Ch07 Operations Technologies

8/8/2019 Ch07 Operations Technologies

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Production / Operations

Management

Production / Operations

Management

Edition 13

By

Dr. Prakash Mathure


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Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6

Operations TechnologiesOperations Technologies


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OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

IntroductionIntroduction

Types of Manufacturing AutomationTypes of Manufacturing Automation

Automated Production SystemsAutomated Production Systems

Software Systems for AutomationSoftware Systems for Automation Automation in ServicesAutomation in Services

Automation IssuesAutomation Issues

Deciding Among Automation AlternativesDeciding Among Automation Alternatives WrapWrap--Up: What WorldUp: What World--Class Companies DoClass Companies Do


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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

In the past, automation meant the replacement ofIn the past, automation meant the replacement of

human effort with machine effort, to save labor costs.human effort with machine effort, to save labor costs.

Today,Today, automationautomation means integrating a full range ofmeans integrating a full range of

advanced information and engineering discoveriesadvanced information and engineering discoveriesinto operations processes for strategic purposes.into operations processes for strategic purposes.

Today, automation is applied not only for labor costToday, automation is applied not only for labor cost

savings, but also for:savings, but also for:

Improved qualityImproved quality Faster production and delivery of products/servicesFaster production and delivery of products/services

Increased flexibilityIncreased flexibility


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Types of Manufacturing AutomationTypes of Manufacturing AutomationTypes of Manufacturing AutomationTypes of Manufacturing Automation

Machine AttachmentsMachine Attachments

Inexpensive addInexpensive add--ons to machinesons to machines

Represent oldest technology in automationRepresent oldest technology in automation

Typically perform one or a few simple operationsTypically perform one or a few simple operations Examples:Examples:

Strip feedersStrip feeders

Quick centering and grasping devicesQuick centering and grasping devices


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Numerically Controlled (N/C) MachinesNumerically Controlled (N/C) Machines

Have a control system that receives/readsHave a control system that receives/readsinstructions and translates them into machineinstructions and translates them into machineoperationsoperations

N/C machines have evolved:N/C machines have evolved:

CN/CCN/C computer numerically controlledcomputer numerically controlled

DN/CDN/C direct numerically controlled (severaldirect numerically controlled (severalmachines controlled by a single computer)machines controlled by a single computer)

Examples:Examples: Weaving machinesWeaving machines

LathesLathes


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RobotsRobots

HumanHuman--like machines performing production taskslike machines performing production tasks

Brain of these machines is a microcomputerBrain of these machines is a microcomputer

Have grippers (vacuum, magnetized, adhesive)Have grippers (vacuum, magnetized, adhesive) Have sensors (tactile, proximity, vision/optical)Have sensors (tactile, proximity, vision/optical)

Can operate in environments hostile to humansCan operate in environments hostile to humans(heat, noise, dust, darkness, skin irritants, )(heat, noise, dust, darkness, skin irritants, )

Perform precisely and repeatedly without fatiguePerform precisely and repeatedly without fatigue Weld, assemble,paint, inspect, transport, ..Weld, assemble,paint, inspect, transport, ..


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Automated Quality Control InspectionAutomated Quality Control Inspection

Take physical dimensions of partsTake physical dimensions of parts

Compare measurements to standardsCompare measurements to standards

Determine if parts conform to specificationsDetermine if parts conform to specifications Also check performance (ex.Also check performance (ex. -- electronic circuits)electronic circuits)

Making 100% inspection economically feasibleMaking 100% inspection economically feasible


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Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)

Sense and input data into computersSense and input data into computers

Use bar codes, radio frequencies, magnetic stripes,Use bar codes, radio frequencies, magnetic stripes,optical character recognition, machine visionoptical character recognition, machine vision

Data read from products, documents, parts, andData read from products, documents, parts, andcontainerscontainers

Used in warehouses, factory floors, retailing,Used in warehouses, factory floors, retailing,wholesalingwholesaling

ExampleExample scanner at grocery store checkoutscanner at grocery store checkout


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Automated Process ControlsAutomated Process Controls

Use sensors to obtain measures of performanceUse sensors to obtain measures of performance

