Ch. 8: WWI – The Ch. 8: WWI – The Great WarGreat War

1914 - 19181914 - 1918Section 1 – The Road to WWISection 1 – The Road to WWIObjectives: To identify the Objectives: To identify the political & military forces that political & military forces that took root in Europe in the late took root in Europe in the late 1800s1800sTo summarize the events that set To summarize the events that set WWI in motionWWI in motion

I. I. Nationalism & the System of Nationalism & the System of AlliancesAlliancesAfter the Congress After the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), of Vienna (1814-15), other attempts to other attempts to maintain peace on maintain peace on the continent failed the continent failed by the late 1800s – by the late 1800s – WHY?WHY?

A.A. Rise of Rise of NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

1.1. Led to competition Led to competition b/w nations & rivalry b/w nations & rivalry among Europe’s among Europe’s “Great Powers”: “Great Powers”: Germany, Austria-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, Hungary, Britain, Russia & FranceRussia & France

B.B. IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM1.1. Competed for Competed for

colonies: markets & colonies: markets & materialsmaterials

Disputes in N. AfricaDisputes in N. Africa2.2. Territorial disputes:Territorial disputes:

France & Germany France & Germany over over Alsace-LorraineAlsace-Lorraine

A-H & Russia over the A-H & Russia over the BalkansBalkans

C. MilitarismC. Militarism

1.1. Arms race: by 1914 all Great Arms race: by 1914 all Great Powers had large standing armies Powers had large standing armies able to quickly mobilizeable to quickly mobilize

2.2. Glorified military power & kept Glorified military power & kept armies prepared for wararmies prepared for war

3)3) Rivalries led to creation of military alliances, which Rivalries led to creation of military alliances, which were designed to keep peace, but ended up leading to were designed to keep peace, but ended up leading to warwar

4)4) Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, unified Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, unified Germany in 1871 via “blood & iron”Germany in 1871 via “blood & iron”

5)5) By 1871, Germany & Britain were the two most By 1871, Germany & Britain were the two most powerful nations in the worldpowerful nations in the world

• goal to be in a majority of three in any dispute among the five goal to be in a majority of three in any dispute among the five great European powers and to preserve Germany’s peaceful great European powers and to preserve Germany’s peaceful ties with Russia. ties with Russia.

6)6) Bismarck considered France to be the biggest threat Bismarck considered France to be the biggest threat to the peace & stability in Europe & wanted to isolate to the peace & stability in Europe & wanted to isolate FranceFrance

a)a) 1879: Dual Alliance b/w Germany & A-H1879: Dual Alliance b/w Germany & A-Hb)b) 1882: Triple Alliance created when Italy joined1882: Triple Alliance created when Italy joinedc)c) 1887: Treaty w/ Russia (enemy of A-H)1887: Treaty w/ Russia (enemy of A-H) Kaiser Wilhelm II quickly upset Bismarck's delicate Kaiser Wilhelm II quickly upset Bismarck's delicate

balance of power:balance of power: forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 refused to renew treaty with Russia, & found itself in a refused to renew treaty with Russia, & found itself in a

minority of two. Its only European ally, was the weakest of minority of two. Its only European ally, was the weakest of the European powers, Austria-Hungarythe European powers, Austria-Hungary

1891: Russia formed defensive alliance with France1891: Russia formed defensive alliance with France

****war w/ either Russia or France means war w/ ****war w/ either Russia or France means war w/ both & both &

a 2-FRONT war for Germany*****a 2-FRONT war for Germany*****

By 1907, 2 Rival Alliances in By 1907, 2 Rival Alliances in EuropeEurope

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance:: Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: GermanyGermany * Britain* Britain Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary * France* France ItalyItaly * Russia* Russia

D.D. Internal DissentInternal Dissent

1.1. Working class & lower middle class Working class & lower middle class wanted a bigger share of economic wanted a bigger share of economic wealthwealth

Unions demanded better wagesUnions demanded better wages Socialist parties wanted to end capitalist Socialist parties wanted to end capitalist

systemsystem Conservative leaders feared that social Conservative leaders feared that social

class conflicts would lead to revolutionclass conflicts would lead to revolution War was supposed to join all social War was supposed to join all social

classes together against a foreign enemy classes together against a foreign enemy & distract from domestic problems& distract from domestic problems

II. II. The Outbreak of War: The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914Summer 1914A.A. Crisis in the Balkans, the “powder keg” of Crisis in the Balkans, the “powder keg” of

EuropeEurope Balkan peninsula in SE Europe has history of Balkan peninsula in SE Europe has history of

nationalist uprisings & ethnic rivalriesnationalist uprisings & ethnic rivalries

1.1. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, several new nations created: Bulgaria, several new nations created: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, SerbiaGreece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia

2.2. Rivalry b/w A-H & Russia for control of these Rivalry b/w A-H & Russia for control of these new statesnew states

3.3. Serbia, allied w/ Russia, wanted to create Serbia, allied w/ Russia, wanted to create large, independent Slavic statelarge, independent Slavic state

A-H feared Serbian nationalism b/c feared A-H feared Serbian nationalism b/c feared revolution among A-H’s Slavic pop.revolution among A-H’s Slavic pop.

