CONTENTS · CH-W0R5H1P SoilStick eDaimler Mustard & Ketchup Receptacles Intelligent Tray The Magic...

CONTENTS

02 All the Sprawl

03 Catalogues of SprawlCatarina de Almeida Brito

Sam BrownCecily Chua

Anna Lisa McSweeneyCatherine MollettCiaran Scannell

Sohanna Srinivasan

04 Consumer Goods

01 Foreward

The Sprawl of StyleEconomies of Sprawl

SprawlismMono-functional Sprawl

Planet of SprawlControlling Sprawl

Capital SprawlSprawl of Commodification

Sprawling SentimentIdentity SprawlHeritage SprawlVertical Sprawl

Sprawl of AgencySprawl of Use Class

Nebular SprawlGrow Your Own Sprawl

The AddressDe-Isolating Headphones

Down TownCommunicative Food Packaging

One Swung CatCharm Bracelets & Folk Hero Figurines

Polly Pocket Luxury Living SetCleanie Beanie

Jersey Royal CrispsSIMS 4 Expansion Pack

CH-W0R5H1PSoilStick

eDaimler Mustard & Ketchup ReceptaclesIntelligent Tray

The Magic of ParamountBook of Rice

IntroductionShock and Bore, Jack Self

Neoliberalism is often described as a process embedded in the project of postwar internationalism. The dark origin myth that accompanies this description is that neoliberalism was conceived as the foundation of a New World Order, a kind of clandestine capitalist counter-revolution. We can’t know exactly the relationship between the CIA, Bretton Woods, Pinochet, the Club of Rome and a group of Chicago economists working for the US government. But we can guess.

However, neoliberalism is not — not ever has been — a monolithic concept. In fact, it has gone through several distinct evolutionary phases over the last half century (including those contradictory and inconsistent to its own past). As an ideology, it is global. But as a process, it is (quite literally) domestic. Neoliberalism is always a localised phenomenon, capped by the scale of the nation-state — that’s important to remember. Thatcher was not a dictator; we elected her. We voluntarily sold our own futures. This hints at the problem with the conspiratorial vision: the excitement of shadowy machinations does not explain why neoliberalism’s emergence was so normal, and so boring. It simply does not account for reality: the utter “banality of evil”.

Hannah Arendt coined this term in reference to the Nazis, although Walter Benjamin’s explanation of all fascism as “the aestheticization of politics” is equally important. Together we have a potent cocktail for explaining how insidious, even violent, ideologies operate. On the one hand they present a utopian image of a better world (“the free market will provide!”). And on the other hand, they appeal to the gullibility of the masses through so-called “common sense” (“the dream of home ownership is natural”). The neoliberal strategy of seduction and sedition, of normality and splendid anomalies can only be called one of victory by shock and bore.

Evidence of this lies in the fact the most powerful weapon of neoliberalism is also nothing more than an extremely boring document: the mortgage or credit application form. Without an economy based on debt, neoliberalism would never have forced us into states of constant work and self-exploitation. It is the moral stress of debt that has triggered our societal race to the bottom, and produced a neo-feudal order of inequalities surpassing even the Victorian era. Our home, and particularly the single-family house, has become the frontline of resistance.

In this context, we might think of urban sprawl as the homogenous product of wholesale deregulation. But there are not fewer laws today than in the past; rather, there are more of them. From LED light bulbs to emergency egress widths, and from loan terms to gas bills, sprawl is the product of sinister mass-reregulation. These new rules are designed to force the individual into a specific relationship with a corporation so they cannot avoid paying. Sprawl is just an engine for generating value and circulating capital: guaranteeing business on the part of infrastructure providers (including mobile telephony interests like Apple and Vodafone, and non-hierarchical network operators like Amazon or eBay). Everything you think is safe and comfortable and wholesome about your home — those old “values” like “family” and “tradition” — are commercialised fabrications. They are no more sincere than Hallmark’s Valentine’s Day. They are lies.

Sprawl is not the city (because cities are founded on citizens, where sprawl has “residents” and “communities”). Sprawl is also not the suburb (the Roman “urbs” were bounded by walls, while sprawl is conceptually infinite). Sprawl is only urban in the sense that Lefebvre referred to the production of urbanised space. Although, his Critique of Everyday Life — which is concerned with the immense power of the ordinary — provides a stronger framework for understanding how neoliberalism and sprawl are interconnected.

During the Renaissance, the limit of the city wall was understood as the limit of human civilisation, and therefore our control and agency. What lay beyond was, to a greater or lesser extent, an unpredictable and wild domain. But today, sprawl has inverted this duality: the last scraps of nature are constrained. Our species has defined its own geological epoch, while the vestiges of natural life cling to on-ramps and turnpike hillocks. The spatial signature of a car at velocity bounds a thin coppice; a repetitive pattern across the territory that now dictates the paths of migrating birds. These are landscapes like Mandelbrot’s fractals: the logic of the room to the corridor is repeated with even more conviction in the logic of the apartment to the tower core, or the house to the street, or the New Town cul-de-sac to the motorway…

SHOCK AND BORE JACK SELF

Could a global re-reading of sprawl help us generate a new kind of city that goes beyond both the urban and the suburban?

Sprawl is the physical and spatial result of deregulation; what happens when the state looks the other way. In history, it has happened outside the gates of the merchant city, when innovations in transport outpace urban plans, or when population changes disrupt the state’s expectations. Today, sprawl is built neoliberalism – the free market given form. Whether high-end high-rise apartments for foreign investors, or office-to-residential conversions, super bunkers, or beds-in-sheds, it is creating new forms of society and new forms of culture.