Compare measures to standardsCompare measures to standards

Might use expert system to determine if/whatMight use expert system to determine if/whatprocess adjustment is necessaryprocess adjustment is necessary

If necessary, change settings of processIf necessary, change settings of process

Long used in chemical processing, petroleumLong used in chemical processing, petroleum

refining, paper productionrefining, paper production


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Automated Production SystemsAutomated Production SystemsAutomated Production SystemsAutomated Production Systems

Automation technology becoming more sophisticatedAutomation technology becoming more sophisticated

Focus has shifted away from individual machinesFocus has shifted away from individual machines

More common are whole systems of automatedMore common are whole systems of automated

machines linked together for broader purposesmachines linked together for broader purposes


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Automated Flow LinesAutomated Flow Lines

InIn--line, automated processing machines linked byline, automated processing machines linked by

automated material transferautomated material transfer

Perform without need for human attendancePerform without need for human attendance Used to produce an entire componentUsed to produce an entire component

Also calledAlso called fixed automationfixed automation oror hard automationhard automation

Used when product demand is high and stableUsed when product demand is high and stable


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Automated Assembly SystemsAutomated Assembly Systems

Automated assembly machines linked byAutomated assembly machines linked by

automated material transferautomated material transfer

Operations are component insertion and joiningOperations are component insertion and joining Produce major assemblies or complete productsProduce major assemblies or complete products

Often use standard (lower cost) robotsOften use standard (lower cost) robots

Product design appropriate for assembly byProduct design appropriate for assembly by

humans is not fitting for automated assemblyhumans is not fitting for automated assembly


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Redesigning Products for Automated AssemblyRedesigning Products for Automated AssemblyRedesigning Products for Automated AssemblyRedesigning Products for Automated Assembly

Reduce the amount of assembly requiredReduce the amount of assembly required

Reduce the number of fasteners requiredReduce the number of fasteners required

Design components to be automatically delivered andDesign components to be automatically delivered andpositionedpositioned

Design products for layered assembly and verticalDesign products for layered assembly and verticalinsertion of partsinsertion of parts

Design parts so that they are selfDesign parts so that they are self--aligningaligning

Design products into major modules for productionDesign products into major modules for production Increase component quality to avoid machine jamsIncrease component quality to avoid machine jams


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Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)

Kits of materials/parts for a product are loaded onKits of materials/parts for a product are loaded onthe materialsthe materials--handling systemhandling system

Code is entered into computer identifying productCode is entered into computer identifying productand its location in the sequenceand its location in the sequence

Each production machine (without a worker):Each production machine (without a worker):

Receives settings/instructions from computerReceives settings/instructions from computer

Automatically loads/unloads required toolsAutomatically loads/unloads required tools Carries out its processing instructionsCarries out its processing instructions

Product automatically transferred to next machineProduct automatically transferred to next machine


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Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

Machine 1Machine 1

ToolsTools

X

X

Machine 2Machine 2

ToolsTools

X

X

Machine 3Machine 3

ToolsTools

X

X

ComputerComputer

WorkerWorker

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

UnloadUnloadLoadLoad

PalletPalletTransferTransfer

SystemSystem

PartsParts

Pallet withPallet with

workpieceworkpiece

attachedattached

WorkpieceWorkpiece

in queuein queue


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Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS)Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS)

Receive orders for materials from anywhere inReceive orders for materials from anywhere in

operationsoperations

Collect the materials from locations in warehouseCollect the materials from locations in warehouse Deliver the materials to workstations in operationsDeliver the materials to workstations in operations

Three major elements of ASRS are:Three major elements of ASRS are:

Computers and communication systemsComputers and communication systems

Automated materials handling/delivery systemsAutomated materials handling/delivery systems

Storage and retrieval systems in warehouseStorage and retrieval systems in warehouse


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Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS)Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS)

Main benefits of ASRS are:Main benefits of ASRS are:

Increased storage capacityIncreased storage capacity

Increased system throughputIncreased system throughput Reduced labor costsReduced labor costs

Improved product qualityImproved product quality


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Software Systems for AutomationSoftware Systems for AutomationSoftware Systems for AutomationSoftware Systems for Automation

