ,φ)
R(r) is the radial wave function.
Y(θ,φ) is the angular wave function.
![Page 31: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 31 of 50
Principle Shells and Subshells
• Principle electronic shell, n = 1, 2, 3…• Angular momentum quantum number,
l = 0, 1, 2…(n-1)
l = 0, sl = 1, pl = 2, dl = 3, f
• Magnetic quantum number, ml= - l …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2…+l
![Page 32: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 32 of 50
Orbital Energies
![Page 33: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 33 of 50
9-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom.
![Page 34: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 34 of 50
s orbitals
![Page 35: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 35 of 50
p Orbitals
![Page 36: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 36 of 50
p Orbitals
![Page 37: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 37 of 50
d Orbitals
![Page 38: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 38 of 50
9-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
![Page 39: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 39 of 50
9-10 Multi-electron Atoms
• Schrödinger equation was for only one e-.
• Electron-electron repulsion in multi-electron atoms.
• Hydrogen-like orbitals (by approximation).
![Page 40: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 40 of 50
Penetration and Shielding
Zeff is the effective nuclear charge.
![Page 41: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 41 of 50
9-11 Electron Configurations
• Aufbau process.– Build up and minimize energy.
• Pauli exclusion principle.– No two electrons can have all four quantum
numbers alike.
• Hund’s rule.– Degenerate orbitals are occupied singly first.
![Page 42: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 42 of 50
Orbital Energies
![Page 43: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 43 of 50
Orbital Filling
![Page 44: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 44 of 50
Aufbau Process and Hunds Rule
![Page 45: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 45 of 50
Filling p Orbitals
![Page 46: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 46 of 50
Filling the d Orbitals
![Page 47: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 47 of 50
Electon Configurations of Some Groups of Elements
![Page 48: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 48 of 50
9-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
![Page 49: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 49 of 50
Focus on He-Ne Lasers
![Page 50: Ch09](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081404/55896018d8b42a5e718b4683/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 50 of 50
Chapter 9 Questions
1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 34, 35, 41, 67, 69, 71, 83, 85, 93, 98