This year ADS2 has taken the phenomenon of sprawl as its site. Our intention is not to mimic or correct sprawl, but to address it, to locate projects in this ubiquitous but often overlooked spatial phenomenon. This catalogue is a document of our initial explorations.

Every student began the year by contributing to a photographic survey intended to both widen and sharpen our collective definition of the word (‘All the Sprawl’). Graduating students then developed this initial work into a series of seven more sustained investigations into sprawl conditions (‘Catalogues of Sprawl’). Finally, each student created a ‘Consumer Good’ - a designed object that explores, tests and communicates the economy and culture of their individual interventions in sprawl and which begin to set the terms of final projects.

DAVID KNIGHT, ASIF KHAN, FINN WILLIAMS

Sprawlism

As Koh Samui hit a record high for hotel occupancy in 2012 with more western tourists than ever before, it raises the question, what is the actual impact of the ‘tourism boom’?This telegraph post is can be seen a measure of this phenomenon. There was a time when only a few wires were enough to support a small community. However, with this exponential growth in tourism this overloaded pole has become a common site across the island.

Sophie Worsnop

Mono-functional Edges

The Suburb Burger or ‘Suburger’ is a low density, mono-flavoured and only available at the drive-thru fast food snack. By precisely identifying undeveloped and inexpensive peri-urban real estate, globally recognised

brands have sited themselves within decentralised, low density, mono functional and car dependant built environments.

Sam Brown

The Sprawl of Style

The free use of style in creating value and reinforcing cultural identities is a practice omnipresent in rapidly developing cities such as Dubai. The ‘dressing up’ of architecture alludes to the aspirations of society, and pointedly states the ideological ambitions of the context within which they sit.

Sohanna Srinivasan

Economies of Sprawl

That our food culture is one where we enjoy unlimited choice and supply is a common deception. Driven by economies of scale, the Cavendish banana dominates the global market and is representative of food sources becoming

increasingly concentrated. The reality of monoculturalism is hardly as inconsequential as the veil of convenience suggests, with threats ranging

from environmental destruction to food security.

Giulia Moretti

Capital Sprawl

Capitalism is increasingly nomadic, however, the technologies and processes that fuel its dynamism remain territorially bound. Small nations are increasingly adopting, or being forced to adopt, unorthodox techniques in order to position themselves within a wider global political economy. The rise of ‘tax haven’ nations highlights just one strategy of political flexibility for jurisdictions seeking to commodify their sovereign status for economic gains.

Liam Rawlins

Sprawl of Commodification

The city is increasingly thought of in terms of individual profit, not collective benefit. Market forces provide a homogenised, unvaried landscape as the most lucrative formula prevails. How can a city develop sustainably if a diverse set of amenities are less economically attractive than, for example,

luxury one-bed apartments?

Katie Godding

Planet of Sprawl

This is a photo of rice fields on the outskirts of Bangkok. For a moment I would like to interrupt the common assumption of world division: the dichotomy between city and countryside, built environment and nature. This operational landscape feeds the city and is affected by the same economic, political and sociological forces - it is a form of sprawl.

Catarina de Almeida Brito

Controlling Sprawl

Nature is a free-sprawling element but when architecture sprawls freely, it is considered to be unsympathetic towards nature. As designers we are

restrained by nature; our designs are only deemed successful if they are shaped by nature. But what happens when nature is under the sway of

design?

Azza Al-Hinai

Heritage Sprawl

The privileging of aesthetic value and the authentic nature of material heritage is allowing British conservation policy to conceal an agenda that is entirely commercial. The physical fabric becomes the central concern of heritage management, being understood to not only symbolise but embody cultural significance. The values through which we interpret heritage have become confused with the object itself.

Emmeline Quigley

Vertical Sprawl

Perhaps the antithesis of the sprawling ubiquity at the suburban edge, vertical sprawl’s most visible manifestation takes the form of lux-ury apartment towers, aptly described as ‘safety-deposit boxes in the sky’. Yet there also exists an invisible and profoundly private world hidden below the surface as the rich mine habitable square meterage from the cities depths.

Down TownChildhood play with Froebel Blocks sparked the architectural ambitions of Charles Eames, Buckminster Fuller and Frank Lloyd Wright, spatial designers whose built legacy and ideas have shaped architectural thinking. ‘Down Town’ inverts the notion of building up, tapping into the child’s psyche early on about the possibility of an architecture formed through excavation.

Vertical Sprawl

Vertical sprawl’s most visible manifestation takes the form of luxury apartment towers, ‘safety-deposit boxes in the sky’. Yet there also exists a parallel sprawl

condition, an invisible private world hidden below the surface as London’s wealthy carve habitable square meterage from the city’s depths.

Ciaran Scannell

Sprawling Sentiment

Liam Payne fell ill at 9pm on the 20th October 2015. Within the next three hours 716,848 people had voiced concern using the hashtag #getwellsoonliam. It became the top trend on Twitter that evening and therefore appeared to be the most concerning topic globally.The instant ability to respond and voice opinion on the internet has created a sprawl of sentiment, existing somewhere between disinterest and activism, where topics trend and then disappear instantly.

Catherine Mollett

Identity Sprawl

The M25 is the cartographic coordinator of sprawl, commuting users between London and what Londoners’ deem ‘the rest of the world’. And if so, for the communities it divides and intersects, what does this mean?

Could the asphalt wilderness become a catalyst for a new identity?

Christopher Pittway

Nebular Sprawl

Nebular is a phenomenon of sprawl that occurs within the explosion of stars. It contains the basic substances for the formation of new stars, hydrogen, oxygen and gas. Solar wind pushes the atoms away whist holding them within a particular system.