Three complex computerThree complex computer--based systemsbased systems

ComputerComputer--Aided Design and ComputerAided Design and Computer--AidedAided

Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

ComputerComputer--Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)


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ComputerComputer--Aided Design and ComputerAided Design and Computer--AidedAidedManufacturing (CAD/CAM)Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

CAD/CAM is a merger of two systems, CAD andCAD/CAM is a merger of two systems, CAD and

CAM (described next)CAM (described next)

It is the automation of the transition from productIt is the automation of the transition from product

design to manufacturingdesign to manufacturing


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ComputerComputer--Aided Design (CAD)Aided Design (CAD) Concerned with the automation of certain phasesConcerned with the automation of certain phases

of product designof product design

Use of computer in interactive engineeringUse of computer in interactive engineering

drawing and storage of designsdrawing and storage of designs

CAD systems are installed to:CAD systems are installed to:

Increase designers productivityIncrease designers productivity

Improve the quality of designsImprove the quality of designs

Improve product standardizationImprove product standardization

Improve design documentationImprove design documentation

Create a manufacturing databaseCreate a manufacturing database


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ComputerComputer--Aided Manufacturing (CAM)Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

CAM capability progressing slower than CADCAM capability progressing slower than CAD

Concerned with automating the planning andConcerned with automating the planning and

control of production:control of production: Plan productionPlan production

Prepare product routingsPrepare product routings

Generate N/C programsGenerate N/C programs

Fix the settings of machineryFix the settings of machinery Prepare production schedulesPrepare production schedules

Control the operationControl the operation


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ComputerComputer--Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

All of the firms operations related to productionAll of the firms operations related to production

are incorporated in an integrated computer systemare incorporated in an integrated computer system

to assist, augment, or automate the operations.to assist, augment, or automate the operations.

Covers the chain of events from sales order toCovers the chain of events from sales order to

product shipmentproduct shipment

Output of one activity becomes the input to theOutput of one activity becomes the input to the

next activitynext activity


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Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Incorporates all manufacturingIncorporates all manufacturing--related functionsrelated functions

ProcessProcess

ControlsControls

MRP IIMRP II

ASRSASRS

CAD/CAMCAD/CAM

AutomatedAutomated

AssemblyAssemblyGTGT

SystemsSystems


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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Five leading ERP software companies are:Five leading ERP software companies are:

SAP ( their R/3 software is top seller)SAP ( their R/3 software is top seller)

OracleOracle J.D. EdwardsJ.D. Edwards

PeopleSoftPeopleSoft

BaanBaan Can take several years and $millions to implementCan take several years and $millions to implement

(Chevron spent $160 million over five years)(Chevron spent $160 million over five years)


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Automation in ServicesAutomation in ServicesAutomation in ServicesAutomation in Services

ExampleExample

AirlinesAirlines air traffic control, passenger reservationair traffic control, passenger reservation

BanksBanks ATMs, computerized bank statementsATMs, computerized bank statements

Gas StationsGas Stations automated payment (payautomated payment (pay--atat--thethe--pump)pump) Health CareHealth Care MRI system, AGVS for waste disposalMRI system, AGVS for waste disposal

Grocery StoreGrocery Store selfself--service checkout stationsservice checkout stations

Real EstateReal Estate web based houseweb based house--forfor--sale tour videosale tour video


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Automation in ServicesAutomation in ServicesAutomation in ServicesAutomation in Services

Trend developing toward moreTrend developing toward more--standardized servicesstandardized servicesand less customer contact.and less customer contact.

Service standardization brings tradeService standardization brings trade--offs:offs:

-- Service not customService not custom--designed for each customerdesigned for each customer + Price of service reduced, or at least contained+ Price of service reduced, or at least contained

Banking industry is becoming increasingly automatedBanking industry is becoming increasingly automated

Service firm can have a manual/automated mix:Service firm can have a manual/automated mix:

ManualManual -- front room operationsfront room operations

AutomatedAutomated -- back room operationsback room operations


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Degree ofCustomer Contact in ServicesDegree ofCustomer Contact in Services

and the Use of Automated Equipmentand the Use of Automated Equipment

Degree ofCustomer Contact in ServicesDegree ofCustomer Contact in Services

and the Use of Automated Equipmentand the Use of Automated Equipment

Degree ofDegree ofCustomer ContactCustomer Contact

CapitalCapitalIntensityIntensity

HighHigh

HighHigh

LowLow

LowLow

Manual OperationsManual Operations

Mechanized OperationsMechanized Operations

AutomatedAutomatedOperationsOperations


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Automation IssuesAutomation IssuesAutomation IssuesAutomation Issues

Not all automation projects are successful.Not all automation projects are successful.