1908: A-H annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina 1908: A-H annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina upsetting Serbsupsetting Serbs

B. Assassination in B. Assassination in Sarajevo, 1914Sarajevo, 19141.1. Archduke of A-H: Archduke of A-H:

Franz Ferdinand & Franz Ferdinand & wife, Sophia visited wife, Sophia visited Bosnian capitalBosnian capital

2.2. Gavrilo Princip, Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist Serbian nationalist & member of the & member of the Black Hand, Black Hand, assassinated the pairassassinated the pair

3.3. Results: Austria Results: Austria declared war on declared war on Serbia 1 month later Serbia 1 month later & its ally, Russia, & its ally, Russia, mobilizes its troops mobilizes its troops toward Austrian toward Austrian borderborder

Chain Reaction:Chain Reaction:The tripwire that set off The tripwire that set off the century’s first global the century’s first global conflict was Austria's conflict was Austria's declaration of war against declaration of war against Serbia on July 28, 1914. A Serbia on July 28, 1914. A war between Austria and war between Austria and Serbia meant a war Serbia meant a war between Austria and between Austria and Russia, Serbia's traditional Russia, Serbia's traditional ally. That meant war ally. That meant war between Russia and between Russia and Germany. And that meant Germany. And that meant war between Germany and war between Germany and France. And that meant France. And that meant war between Germany and war between Germany and Great Britain. In a flash, Great Britain. In a flash, the whole continent was at the whole continent was at war. war.

C. Collapse of the Alliance C. Collapse of the Alliance SystemSystem

1.1. A-H declaration of A-H declaration of war on Serbia sets war on Serbia sets off chain reaction:off chain reaction:

Russia mobilizes on Russia mobilizes on G. & A-H borders G. & A-H borders “as a precaution”“as a precaution”

G. sees it as G. sees it as declaration of war & declaration of war & Aug. 1 declares war Aug. 1 declares war on Russiaon Russia

Expecting France to Expecting France to aid Russia, G. also aid Russia, G. also declares war on declares war on France, Aug. 3France, Aug. 3

Students in Berlin enlisting

British recruiting office

D. Schlieffen PlanD. Schlieffen Plan1.1. German military strategy in German military strategy in

the event of 2-front warthe event of 2-front war2.2. Attack France in West, Attack France in West,

quickly defeat, then move quickly defeat, then move east to fight Russiaeast to fight Russia

3.3. Dependent upon 6-week Dependent upon 6-week mobilization of Russia, but mobilization of Russia, but only took 10 daysonly took 10 days

4.4. French troops already French troops already stationed along German stationed along German borderborder Germany asked Belgium to Germany asked Belgium to

allow its troops to pass allow its troops to pass through to attack N. France, through to attack N. France, but, as a neutral nation, but, as a neutral nation, refused: Germany invadedrefused: Germany invaded

Britain declared war on Britain declared war on Germany Aug. 4 for violating Germany Aug. 4 for violating Belgian neutrality & also for Belgian neutrality & also for concerns if allies lostconcerns if allies lost

Ch. 8.2: The WarCh. 8.2: The War

I. 1914 – 1915: StalemateI. 1914 – 1915: StalemateA.A. Countries take Sides:Countries take Sides:

Central PowersCentral Powers: : Germany, A-H, Germany, A-H, joined by the joined by the Ottoman Empire & Ottoman Empire & BulgariaBulgaria

B.B. Most people believed Most people believed the war would be the war would be over by Christmas over by Christmas due to new due to new technologytechnology

AlliesAllies: : France, France, Russia, GB, Russia, GB, joined by Japan joined by Japan & Italy& Italy

VS.

C. The Western FrontC. The Western Front1.1. Allied victory at 1Allied victory at 1stst Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne

(Sept. 6-12, 1914) & Belgian resistance (Sept. 6-12, 1914) & Belgian resistance breaks Schlieffen Planbreaks Schlieffen Plan

Germans at edge of Paris by Sept. 3, French Germans at edge of Paris by Sept. 3, French launch counter attack 9/5 at Marne River launch counter attack 9/5 at Marne River Valley forcing German retreat 60 mi. by Valley forcing German retreat 60 mi. by 9/139/13

2.2. Considered most important battle of WWIConsidered most important battle of WWI Caused collapse of S. Plan & w/ Russia’s Caused collapse of S. Plan & w/ Russia’s

invasion in east, forced German army to invasion in east, forced German army to send troops to eastern front & into a 2-send troops to eastern front & into a 2-Front warFront war

3.3. Stalemate on Western FrontStalemate on Western Front

Battle of the Marne leads to stalemate on the Western Front

The map below shows the geographical position of the Western Front stretching from Belgium in the north to Switzerland in the south. Each colored square represents 50,000 men. Yellow represents the German army, blue the French, red the British and orange the Belgian army.  