Zuoqian Wang

Grow Your Own Sprawl

Grow Your Own Sprawl is a controlled experiment. Different food substances and bacterias found in the domestic environment are introduced

to an agar base and left to develop organically. The petri dish shows in microcosm how controlling certain elements whilst leaving others open to

uncertainty can produce radically different potentials.

Cecily Chua

Sprawl of Agency

Our settlements are increasingly populated by a multitude of hidden “workhomes”, many ofwhich are invisible from the street and sometimes only revealed through internet mapping.Blossoming partly as a result of economic change and partly through an emerging series ofdigital marketplaces, these workplaces typically remain covert, in response to outdatedgovernance systems (planning/property taxation/capital gains tax/leases/tenancyagreements) that are, in many cases placing the home worker at risk of punitive legal action.

Ameneh Solati

Sprawl of Use Class

In recognition of the specialist nature of student accommodation, and to incentivise development, the 2011 Plan made it exempt from the requirement of mixed use and private housing development to contribute to affordable housing. Legislation has administered unforeseen changes to dwelling in

the city, where the profit-driven developer is responsible for its delivery.

Anna Lisa Mc Sweeney

Planet of Sprawl

In 1970, Henri Lefebvre came to the conclusion that “Society has been completely urbanized”. Yet, most of man’s impact on land is not in the form of cities.

What’s commonly thought of as ‘rural’, or ‘countryside’ / ‘nature’, is actually as much part of the urban process as the city - it is an extension of it, a form of sprawl.

Urbanisation derives from Latin urbs, understood in the 1640s as “to make more civil” and in 1884 “to make into a city.” The latter is an outdated definition. Urbanisation is the process of human agglomeration at varying densities. The impact of humans on land, then, extends far beyond cities, via transport and communication corridors that span the globe, making urbanisation a process that reaches planetary extents. This area of sprawl can be understood as a functional hinterland.

The Atlas of Human Footprint uses the Human Footprint Index (HF) to map the ‘Planet of Sprawl’, scrutinising it beyond cities.

HF values range from 0 to 100 and express as a percentage the relative human influence in each terrestrial biome. This is based on analysis of four factors that have the most impact on wildlife and wild lands: population, travel routes, land use, and lights.

Catarina de Almeida Brito

2

Catarina de Almeida BritoPlanet of Sprawl

1

43


65


87


109


1211


1413


1615


Mono-functional Sprawl

The typology of the aggressively branded, artificially landscaped, consumer leisure and retail park could be seen to manifest itself into a microcosm of the town centre that dispersed, decentralised settlements are seeking. The vapid expanses of car parks become race track, high street and ‘strip’. These sit against a backdrop of the decorated sheds of the the big box category killers. Growing urban regions now collate a number of these edge nodes that could be said to shift retail and civic amenities away from their original centres.

‘The Atlas of out of town retail in Metroland’ maps and studies this edge of town phenomenon within the area’s of Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Middlesex known as Metroland. The map’s illustrate each retail and leisure park’s strategic positioning including calculated orientations and distances from nearest localities. The atlas is a precursor to a continuing study into our current de-mixed town and city fringes and the typologies that are continuously pushed to the edge’s due to our need to house an ever expanding population. Now we have have moved out of town, could a re-mixed post centric urbanism create new, exciting and thriving prosperous communities instead of a continuation of a mono-functional suburbia?

Sam Brown

2

Sam BrownMono-functional Sprawl

1

Retail / Leisure Park Strategy.

1.Orientation to landscape (public face)2.Orientation to specif ic object (Arterial Road / Train Staion)3.Buisness signage4.Car park

5.Satelite buildings ( logo buildings)6. The feature7. The decorated facade8.Big Box structure

12

3

4

5

67

8

-Retail & Leisure parksThese are centres of at least 4500 m2 sited outside a town consisting of at least three single-storeyunits of 900 m2Buildings are generally of warehouse design and benefit from the combined attraction, shared infrastructure, parking and extra facilities (café/fast food outlets).

43


65


4.Roaring Meg Retail Park, Stevenage,Hertfordshire

1.Toys ‘R’ Us2. Hobby Craft3. Argos4. Boots5. Carpetright6. truGym7. The Roaring Meg8. Currys / PC World

9. Jolleys Pet Food10. MatressMan11. Tops Tiles12. Home Bargains13. Mother Care14. Early Learning Centre 15. McDonalds

Owned by: Aberdeen AssetsYear Built: 1988Retail/ Leisure GIA: 277,000 sq ftCarpark: 1150 spacesAccesed From: A602

1

2

34

56

78

9 1011

1213

14

15

Roaring Meg Retail ParkGreat North road

Stevenage,Hertfordshire

SG1 1XN

3.Stevenage Leisure Park, Hertfordshire

1.Mcdonalds2.Pizza Hut3.Prezzo4.Chiquito5.KFC6. David Lloyd7. Chicago Rock bar

8.Cineworld9. Hollywood bowl10. Frankie & Bennies11. Nandos

Owned by: Legal & General PropertyYear Built: 1988Retail/ Leisure GIA: 200,000 sq ftm2Carpark: 1330 spacesAccesed From: Stevenage Town Staion / A602

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Stevenage Leisure Park,Kings Way,Stevenage

HertfordshireSG1 2UA

The Rise of the Precariat

Leeds based academic Gloria Dawson writes that the expansion of property guardianship ‘represents a worrying trend towards temporariness and precariousness in housing contracts’. Guardianships however are just one example of many rapidly increasing forms of precarious living that include beds-in-sheds, hot-bedding, long-term Airbnb and bed-and-breakfast living. These modes of living can also be understood as part of a wider ‘rise of the precariat’: zero hour contracts, low job security and underemployment.

