Ch06 Hydrology
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Transcript of Ch06 Hydrology
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Geography of California
Rediscovering the Golden State
Chapter 6HydrologyHydrology
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Topics
Natural Waterscapes Biogeography of Freshwater
nviron!ents
Hu!an "!pacts on California Water
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Natural WaterscapesThe Water Cycle
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Natural
Waterscapes
#recipitation #attern
$f c% &''!af that fall onC() *+, evaporates) orevapotranspires fro!plants%
(-out +'!af is runoff)including over &'!afused -y hu!ans
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Natural
Waterscapes
.&/ da!s in Californiahave storage capacities
over 0')''' acre feet
Berryessa 1a!) N% California
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Natural
Waterscapes
2assive a!ounts of snowfall in the Sierra Nevada%
The snowpac3 stores thewater and releases it overthe dry season as thesnow !elts%
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Natural
Waterscapes
Groundwater fills pore spaces -etweenparticles of soil% "t !oves downward until
stopped -y an i!per!ea-le layer%
( 4 Springs
B 4 #erched Water Ta-leC 4 (5uatard1 4 one of Saturation 4 one of (erationF 4 2ain Water Ta-le
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Natural
Waterscapes2ost of the runoffoccurs in the northernpart of the state%
*+, of California7s rainfall
occurs fro! 1ece!-er to (pril
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Natural
WaterscapesThe 8la!ath River syste! has thegreatest total area and discharge of anyCalifornia drainage -asin%
#ea3 runoff is in Fe-ruary 96:)'''af;day
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Natural
Waterscapes
Rivers draining thewestern Sierra usually
pea3 later in spring%The Feather Riverpea3s in (pril9&.)'''af;day
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Natural
Waterscapes
Southern rivers are!uch s!aller%
The >os (ngelesriver discharges.)''' af;day in itsaverage pea3!onth?eitherFe-ruary or 2arch%
>os (ngeles River
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Natural
Waterscapes
>a3e Tahoe) sharedwith Nevada holds 0
ti!es the water of allof California7sreservoirs%
@olu!e renewedeach year A only top6 feet%
!erald Bay) >a3e Tahoe
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Natural
Waterscapes
Floods(n array of varia-les
deter!ine whether astrea! will flood%
>os (ngeles areafloods in ./: 3illed:* and inundated&')''' acres
Central @alley
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Natural
Waterscapes
1roughtis a periodicpheno!enon%
Recent researchsuggests that the past.+' years !ay havewetter than average%
Historically) so!edroughts have lasted fordecades%
Sierra Nevada
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Biogeography of Freshwater
nviron!ents
@ernal poolsfill duringthe winter and evaporate
to nothing over the dryseason%
Co!!on in grasslandsand woodlands% &;/ ofCentral @alley7s vernalpools have disappeareddue to hu!anintervention%
Her-s and wildflowers grow inward as thepool evaporates%
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Biogeography of Freshwater
nviron!ents
Freshwater !arsheseist along !argins of
la3es and slow !ovingstrea!s%
California once had+'')''' acres offreshwater !arsh andswa!p%
Tulare >a3e firstwent dry in .:
Sedges) reeds) cattails) waterfowl)
turtles) a!phi-ians
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Biogeography of Freshwater
nviron!ents
Riparian forestssupport duc3s) swans)
!arsh wrens) rails)geese) deer) antelope)el3) ra--it) -eaver)!in3) river otter) etc%
Water ouDel or(!erican dipperfeeds on a5uaticinsects and larvae
Rain-ow trout) golden trout)steelhead) sturgeon)pupfish) etc%
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
arly settle!ents ofNative (!ericans and
i!!igrants were sitedalong waterways%
The Spanish crownclai!ed all waterrights) -ut grantedte!porary ownershipto local occupants%
The Zanja Madre92other 1itch< is theoriginal a5ueduct that -rought water tothe #ue-lo de >os (ngeles fro! the#orciuncula River%
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
(!erican control -roughtchaosand water wars%
Conflict -etween riparianusers and appropriators9diverters< fueled -yinconsistent court rulings%
&'th Century -rought order)including ES Recla!ation
(ct of .'&) .&: stateconstitutional a!end!ent%
Northern California Water)2iles Her!ann) .:6%
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
Bringing water fro!where it is to where it7sneeded%
>os (ngeles was forcedin the .'7s to reducei!ports fro! $wens@alley due toenviron!ental da!ageto 2ono >a3e and
$wens >a3e
The >os (ngeles (5ueduct)co!pleted in ../) siphonedwater fro! $wens @alley toSan Fernando @alley
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
2ost da!s in the SierraNevada are!ultipurpose
Water storage forhu!an use
Flood control
#ower generation
Recreation
"n ../ federal law was changed to per!itda!!ing Tuolo!ne River in Iose!ite N%#% to for!Hetch Hetchy Reservoir to provide water for SanFrancisco%
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
WaterWater #roects
:&4!ile(ll (!erican Canal
9opened .0&< is only source ofwater to the "!perial @alley%
Salton Seafor!ed in .'04'+when floodwaters of Colorado
River -ro3e a di3e near Iu!a)() creating New and (la!oRivers% Now fed -y runoff fro!irrigation and ur-an areas) rivers
and sea are highly polluted
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
Colorado River
Compact, 1922.