Automation cannot make up for poor management.Automation cannot make up for poor management.

Economic analysis cannot justify automation of someEconomic analysis cannot justify automation of some

operations.operations. Not technically feasible to automate some operations.Not technically feasible to automate some operations.

Automation projects may have to wait in small andAutomation projects may have to wait in small and

startstart--up businesses.up businesses.


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Automation QuestionsAutomation QuestionsAutomation QuestionsAutomation Questions

What level of automation is appropriate?What level of automation is appropriate?

How would automation affect the flexibility of anHow would automation affect the flexibility of an

operation system?operation system?

How can automation projects be justified?How can automation projects be justified? How should technological change be managed?How should technological change be managed?

What are some of the consequences of implementingWhat are some of the consequences of implementing

an automation project?an automation project?


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Building Manufacturing FlexibilityBuilding Manufacturing FlexibilityBuilding Manufacturing FlexibilityBuilding Manufacturing Flexibility

Manufacturing flexibility has become the cornerstoneManufacturing flexibility has become the cornerstoneof operations strategy in the 2000s.of operations strategy in the 2000s.

The ability to improve/maintain market share becauseThe ability to improve/maintain market share because

Customer orders can be delivered soon afterCustomer orders can be delivered soon afterreceipt of the orderreceipt of the order

Production can quickly be shifted from product toProduction can quickly be shifted from product toproductproduct

Production capacity can be increased rapidlyProduction capacity can be increased rapidly New products can be developed and introducedNew products can be developed and introduced

into production quickly and inexpensivelyinto production quickly and inexpensively


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Justifying Automation ProjectsJustifying Automation ProjectsJustifying Automation ProjectsJustifying Automation Projects

Payback period, NPV, IRR, and other conventionalPayback period, NPV, IRR, and other conventionalapproaches alone are inadequate tools on which toapproaches alone are inadequate tools on which to

base product/process design/redesign decisionsbase product/process design/redesign decisions

Product/process technology must be seen as a longProduct/process technology must be seen as a long--

term strategic choiceterm strategic choice

Returns on investment include:Returns on investment include:

Improved product/service qualityImproved product/service quality

Faster order deliveryFaster order delivery Increased flexibilityIncreased flexibility

Reduced production costReduced production cost

Increased market shareIncreased market share


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Managing Technological ChangeManaging Technological ChangeManaging Technological ChangeManaging Technological Change

Have a master plan for automation.Have a master plan for automation.

Recognize the risks in automating.Recognize the risks in automating.

Establish a new production technology departmentEstablish a new production technology department

Allow ample time for completion of automation.Allow ample time for completion of automation. Do not try to automate everything at once.Do not try to automate everything at once.

People are the key to making automation successful.People are the key to making automation successful.

Dont move too slowly in adopting new technology.Dont move too slowly in adopting new technology.


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Worker Displacement and Training/ RetrainingWorker Displacement and Training/ RetrainingWorker Displacement and Training/ RetrainingWorker Displacement and Training/ Retraining

One result of automation is the elimination of jobsOne result of automation is the elimination of jobs

Some say that new jobs are created in engineering,Some say that new jobs are created in engineering,

manufacturing, programming, selling, and servicingmanufacturing, programming, selling, and servicing

the newthe new--technology productstechnology products

Many firms realize they cannot afford NOT to trainMany firms realize they cannot afford NOT to train

and retrain their current workersand retrain their current workers

Firms are providing more training than ever beforeFirms are providing more training than ever before

Still, US firms spend little on training compared to,Still, US firms spend little on training compared to,say, German firms (4% of payroll cost on training)say, German firms (4% of payroll cost on training)