The forces and phenomena surrounding the loss of rights is a process that in the western world often goes undocumented, uncommunicated, unobserved and without much debate. We are wilfully participating in the creation of an existence without predictability or security, neglecting people’s material and psychological welfare.

The catalogue first describes, in an engaging and accessible way, the process of rights-erosion, then presents in more detail three examples from this process and one counter-response in the form of the assertion of squatters’ rights.

Cecily Chua

2

Cecily ChuaThe Rise of the Precariat

1

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65


Sprawl of Use Class

The sprawling of the residential use class, and the market dominance of the small residential unit, together promise to transform London into ‘Resi-city’, a granular, dwelling-dominated urbanism shaped by profit and policy.

Real estate is an asset; property is hoarded for capital gain. Meanwhile more dwellings, rather than their redistribution, is promoted at the cost of all other use classes in the quest for affordability. Buildings are compartmentalised to create ever more bedrooms, and so reducing domestic dwelling space to mere shelter. Planning allows developers to avoid municipal contributions by inventively delivering ‘alternative’ residences. Consequently a surge in student-style, elderly and collective accommodations are imposing a new developer-led model on possible ways for inhabiting the city.

Resi-city is a vacant city; as a result of its bedsit sprawl it is void of the job opportunities and metropolitan pull that makes London so attractive. This project lies in potential legislative intervention, at a point for changing developer trends to consider use-value over exchange-value in the delivery of a liveable city.

This catalogue documents the literal sprawling of use class, and the cumulative impact of successive waves of legislation, and the private sector’s responses, to create the first seeds of Resi-city.

Anna Lisa McSweeney

2

Anna Lisa McSweeneySprawl of Use Class

1

2 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 13 sqm

Dining3.6 sqm

Kitchen6.8 sqm

1 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 8 sqm

Living 12 sqm

Dining 3.2 sqm

Kitchen6.2 sqm

National Minimum Space Standards

Total 37 sqm Total 50 sqm

4 Person2 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 14.8 sqm

Dining4.5 sqm

Kitchen7.5 sqm

Total 70 sqm

6 Person4 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 17 sqm

Dining4.8 sqm

Kitchen9.6 sqm

Total 99 sqm

L.1

L.2

L.3

L.4

L.5

L.6

L.7

L.8

L.2i

L.5i

06.04.2010

06.04.2010

01.10.2010

22.07.2011

01.04.2013

28.11.2014

02.03.2015

15.04.2015

26.05.2015

01.08.2015

COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE LEVY

PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS ORDER

AMENDMENT

LONDON PLAN

GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE ACT

SMALL SCALE DEVELOPERS STATEMENT

STARTER HOMES MINISTERIAL STATEMENT

USE CLASS ORDER

DEREGULATION ACT

AMENDMENT

£

10

£

LEGISLATION AUTHORITY DEVELOPERANTI_PRODUCT

£

CASESTUDY

TAX

HOUSE PRICE

INCREASES

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

PROVISION

DECREASED SPACE

CORRIDOR/CELLULAR

TRANSIENT COMMUNITIES

CHANGE OF USE CLASS

HOMOGENOUS AREA

BASEMENT LEVEL FLATS

EQUALFLOORSPACE

PARCELLING VIABILITY ASSESSMENT

RENT INCREASES

SHARED BASIC AMENITY

COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

RED TAPE

INCENTIVISE BUILDING

VACANT BUILDINGS

GO ELSEWHERE

CONTRIBUTION

SOCIAL PRODUCT

SPATIAL PRODUCT

METHOD

SMALL SCALEDEVELOPMENT

L.x CS.x

SMALL EXTENSIONS

GRANULAR CITY

STARTER HOMES

RESI-CITY

BOOST HOUSING

C1 Hotels, boarding and guest houses where no significant element of care is State Funded School or Nursery provided C2 Residential care homes, hospitals, nursing homes, boarding schools, residential State Funded School or Nursery colleges and training centres C2a Secure residential accommodation – prisons, young offenders institutions, State Funded School or Nursery detention centres, secure training centres, custody centres, short term holding centres, secure hospitals, secure local authority accommodation, military barrack. C3 A) House occupied by a single person, couple, or family (including an employer and domestic employees, carer and person receiving care;B) House occupied by up to six people living together as a single household and receiving care (supported housing scheme); C) House occupied by up to six people living together as a single household which do not fall within the definition of C4 (a small religious community or a person/ family with a lodger) C4 Houses occupied by between three and six unrelated individuals as their only or C3 main residence, where basic amenities are shared (e.g. student lets)

SPRAWL

OF

USE

CLASS

[C]

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2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

flat 1

flat D

6 Person4 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 17 sqm

Dining4.8 sqm

Kitchen9.6 sqm

Total 99 sqm

2 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 13 sqm

Dining3.6 sqm

Kitchen6.8 sqm

Total 50 sqm

2010

South Studio

Reception

North Studio

existing first floor

proposed first floor

Flat D33.6m2

studio 413m2

studio 518.5m2

existing floor plan

proposed floor plan

PRIC

ES£P

W/SQ

MSP

ACE

SQM/

PPPR

ICES

£PW/

SQM

SPAC

ESQ

M/ PP

no. beds, persons. . . . . . space per bedroom sqmliving space . . . . . . . . . . . living space pp. . . . . . . . . bathroom pp . . . . . . . . . . shared space. . . . . . . . . . total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£ pw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£ pw/sqm. . . . . . . . . . . . .

address:

use:

LEGISLATIONPRIVATE PUBLIC


address:

use:


£

L.1

CS.1

L.2

L.2i

CS.2

Belmont St, NW1

Change of use from offices (class B1) to resi (Class C3) to provide 10 units at ground, (1 x 3b, 9 x 4b) at ground to fourth levels.

