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Ch 9 On-Line!

Classical Conditioning & Learning

Learning:A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Classical Conditioning:A learning procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned

stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Ivan Pavlov-Russian physiologist-studying the digestion of dogs

-dogs were given meat powder at periodic intervals

-dogs began to salivate at the sight of the researchers before they were given the meat

powder-Pavlov thenpaired(presented together) the meat powder and a neutral stimulus (a

recognizable action that meant nothing to the dogs), ringing a bell and it caused the dogs

to salivate.

This is called Classical Conditioning-the saliva is the conditioned response, the bell isthe conditioned stimulus.

If the bell is the conditioned stimulus what other kind of stimulus is there?

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Stimulus

And the UCS is?

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

If Salivating to the bell is the conditioned response what other kind of response it there?

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Response

And the UCR is?

__________________________________!

Learning-a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience

Stimulus-something that produces some action in an organism

Response-the reaction to a stimulus

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Conditioning at Mr. Mathews House!The Door Bell is _________________.

Fido, Socks, and Me slobbering is _____________.

The Pizza is the __________________.

The Tails, er Tales of two Dogs:

First the Samson Scenario:I had a little white pup, his name was Samson.

Samson was a sniffer. Every time I'd take that puppy on a

walk, he'd take forever to do his business! Here a sniff, there asniff, sniff, sniff, sniff! Come On puppy do your thing!

Know how to condition this pup using:A leash which you can pullA clicker

You will have aNeutral Stimulus (NS) which will be paired with anUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS)The NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and illicits a CR

after conditioning.

Aristotles Law of Association

*associations-mental connections between two stimuli

Three parts of this law:1. recall of one object will produce a recall of similar objects (aka meat powder and all

food)

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2. recall of one object will produce a recall of things that were experienced at the same

time as the original (Pairing)

3. the more often two things are experienced together, the stronger the associationbecomes (this is the basis of __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __!)

Unconditioned response (UCR)-a response that is involuntary (salivating when you smellfood)

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)-the food that produces salivation is this

Conditioned response (CR)-salivating at a bell (it is not natural and must be conditioned,

get it?)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)-the bell ringing is the stimulus, it is conditioned byintroducing food after it rings

Give me some other examples

Pavlovs observations

Time between CS and UCS-the stimulus should occur .5 seconds before the event (bellbefore food)

Repetition-the more often the CS and UCS are paired, the stronger the response

Extinction-If the conditioned stimulus is presented without the UCS, the CR fades

Generalization and Discrimination-generalization is grouping things together (allergicreaction from tomatoes, you avoid apples)

-discrimination-if you are afraid of tigers, you arent afraid of kittens

Applications of Classical ConditioningThree ways psychologists use classical conditioning:

1. Counterconditioning-if youre afraid of small animals, youre given a pleasurable food

at the same time you see small animals-pleasure is associated with the stimulus (smallanimals)

2. Flooding-forced exposure to the stimulus to decrease the negative response (put an

agoraphobic in a crowd)

3. Desensitization-gradually introducing a stimulus to reduce the undesirable response

(fear of spiders-first look at pictures, then look at one across the room, then look at oneup close, then touch one)

Operant conditioning- Learning in which an action is reinforced orpunished.

Reinforcement- Stimulus or event that follows a behavior and increases abehavior

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Primary and secondary reinforcer-Primary- Stimulus such as food or water that is naturally rewarding

and satisfying.Secondary- Stimulus that is rewarding due to a link with a primary

reinforcer.

The 4 schedules of reinforcement-Fixed Ratio- A pattern of reinforcement which reinforces after a set

number of actions are performed. ex- Migrant farms workers get $1 forevery 4 baskets of strawberries they fill.

Fixed Interval- A pattern of reinforcement that reinforces after a setamount of time passes. ex- Mr. Mathews gets paid every two weeks.Variable Ratio- A pattern of rein. in which an unpredictable number ofresponses are required for reinforcement. ex- BLACK JACK!

Variable Interval- A pattern of rein. in which an unpredictable amount

of time passes between reinforcements. ex- Hot Potato!

shapingAversive controlescape and avoidance conditioningPunishment- Stimulus or event that follows a behavior and DECREASESthe behavior.Superstition- occurs when an irrelevant behavior is reinforced or punished.

Stimulus Control in Operant Cond.- Chp. 9Signals- Differ from Reinforcers

They are not a punishment or reward

Primary Reinforcer- Satisfies basic needSecondary Reinforcer/ Conditioned Reinf.

Converted Signal

Promise of Primary ReinforcerAversive Control= Unpleasant consequences which influence much of our everyday

behavior.

Negative Reinforcers- a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed or not applied at all,

which increases the frequency of a behavior.Escape conditioning- a persons behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop.

Avoidance conditioning- a persons behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant

situation from happening at all.Punishment- Unpleasant stimulus, which decreases the frequency of the behavior that,

produced it.

Conclusion- Negative reinforcement and punishment operate in opposite ways. Innegative reinforcement, escape or avoidance behavior is repeated, and increases in

frequency. In punishment, behavior that is punished decreases or in not repeated!

Caveats of Aversive Control?

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The cycle. Punishment can be a form of attention. Harsh attention is better than no

attention, hence punishment may actually increase the very behavior is desires to reduce.

Negative reinforcer may increase stress and may hamper performance of behavior (shocktesting). Also, avoidance and escape will certainly increase as negative reinforcement is

applied, again decreasing the very behavior it is meant to increase.

Social Learning:

SL is the process of altering behavior by observing and imitation the behavior of others.

Cognitive learning and modeling help makeup what we know as social learning. SL

involves decision making based on available information. Information replaces

reinforcement in social learning.

Cognitive Learning: A form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may

result from observation or imitation.

Cognitive Map: a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships among events

Latent Learning: alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by animmediate, observable change in behavior

Learned Helplessness: Me folding laundry, whats the Use? I ask you seriously, try

dont try. There is no Shaping, (rewarding closer and closer approximations of desired

behavior), its this aint right, now get upstairs and be prepared for your punishment.1- Success depends on luck, not skill

2- Subjects have no control over their enviorn

Shoot, if she really wanted to exerciseBehavior Modification, she would have employed:1- Systematic application of learning principles such as

a. Classical Conditioning

b. Operant conditioningSocial Learning

Modeling- Learning by imitating others; copying behavior.

Look at Principal Reidy, he's picking up trash as he walks across campus, whydo you suppose he's doing that?

Look at Mr. Mathews, he's picking up Aluminum cans as he walks acrosscampus, why is he doing that?

Shaping- The desired behavior is molded by first rewarding any act similar to

that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desiredbehavior before giving the reward.You're doing great, you are almost there, keep it up ....

Disinhibition- An observer sees one engage in a dangerous or inadvisablebehavior without being punished the observer may be more prone to repeatthat behavior.Behavior Modification- Systematic application of learning principles (classicaland operant conditioning) to change people's actions and feelings.

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BM involves a series of well-defined steps to change behavior.The success of each step is carefully evaluated to find the best solution

for a given situation.

People on Academic or disciplinary probation will be put on contracts. They

must hit certain goals to get certain rights back- All A's, B's and C's and you canstay. All A's and B's and you can play sports. All A's and you can drive.That's behavior modification!

No student discipline notices and you can stayNo phone calls or e-mails and you can play sportsNo deans, no sdn's, and no calls for 1 month and you can avoid the meds

Behavior Modification is a more broad form of shaping. We aren't just

training one act, we want to train you to be a better YOU!!