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Deciding Among Automation AlternativesDeciding Among Automation AlternativesDeciding Among Automation AlternativesDeciding Among Automation Alternatives

Economic factorsEconomic factors

Effect on market shareEffect on market share

Effect on product/service qualityEffect on product/service quality

Effect on manufacturing flexibilityEffect on manufacturing flexibility Effect on labor relationsEffect on labor relations

Amount of time required for implementationAmount of time required for implementation

Effect of implementation on ongoing productionEffect of implementation on ongoing production

Amount of capital requiredAmount of capital required


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Economic AnalysisEconomic Analysis

Economic analysis will always be an important, ifEconomic analysis will always be an important, if

not a predominant, factor in deciding amongnot a predominant, factor in deciding among

alternativesalternatives

Frequently used approaches are:Frequently used approaches are:

BreakBreak--even analysiseven analysis

Financial analysisFinancial analysis

By using only economic analysis, other importantBy using only economic analysis, other importantfactors are ignoredfactors are ignored


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Example: Valley HospitalExample: Valley HospitalExample: Valley HospitalExample: Valley Hospital


Valley Hospital is planning to install a new linenValley Hospital is planning to install a new linen

retrieval system. Two alternatives being consideredretrieval system. Two alternatives being considered

are: a continuous vacuum (CV) system and a batchare: a continuous vacuum (CV) system and a batch

robotic/chute (BR/C) system. The followingrobotic/chute (BR/C) system. The following

estimates were prepared:estimates were prepared:

CVCV BR/CBR/C

Annual Fixed Costs ($000)Annual Fixed Costs ($000) $2,690$2,690 $975$975Average Variable Cost per Ton $1,660Average Variable Cost per Ton $1,660 $2,590$2,590


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At a forecast annual operating level of2,000 tonsAt a forecast annual operating level of2,000 tons

of linen, which alternative should be chosen basedof linen, which alternative should be chosen based

only on total annual cost?only on total annual cost?

TCTCCVCV = 2,690,000 + 1,660(2,000) = $6,010,000= 2,690,000 + 1,660(2,000) = $6,010,000

TCTCBR/CBR/C = 975,000 + 2,590(2,000) = $6,155,000= 975,000 + 2,590(2,000) = $6,155,000

The continuous vacuum (CV) alternative has a lowerThe continuous vacuum (CV) alternative has a lowertotal annual cost.total annual cost.


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The annual volume of linen has to increase orThe annual volume of linen has to increase or

decrease to what level in order for the BR/Cdecrease to what level in order for the BR/C

alternative to be favored?alternative to be favored?

TCTCCVCV = TC= TCBR/CBR/C2,690,000 + 1,660(Q) = 975,000 + 2,590(Q)2,690,000 + 1,660(Q) = 975,000 + 2,590(Q)

830Q = 1,715,000830Q = 1,715,000

Q = 1,844.1 tonsQ = 1,844.1 tons

Annual volume must decrease to 1,844 tons or less.Annual volume must decrease to 1,844 tons or less.


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Example: Security BankExample: Security BankExample: Security BankExample: Security Bank


Security is considering the installation of an ATMSecurity is considering the installation of an ATM

and has estimated the cost of the machine, effects onand has estimated the cost of the machine, effects on

revenue, savings in taxes from depreciation, and laborrevenue, savings in taxes from depreciation, and labor

savings.savings.

The machine is estimated to have an initial cost ofThe machine is estimated to have an initial cost of

$250,000 and an expected life of five years. The$250,000 and an expected life of five years. The

afterafter--tax cash inflows for years 1tax cash inflows for years 1--5

are estimated to5

are estimated tobe: $87,500; $79,600; $75,300; $71,600; andbe: $87,500; $79,600; $75,300; $71,600; and

$69,400. Compute the after$69,400. Compute the after--tax payback period.tax payback period.