4b 6p11.559.39.880.660151.85

flat D1b 2p9.320.2510.100.5...33350 10.6

Judd Street, WC1

Change of use of bedsit HMO accommodation (Sui Generis) at part ground to third floor level to 4x1 bed self-contained residential units (Class C3)

A new system of funding infrastructure through planning charges that the coucil can ask developers to pay for most new building projects. It does not apply to conversions or change of use. The tariff is based on the net additional increase of floor space charged per sqm liable only if the gross internal area of the new development is over 100 sqm. The gross floorspace of any building on the site being demolished is deducted from the chargeable amount. Zone/ use related tarriffs can be used by authorities to attract or deflect certain types of development.

C4: Use of a dwellinghouse by not more than six residents as a “house in multiple occupation” Planning permission will be required, for material change of use to change a property from C3 dwelling house to an HMO. The aim is to prevent concentration of HMOs and ‘studentification’ of areas. Property divided up in to bedsits is a mandatory licensed HMO. Council will not grant planning permission for a change of use or conversion that would result in the loss of housing in multiple occupation, unless it is replaced by permanently available affordable housing. May result in a reduced number of HMOs coming into the housing market.

COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE LEVY

GENERAL PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT ORDER INTRODUCES USE CLASS C4

Amendment to General Permitted Development Order 01.10.2010: changes of use from C3 (dwelling houses) to C4 (Houses in Multiple occupation) and planning application not needed.To reduce the number of planning applications for minor development. Prevent risks of losing low cost housing in areas where it is needed most

“Municipalities have become de-pendent upon growth and capital appreciation in order to carry out their public duties.”Fulcrum, Real Estates. Life Without Debt (2014)

CS.1

CS.2

L..1

L..2

L..2i

65


2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Studio Flat Platinum +19 sqm

Ensuite Bedroom13 sqm

KCR34sqm

Studio Diamond + 24sqm

Lounge

StudentResidentialReception

Type B15 sqm

2011

1 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 8 sqm

Living 12 sqm

Dining 3.2 sqm

Kitchen6.2 sqm

Space Standards

Total 37 sqm

2 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 13 sqm

Dining3.6 sqm

Kitchen6.8 sqm

Total 50 sqm

PRIC

ES£P

W/SQ

MSP

ACE

SQM/

PPPR

ICES

£PW/

SQM

SPAC

ESQ

M/ PP


address:

use:



address:

use:


address:

use:

£

L.3

CS.3

CS.3i

LONDON PLAN

1b, 1p3.58.7“14.85 (34/7)13 (+4.85)31917.87

1b, 1p3.68“1...1941521.84 (>)

1b, 2p66.43.20.5...2445018.75 (>)

Euston Road, NW1 2DA

Student Accommodation

Ensuite Bedroom



Studio Flat Platinum



Studio Flat Diamond +

“The people providing this accommodation are big investors who have seen the benefits of investing in student accommodation but feel that market is going to become saturat-ed quite soon, and feel [student-style accom-modation] is going to be the next big thing” Naomi Cleaver, Dezeen

In recognition of the specialist nature of student housing, and to incentivise development, the 2011 Plan excluded it from the general requirement for mixed use and private housing development to contribute to affordable housing provision.Section 106 Planning obligations – speeding up negotiations Student accommodation and affordable housing contributions

The Government also wished to understand whether developer contributions to affordable housing create a barrier to delivering dedicated student accommodation, which, when provided by individual private landlords, is a means of delivering much needed low-cost housing. Encouraging more dedicated student accommodation helps free up low-cost properties in the private rented sector and address problems associated with homes in multiple occupation imposing affordable housing contributions on dedicated student development increased the rental level of the subsequent student accommodation often above that of non purpose built accommodation and therefore encouraged uncontrolled houses in multiple occupation; as well as limiting the number of suitable sites available for student accommodation recognition that dedicated student accommodation can make a positive contribution towards housing provision, releasing housing back onto the open market and reducing the impact of homes in multiple occupation, occupied by students, on local communities. Several respondents queried the need to differentiate student accommodation from other forms of ‘specialist’ housing citing that affordable housing contributions can be a barrier to all kinds of residential development

CS.3

L..3

“Mayor Boris Johnson has admited that de-velopers in London are managing to avoid affordable housing contributions by exploit-ing the ‘dark art ‘of viability assessments architecture.com

87


2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

bedroom/ workspace10

bedroom/ workspace9

bedroom/ workspace8

bedroom/ workspace7

conference club space conference

2013

bedroom/workspace 919.25sqm

2014

kitchen 29m2

Laundry 16m2

(scale 50%)

1 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 8 sqm

Living 12 sqm

Dining 3.2 sqm

Kitchen6.2 sqm

Space Standards

Total 37 sqm

1 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 8 sqm

Living 12 sqm

Dining 3.2 sqm

Kitchen6.2 sqm

Space Standards

Total 37 sqm

PRIC

ES£P

W/SQ

MSP

ACE

SQM/

PPPR

ICES

£PW/

SQM

SPAC

ESQ

M/ PP


address:

use:



address:

use:


10

£

L.5

CS.5

£

L.5i

SMALL SCALE DEVELOPERS STATEMENTVACANT BUILDING CREDIT

£

L.4

CS.4

GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE ACT

An application and appeal procedure, to review affordable housing obligations on the grounds of viability. Allows modification to affordable housing requirements of any Section 106 agreement regardless of when it was signed. The Government is keen to encourage development to provide more homes to meet a growing population and to promote construction and economic growth. Stalled schemes due to economically unviable affordable housing requirements result in no development, no regeneration and no community benefit and are seen as an obstavle to house builing. ‘Alternative’ residences are built, such as student accommodation, that avoid the higher tariffs per sqm associated with normal residential development in CIL charging schedules. These can then potentially be converted to use class C3 through permitted development and sold in the private housing market after 5 years. A new market for luxury student flats has emerged, blurring the boundaries between use classes.