Agreed to b !even !tate!
and "# Congre!!.
$he c%rrent !peci&c ann%al
allotment!in the 'o(er
)a!in (ere e!tabli!hed in
192* a! part of the)o%lder Canon +roject.
n addition to thi!, 1.- million acre ftear of Colorado River(ater i! allocated to Me/ico, b treat !igned in 1900.
"pper )a!in - 3.- million acre4ftear total
Colorado -1.3- 5.** million acre4ftear
"tah 25. 1.35 million acre4ftear
Woming 10. 1.- million acre4ftear
Ne( Me/ico 11.2- .*0 million acre4ftear
Ari6ona .3 .- million acre4ftear
'o(er )a!in - 3.- million acre4ftear total
California -*.3 0.0 million acre4ftear
Ari6ona 53.5 2.* million acre4ftear
Nevada 0. .5 million acre4ftear
State (llot!ents
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
2etropolitan Water1istrict 92W1a3e 2atthews) east of Riverside) is one of several
reservoirs for 2W1 water fro! the Colorado River%
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
Central @alley #roect9C@#
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Hu!an "!pacts on California
Water
Water #roects
California State Water#roect 9SW#
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&*&*
Water +roblem!Water +roblem!$he 7elta in Cri!i!$he 7elta in Cri!i!
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&:&:
California #opulation 1ensityCalifornia #opulation 1ensity
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&&
#opulation Growth#opulation Growth
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/'/'
California #recipitationCalifornia #recipitation
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/./.
Ground Water 1ecline) ES(Ground Water 1ecline) ES(
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/&/&
Su-sidenceSu-sidence
This earth fissure formed onRogers Lake at Edwards AirForce Base, California, inJanuary 11, and forced theclosure of one of the s!aceshuttle"s alternati#e runways$
The fissure has %een attri%utedto land su%sidence related to
ground&water !um!ing in theAntelo!e 'alley area$
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////
Water Sources forWater Sources for
Southern CaliforniaSouthern California
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/0/0
$he Colorado River ba!in 8 Allocating (ater that i!nt there
Woodhouse et al. (in press). Water Resources Research
1922
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/+/+
2ono >a3e2ono >a3e
19:2 do(n 2- 19:* do(n over 5
199- do(n nearl 0
California Water +roject
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/6/6
California Water +roject
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/*/*
$he #acramento;#an
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/:/:
Water >lo( to #tate and>ederal +%mp!
#acramento River
#an
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//
So!e 1elta Bac3groundSo!e 1elta Bac3ground
Ho!e to !ore than +'')''' peopleHo!e to !ore than +'')''' people $ver +'')''' acres of agriculture$ver +'')''' acres of agriculture Ha-itat for *'' native plant and ani!alHa-itat for *'' native plant and ani!al
speciesspecies Water for !ore than &+ !illion CaliforniansWater for !ore than &+ !illion Californians Water for / !illion acres of agricultureWater for / !illion acres of agriculture Two deep water ports) rail and road corridorsTwo deep water ports) rail and road corridors
#ipeline and co!!unications rights4of4way#ipeline and co!!unications rights4of4way .& !illion recreational visitor days.& !illion recreational visitor days @ital to California econo!y@ital to California econo!y
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0'0'
7elta 'evee!
