Ch. 9: The Americas
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Transcript of Ch. 9: The Americas
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CH. 9: THE AMERICAS
S E C . 1: T
H E EA R L I E
S T AM E R I C
A N S
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• Historians believe that the first people to inhabit the Americas came from Asia
• The people crossed a strait called the Bering Strait up by Alaska before the glaciers melted
• During the Ice Age, Asians began to cross this “land bridge” known as Beringia, into the Americas
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SEC. 2: CULTURES OF NORTH AMERICAT H E N O RT H W E S T
• Relied on fishing• Expert weavers &
woodworkers• Totem poles• Potlatches-chief
would display clan’s materials, give them away to enhance the family’s social status
T H E S O U T H W E S T
• Hohokam people• Farmers built
irrigation networks• Grew beans, corn, &
cotton
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G R E AT P L A I N S
• The buffalo became sacred in the religion of the Plains peoples because they had many purposes for the buffalo
• Lived in tepees• Some groups did farm:
beans, corn, & squash
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EASTERN WOODLANDSH O P E W E L L T R I B E S
• Ohio valley region• Built earthen
mounds• Skilled artists• Trade w/ other
tribes is evident
M I SS I SS I P P I A N S• Lived along Miss.
River• Corn was main crop• Complex & extensive
culture• Also great mound
builders
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SEC. 3: MESOAMERICA AND ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA• Mesoamerica is the name given to the areas of
Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the Spaniards arrived
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THE OLMEC• Large class of
farmers & a small elite class
• Carved giant stone heads
• Worshipped part-jaguar god
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THE CHAVIN• Created ceramic religious
vessels and decorated seashells with images of cats
• Both Olmec & Chavin cultures mysteriously disappeared between 400bc and 200bc
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THE MAYA• Skilled architects &
engineers• Religion was complex &
they worshipped many gods• Writing system w/
“glyphs”• Studied astronomy• Developed calendar
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THE TOLTEC• Capital at Tula• Introduced
metalworking• Worshipped
Quetzalcoatl who became one of the chief gods of ancient Mexico & N. Central America
• Practiced human sacrifice
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THE AZTEC• Built their city
Tenochtitlan - may have held more than 200,000 people
• Learned from people they conquered: metalworking, pottery making, & weaving
• Produced fine art, calendars, & mathematics
• Farmed on Chinampas-raised fields made w/ mud taken from the bottom of lakes
• Military dominated society
• Practiced human sacrifices
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THE INCA• Civilization was in the
Andes Mtns. In S. America• Capital was Cuzco• Excellent system of roads &
communication helped unify empire
• Built fortresses & irrigation ditches
• Quechua was the official language of the Inca Empire (still spoken today)
• Kept records by means of quipu, a series of knots on parallel strings
• Produced ceramics, textiles, & metals
• Practiced medicine –used anesthetics & operations on the brain
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DECLINE OF THE AZTECS & THE INCA• In the 1400s unrest grew among
surrounding peoples who had been forced to pay oppressive tribute to the Aztec weakened empire
• The Aztec dominated conquered peoples militarily
• The Inca brought conquered peoples into one imperial culture
• Both the Inca & the Aztec empires suffered from lack of natural immunity to diseases that the Spanish brought w/ them from Europe contributed to the downfall of both the Inca & the Aztec