1b, 1p3.58.7“14.85 (34/7)13 (+4.85)31917.87

T5NW1 2DA


Bedroom/ Workspace 91, 18.66.36.31019.25...

Lincoln’s Inn Fields

Affordable housing need not be sought for sites of 10-units or less, with gross floor space up to 1,000 sqm. Any vacant buildings brought back into use or demolished for re-development, should be deducted from the calculation of any affordable housing contributions as a financial credit. The aim is to promote custom and self-build housing, and to get empty and redundant land and property back into use. Consequently land is parcelled to provide developments of 10 houses or less. Developers withdraw permission on vacant buildings and reapply to avoid avoidable housing obligations. The trend emerges for providing dwelling space in vacant basements not intended for residential dwelling.

Change of use of 348sqm of sub-basement levels B2 and B3 from vacant retail (Class A1) to additional guestrooms/workspaces, meeting room and storage in connection with existing hotel (Class C1) Club Quarters gentlemens club

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L..5iThe Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) has removed the small development exemption and the Vacant Building Credit policy from the NPPG after the high court found the policy inlawful.

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proposed first floor

proposed second floor

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2 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 13 sqm

Dining3.6 sqm

Kitchen6.8 sqm

Total 50 sqm

1 Person1 Bed

Bed Space 8 sqm

Living 12 sqm

Dining 3.2 sqm

Kitchen6.2 sqm

Space Standards

Total 37 sqm

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STARTER HOMES MINISTERIAL STATEMENT

“Starter homes can be bought at a discount then sold off at full market value after five years... If the government prioritised investment on permanently affordable homes for people on low incomes, it could take the heat out of the private rented sector and reduce costs for all renters.” Tony Stacey South Yorkshire Housing Association

Local Planning Authorities should not seek section 106 affordable housing and tarriff-style contributions on starter homes; and they should be exempt from the community infrastructure levy to help developers to deliver discounted sale price. The aim of the introduction of a new national exception site planning policy is to enable starter homes to be built on under-used or unviable commercial or industrial sites not currently identified for housing, on both public and private land and for these starter homes to be only sold to young first time buyers at a minimum 20% discount below their open market value, resulting in 20% decrease in space.

Weedington Road, NW5new build affordable start up homes

Pocket Living

1b 2p9.8528.1514.70.5038325.00*40.60

*(calculated as buy to let)

studio 11b 1p66.5“1012.5245.0719.6

Eversholt St, NW1

Change of use from office (Class B1a) to 4 x studio flats (Class C3)

Permitted development rights extended, allowing offices and light-industrial buildings to be converted into housing without the need for planning permission nor the usual obligations to provide affordable housing.The government says it is targeting vacant or underused office space to breathe life back into underused commercial space. Many occupied offices have been vacated without providing new home and the result is a huge loss of potential affordable housing. This is likely to result in more substandard private flats converted from buildings never intended to be used as homes, and does not have to meet affordability, environmental or disability standards set by local authorities. Where property owners don’t convert, they use the increased land value to drive up rents, forcing businesses to close or to leave London. The city is eating itself. There are currently existing permissions for around 270,000 homes that developers are just sitting on.

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4 Person2 Bed

Bed Space 12 sqm

Living 14.8 sqm

Dining4.5 sqm

Kitchen7.5 sqm

Total 70 sqm

‘Student-Style Accommodation’ is the next big thing , Naomi Cleaver, Dezeen

‘Shared Living’ Stratford Collective

‘Co-Living’ which is genuinely affordable to young people living and working in London, Naomi Cleaver, Dezeen

‘Manhatten Style’ One-bedroom apartments, Sevenoaks Chronicle

‘Microhome’ In America there’s been something of a trend towards an innovative new way of living, Citymetric

‘Rabbit Hutch Homes’ Over 50 per cent of new family houses in the UK are that are too small. RIBA

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DEREGULATION ACT

1 b, 4p10.4019.133.19 0.25...43.26980.0022.70

Arlington Road

advertised listing Air BnB high availability

“within the parameters of a neoliberal economy, the ideal citizen is the tourist. The citizen-tourist does not belong to any place in particular, is easily manipulted, and participates in the life of the city mostly through acts of consumerism.”Richard Ingersoll, SprawlTown: Looking for the City on its Edges (2006)

The sharing economy is squeezing the affordable housing market. Air Bnb takes even more units out of the supply of affordable housing. Short-term rentals are displacing long-term housing options. Portals of the sharing ecnomony fuel rent hikes by enabling landords to offer de facto commercial holiday flats. This removes regular rental flats from the market. As of 26 May 2015, the Deregulation Act 2015 amended the Greater London Councils 1973 Act to include a new section where the number of nights where the property is used for temporary sleeping accommodation in any one year does not exceed ninety; and the person providing the accommodation is liable to pay council tax in respect of the property.

The Aim is to boost London tourism, by increasing the availability of competitively priced accommodation, and reduce the number of houses lying empty. The government intends to restrict short-term letting of homes to a maximum 90 days in a calendar year, so that properties cannot be used for short-term letting on a permanent basis throughout the year. Consequently Houses become Hotels, which in turn go out of business, communities become transient and spce to support family homes is in shorter supply.