Recla!ation -egan late .:+'s) co!pleted -yRecla!ation -egan late .:+'s) co!pleted -y
./'s./'s
$ver ..'' !iles of levees$ver ..'' !iles of levees .;/ state4federal proect levees.;/ state4federal proect levees &;/ locally !aintained levees&;/ locally !aintained levees
+* reclai!ed islands+* reclai!ed islands
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0.0.
Ri!?! to the 7eltaRi!?! to the 7elta
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0&0&
Su-sidenceSu-sidence
Non4engineeredNon4engineered
levees co!posedlevees co!posed
of dredge spoilsof dredge spoils
Su-sidence ofSu-sidence oflevee foundationslevee foundations
Su-sidence ofSu-sidence of
peat soils onpeat soils onislandsislands
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0/0/
Historic >evee FailureHistoric >evee Failure
$ver .6' levee failures over last century$ver .6' levee failures over last centuryleading to island inundationleading to island inundation
=ones Tract 9&''0
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0000
#ei!mic %lnerabilit
#anAndrea!
#anAndrea!
Ba(a
rd
Ba(a
rd
Calavera!
Calavera!
reenvil
le
reenvil
le
aca;Dirb
aca;Dirb
)a 7elta Region Major >a%lt!
#an
regorio
#anregorio
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0+0+
:.- Magnit%de Earth=%a?e
/' levee -reaches
"nundation of .6islands
K/'4K6' -illionecono!ic costs
/'' -illion gallons ofsaltwater overseveral days
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0606
Cli!ate ChangeCli!ate Change
Change! in precipitation
Change! in r%noF#ea level ri!e
ncrea!ing air temperat%re
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0*0*
#ea 'evel Ri!e#ea 'evel Ri!e
+rojection!
Source "#CC) &''.
2 ft.
1 ft.
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0:0:Source: Roos 2003
Sea >evel RiseSea >evel Rise
T i h ll " l d &''6
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00
Twitchell "sland &''6Twitchell "sland &''6
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+'+'
$he Environment
+elagic @rgani!m 7ecline
$o/icit
E/otic !pecie!7elta @peration!
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W(TR SE##>ITypical 1elta Hydrological Budget
1elta (tlas .+9.:'4..osses
"N#ET $ET#ET
*6,
&',
0,
.:,
6,
*6,
&*:0' T(F
The 8ey Concept
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The 8ey ConceptWATER BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY:
They typically do not mix Sacra!ento River
Higher gradient9'%'&6ower suspended
solids concentrations%
San=oa5uin River >ower gradient 9'%'.6ower !o!entu!% >ower hydraulic
energy% >ower inertia% Higher residence ti!e% Higher salinity%
THEY D NT I!!EDIATELY !I"#THEY D NT I!!EDIATELY !I"#
an Sic3le "sland
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Sacra!ento River
San =oa5uin River
Sher!an "sland
Three 2ile Slough
an Sic3le "sland
(erial photograph showing lac3 of !iing at the confluence
of the Sacra!ento and San =oa5uin rivers%
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The 8ey Conse5uences
Sacra!ento River water is largely unavaila-le toeither C@# 9=ones ##< or SW# 9Ban3s ##
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New 1elta 1esign Rules
Ese Sacra!ento River as water supply 9&.%& 2(F vs +%662(F
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#eripheral Canal Water supply secured%
Flow reversal on Sacra!ento River unli3ely%
San =oa5uin 1elta ecology i!proved%
Great i!prove!ent of #$1 species and anadro!ous species in San =oa5uin 1elta
Water syste! not as suscepti-le to levee failure%
Salt i!portation to San =oa5uin @alley !uch reduced%
Reduced water processing costs%
ducation of general pu-lic needed%