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Example: Security BankExample: Security BankExample: Security BankExample: Security Bank

Economic AnalysisEconomic AnalysisCumulativeCumulative

AfterAfter--TaxTax After After--TaxTaxYearYear Cash InflowCash Inflow Cash InflowCash Inflow

11 $87,500$87,500 $ 87,500$ 87,50022 79,60079,600 167,100167,10033 75,30075,300 242,400242,40044 71,60071,600 314,000314,00055 69,40069,400 383,400383,400

Payback period = 3 + (250,000Payback period = 3 + (250,000 242,400)/71,600242,400)/71,600= 3.106 years= 3.106 years


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Rating Scale ApproachRating Scale Approach

Automation alternatives are rated using, say, a 5Automation alternatives are rated using, say, a 5--pointpoint

scale on a variety of factors such as:scale on a variety of factors such as:

Economic measuresEconomic measures

Effect on market shareEffect on market share

Effect on product qualityEffect on product quality

Effect on manufacturing flexibilityEffect on manufacturing flexibility

Effect on labor relationsEffect on labor relations

Amount of time required for implementationAmount of time required for implementation

Effect on ongoing productionEffect on ongoing production


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RelativeRelative--AggregateAggregate--Scores ApproachScores Approach

Similar to Rating Scale Approach, but weightsSimilar to Rating Scale Approach, but weights

are formally assigned to each factor which permitsare formally assigned to each factor which permits

the direct calculation of an overall rating for eachthe direct calculation of an overall rating for each

alternative.alternative.


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Example: Brownell CleanersExample: Brownell CleanersExample: Brownell CleanersExample: Brownell Cleaners


An analyst at Brownell Cleaners is consideringAn analyst at Brownell Cleaners is considering

two alternatives for a new garment conveyor system,two alternatives for a new garment conveyor system,

GCS1 and GCS2.GCS1 and GCS2.

He has interviewed several managers in the firmHe has interviewed several managers in the firm

and conducted extensive analysis of the problem. Heand conducted extensive analysis of the problem. He

has collected the information shown on the next slide.has collected the information shown on the next slide.

Which alternative do you recommend, based onWhich alternative do you recommend, based onthe relativethe relative--aggregateaggregate--scores approach?scores approach?


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FactorFactor

Automation FactorsAutomation Factors WeightWeight GCS1GCS1 GCS2GCS2

Economic factorsEconomic factors

Annual savingsAnnual savings .30.30 $21,600$21,600 $26,700$26,700Other factorsOther factors ScoreScore ScoreScore

Market shareMarket share .30.30 .700.700 .800.800

Service qualityService quality .15.15 .600.600 .700.700

Labor relationsLabor relations .15

.15

.5

00.5

00 .8

00.8

00Implementation time .10Implementation time .10 .700.700 .600.600


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GCS1GCS1 GCS2GCS2

FactorFactor Wgt.Wgt. Wgt.Wgt.

Automation FactorsAutomation Factors WeightWeight ScoreScore ScoreScore ScoreScore ScoreScore

Economic factorsEconomic factorsAnnual savingsAnnual savings .30 1.000 .300 .809 .243.30 1.000 .300 .809 .243

Other factorsOther factors

Market shareMarket share .30 .700 .210.30 .700 .210 .800 .240.800 .240

Service qualityService quality .15 .600 .090.15 .600 .090 .700 .105.700 .105

Labor relationsLabor relations .15 .500 .075.15 .500 .075 .800 .120.800 .120

Implementation time .10Implementation time .10 .700 .070.700 .070 .600 .060.600 .060

Total Aggregate ScoreTotal Aggregate Score .745.745 .768.768

21,600/26,70021,600/26,700


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WrapWrap--Up: WorldUp: World--Class PracticeClass PracticeWrapWrap--Up: WorldUp: World--Class PracticeClass Practice

WorldWorld--Class companies utilize the latestClass companies utilize the latesttechnologies/practices. For example:technologies/practices. For example:

Design products to be automationDesign products to be automation--friendlyfriendly

Use CAD/CAM for designing productsUse CAD/CAM for designing products

Convert fixed automation to flexible automationConvert fixed automation to flexible automation

Move towards smaller batch sizesMove towards smaller batch sizes

Plan for automationPlan for automation

Build teams to develop automated systemsBuild teams to develop automated systems Justify automation based on multiple factorsJustify automation based on multiple factors


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End ofChapter 6End ofChapter 6

Ch07 Operations Technologies

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