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Sprawling Sentiment

Sentiment analysis tools can be used to map out new social dynamics and structures being formed through social media. The study begins with a map of the 2000 tweets using the #getwellsoonliam hashtag, grouped by shared connection using the NodeXL plugin. Spatialised through social connections, rather than physical locations, these structures offer insight into the sprawling new forms of association, arguably of community, many of which are not possible in ‘real world’ situations.

The Pew Research Centre argues there are six key types of social grouping online; the polarised crowd, the tight crowd, brand clusters, community clusters, the broadcast network and the support network. But these often mix together into hybrid structures formed of many small interactions which themselves can be drawn out.

Using the data from the Liam tweets, along with other, perhaps more pressing causes for concern, I mapped the social structures, creating a taxonomy of social relationships on Twitter. The study then moves on to explore relationships between the UK’s cities, exploring the ways by which these new forms of association or mirror or reflect upon existing relationships.

In a world where connections are spatialised through interaction and time, how relevant is place?

Catherine Mollett

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Catherine MollettSprawling Sentiment

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It started with a Tweet..Social Structures found on Twitter

Is anyone listening? someones agrees

spreading the word preaching to the converted

is anyone listening? someone agrees

spreading the word preaching to the converted

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provoking a reaction

more attention than you bargained for Hey you!

directing the focus

provoking a reaction directing the focus

more attention than you bargained for hey you!

expanding infl uence

a popular friend pointing fi ngers

a friend in common

expanding influence a friend in common

a popular friend pointing fingers

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echo

got your back full backup

ganging up

echo ganging up

got your back full backup

a private chat

commanding the group some get more attention than others

talking at people

a private chat talking at people

commanding the group some get more attention than others

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The Social Network of UK Cities

Relationships between o�cial City Twitter accounts

Network of official UK city twitter accounts

centre of attention a new admirer

moving on...relishing in the attention

relishing in the attention moving on...

centre of attention a new admirer

Vertical Sprawl

Build up or build out? The solution to London’s housing shortage is continually framed through this binary lens: to densify vertically within existing footprints or to expand horizontally beyond the metropolitan fringe. Emerging from early 2000s ideologies of the ‘Compact City’ and Urban Renaissance, the development of London has in recent years seen the super-intensification of brownfield inner-city land, particularly at key transport interchanges and existing urban town centres, a situation that continues in the plethora of planning applications for towers along the Thames. Monuments to capital, they are as much a built neoliberalism as traditional forms of ‘suburban’ sprawl. Below ground, vertical sprawl has taken the form of mega-basements as the rich extend their homes downwards in reaction to strict planning and conservation policy and neighbourhood planning nimbyism. Known as iceberg homes for their unseen larger sections, this subterranean sprawl is proliferating throughout London’s wealthier boroughs and is yet another physical example of the capital’s widening wealth gap.

Despite the resurrection of the high-rise in focused parts of London, it remains a city suppressed by an overbearing preservatory ethos, resulting in

Ciaran Scannell

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Ciaran ScannellVertical Sprawl

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Earthscraper

What happens if we invert the vertical tower model? More a provocation than proposal, one can imagine it

manifesting below some inconspicuous building, an underground world hidden from the city above.

London’s highest residential tower

London’s deepest residential basement

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50 Walton Street

Mega-basements signify an economically motivated search for space, yet also display a shift in spatial

values: people are more comfortable being physicallydisconnected from their urban context.

‘Whoever owns the soil, holds title all the way up to the heavens and down to the depths of hell.’

7 Thurloe Street

29 Brompton Square

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At present the vertical expansion of London is occurring in ways that make sense on the developer’s viability spreadsheet but does not take into account the needs or desires of London’s citizens. Might there be forms of vertical development which connect up to how Londoners want to live?

The Sprawl of Style

“Dubai is like a city-sized version of Sir Victor Sassoon’s Cathay Hotel in Old Shanghai- not only in its libertinism but in its multicultural urbanism. In the Cathay Hotel, each suite was done up in the style of a different culture; in Dubai, each neighbourhood, even each building, looks like it came from a different part of the world.”

In the case of Dubai, the act of duplication has been taken to the extreme whereby it is not only the architecture that is borrowed: Legal frameworks, societal constitutions and business terms are all replicated to mirror convenient global models for the benefit of the city’s industries.

Jumeirah Islands is one such extreme. A gated community of 800 internally identical homes, villas are grouped and themed in varying architectural facades to appeal to a range of consumers. The result: A microcosm of Dubai’s ideals that simultaneously represents and segregates its ‘global’ society.

However, the free use of style can be used to serve other agendas. If architectural mimicry in its most rudimental form can successfully convey the ambitions of a place, then might an awareness of its tactics allow for more progressive urban identities?

Sohanna Srinivasan

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Sohanna SrinivasanThe Sprawl of Style

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OTTOMANMaster View Villa Type Islamic Cluster

DESERT MODERNMaster View Villa Type Oasis Cluster

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TUNISIANMaster View Villa Type Mediterranean Cluster

ROMAN

Master View Villa Type European Cluster

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MAMLUKIEntertainment Foyer Villa Type Islamic Cluster

SPANISHEntertainment Foyer Villa Type European Cluster

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MEXICANEntertainment Foyer Villa Type Oasis Cluster

COSTA DEL SOLEntertainment Foyer Villa Type Mediterranean Cluster

De-Isolating Headphones

The de-isolating earphones transform a traditional product of isolation into one of sharing and friendship. With universal volume controls for each user and tight physical limits, the group must compromise and work together. Can cities excluded from traditional economic development agreements seek refuge and friendship

online, and begin to work together as a virtual ‘region’ of misfits?

Catherine MollettThe Address

The branding of each soap emphasises the address of the different home businesses where many exist off grid out of fear of breaking a law. The set portrays the universality in the phenomenon of home businesses and it celebrates the new business model and

envisions a future of a revival in self-sufficient local economies where it could also operate virtually on an a local and international spectrum.

Ameneh Solati

Down Town

Childhood play with Froebel Blocks sparked the architectural ambitions of Charles Eames, Buckminster Fuller and Frank Lloyd Wright. Conceived as an educational toy for a city where digging is as crucial to development as building, ‘Down Town’ inverts the notion of construction, engaging children with the possibility of an architecture of

excavation.

Ciaran ScannellCommunicative Food Packaging

Consequences of a globalised food industry are driving consumers to interrogate their most trusted and loved brands. The new standardised food packaging strips away branding, presenting ‘raw’ information in a digestible way as a means to increase a sense of transparency, allowing the consumer to

make objective, unbiased purchasing decisions.

Giulia Moretti

One Swung Cat

One Swung Cat is the new property measuring tool where, by swinging the tape measure, the user is able to assess if there is indeed room to swing a cat. Instead of relying upon measurements

that divorce use value from exchange value, the tape focuses on the value of inhabitation. Through measuring this value we are then able to quantify it, possibly shifting the focus of urban

development.

Katie GoddingCharm Bracelets & Folk Hero Figurines

These folk hero figurines & charm bracelets personify rights lost or currently under threat in the United Kingdom. Each was created in reaction to recent legislation: the Trade Union Bill, the Housing Bill and the Anti-Terrorism

Act, and is intended to create a tangible manifestation, as a home ornament or personal effect, of hard-won rights.

Cecily Chua

Cleanie Beanie

As the heritage boom continues to accelerate, the potential resale value of a product can become the dominant factor when determining its worth in the primary market. Beanie Babies were one of the most collectable items of the 1990’s, at their peak accounting for 10% of all eBay searches. ‘Cleanie Beanie’ uses the brand’s ability to manipulate potential resale value in order to dominate the household goods market, where competition is vast but product differentiation is minimal.

Emmeline QuigleyPolly Pocket Luxury Living Playset

Inside this charming secret cash box you’ll find a near-future London environment in miniature, a repetitive cellular world dominated by

residential use to the exclusion of everything else. Help Polly find new forms of friendship, public-ness and economy within the Resi-city grid.

For ages 5 and up.

Anna Lisa McSweeney

SIMS 4 Expansion Pack

Can we future-proof the housing of tomorrow by designing for its long-term decay - social and physical - and subsequent rehabilitation?

The ‘SIMS 4’ Housing Viability Expansion Pack explores how a long-term, multi-actor strategy might rescue this estates of the future from the fates suffered

by the estates of today.

Sophie WorsnopJersey Royal Crisps

Turning a potato into a crisp increases its retail value per kg by 200% and provides price stability in an unpredictable global potato market. Designed to penetrate five flourishing financial economies and doubling as an advert for Jersey’s finance industry, Jersey Royal crisps embody a strong sense of British character and culture allied with the desires of a

subnational state looking to creatively mine its jurisdictional capacity for economic gain.

Liam Rawlins

CH-W0R.5H1P

The intersection between Le Corbusier’s post-independence masterplan, its subsequent occupation and the proposed New Chandigarh SmartCity is expressed

through the remixing of two household objects; the wifi router and domestic shrine. The reappropriation of the Capitol buildings to mimic traditional patterns explores

the fusion between these apparently contradictory identities.

Sohanna SrinivasanSoilStick

Al Batinah is Oman’s most fertile area and also, increasingly, its tourism frontline. Its farms are currently extracting excessive ground water, leading to salt water intrusion from the sea and to calls from government to displace them in favour of tourism. Borrowing from traditional

Omani digging tools, SoilStick is a portable salinity meter which resists this displacement and disseminates knowledge of soil conditions.

Azza Al-Hinai

Intelligent Tray

This intelligent tray accommodates a newly global meal, sourced worldwide and prepared at Heathrow. The tray

accommodates a global variety of prepared foodstuffs whilst also measuring wastage and the packaging celebrate each meal’s

place(s) or origin.

Zioquan WangeDaimler Mustard & Ketchup Receptacles

Daimler’s return to its former manufacturing base in Coventry’s industrial periphery to produce its new electric vehicle, presents an opportunity to create a new exurban territory that remixes

edge and centre, luxury and the popular, mobility and comfort.

Sam Brown

Book of Rice

‘O Fado Operário no Alentejo’ is a rice-paper edition of poems sung by labourers while working Alentejo’s paddy fields over the past two centuries. The book forms a cultural archaeology of the region and its creators, depicting the time’s every day life, love, sorrow, oppression, and revolt. It completes the region’s cycle of rice production and asserts traditional practices in a landscape

increasingly dominated by the international global rich.

Catarina de Almeida BritoThe Magic of Paramount, Dartford Made

At risk of being swallowed whole by London, placeless Dartford, like many others on the borders of London, is suffering from an identity crisis. With the

proposal of the Paramount London theme park proposed within its jurisdiction; Dartford the chance to tell its own story.

Christopher Pittway

With thanks to

ROBERT SOLLISJACK SELFDAVID KNIGHTASIF KHANFINN WILLIAMSSHUMI BOSEROSY HEADMARKUS LÄHTEENMÄKIHOLLY LANGMATT MURPHYWILLIAM MURRAYMARK SMOUT

CONTENTS · CH-W0R5H1P SoilStick eDaimler Mustard & Ketchup Receptacles Intelligent Tray The Magic...

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