Battles fought along this front include - Marne, September 1914; first battle of Ypres, October - November 1914; Verdun, February - December 1916; Somme, July - November 1916; Passchendale, July - November 1917; Cambrai, November 1917; Marne, July 1918.

Battle of the Marne (1st)Battle of the Marne (1st) By the end of August 1914, the German armies were By the end of August 1914, the German armies were

heading towards Paris. The British and French armies heading towards Paris. The British and French armies were in retreat, and many of Paris' citizens evacuated. were in retreat, and many of Paris' citizens evacuated. The French Commander-in-Chief, Joseph Joffre, The French Commander-in-Chief, Joseph Joffre, organized an attack on the Germans. The Allied forces organized an attack on the Germans. The Allied forces made defensive lines near Paris. On September 6 many made defensive lines near Paris. On September 6 many French armies, including the French 6th army, wheeled French armies, including the French 6th army, wheeled around to attack the Germans. The French 5th army and around to attack the Germans. The French 5th army and the BEF advanced into the hole created by the attacking the BEF advanced into the hole created by the attacking armies. They battled for three days. The French 6th army armies. They battled for three days. The French 6th army came close to defeat, but 6,000 reserve troops were came close to defeat, but 6,000 reserve troops were rushed into the fray. The German Commander-in-Chief, rushed into the fray. The German Commander-in-Chief, General Helmuth von Moltke, ordered the armies to General Helmuth von Moltke, ordered the armies to retreat. The Allies forces advanced slowly allowing the retreat. The Allies forces advanced slowly allowing the Germans to reunite at River Aisne. The French and Germans to reunite at River Aisne. The French and German lost around 250,000 men each, and the British German lost around 250,000 men each, and the British lost around 12,733 men. The Allied victory prevented lost around 12,733 men. The Allied victory prevented Germany from winning the war in one swift attack. Germany from winning the war in one swift attack. However, hope of a short war was lost when the German However, hope of a short war was lost when the German armies escaped. armies escaped.

4. 4. Trench Warfare on the Trench Warfare on the Western Front:Western Front:

By 1915, 500 mi. of By 1915, 500 mi. of parallel trenches parallel trenches separated by barbed separated by barbed wire entanglements wire entanglements & strips of territory & strips of territory called “no man’s called “no man’s land” were dug from land” were dug from the N. Sea to the N. Sea to SwitzerlandSwitzerland

Small land gains, Small land gains, large casualtieslarge casualties

Soldiers slept, ate, Soldiers slept, ate, lived in mud w/ rats, lived in mud w/ rats, disease, no fresh disease, no fresh food food

Trench models:Trench models:

Trench Warfare:Trench Warfare: Soldiers in the Soldiers in the

trenches suffered trenches suffered from trench foot, from trench foot, being buried alive being buried alive in mud, eaten by in mud, eaten by rats, and rats, and dysentery, in dysentery, in addition to the addition to the constant threat of constant threat of gunfire, grenades, gunfire, grenades, poison gas and poison gas and flamethrowers. flamethrowers.

Some soldiers Some soldiers committed suicide committed suicide rather than deal rather than deal with trench life.with trench life.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Soldiers were Soldiers were

required to carry required to carry kit bags over the kit bags over the trenches that trenches that weighed on weighed on average 66-lbs.average 66-lbs.

Extra socks were Extra socks were necessary to avoid necessary to avoid trench foot, and trench foot, and soldiers were soldiers were required to change required to change socks twice a day.socks twice a day.

New Types of Weapons:New Types of Weapons:

5. Weapons Technology5. Weapons Technology

New weapons New weapons included the tank, included the tank, use of poison gas, use of poison gas, improved machine improved machine guns, combat guns, combat airplanes, and the airplanes, and the U-boat, or U-boat, or submarine.submarine.

The new weapons The new weapons technology did not technology did not end the war faster, end the war faster, it only succeeded it only succeeded in killing greater in killing greater numbers of men.numbers of men.

Weapons of WarWeapons of War

D.D. The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front1.1. The war on eastern The war on eastern

front was more mobile front was more mobile than the west.than the west.

2.2. Russia & Serbia vs. Russia & Serbia vs. Germany, A-H, Germany, A-H, OttomansOttomans

3.3. Russia initially Russia initially successful, but driven successful, but driven back by Germansback by Germans

4.4. By 1916, Russia’s army By 1916, Russia’s army was in desperate need was in desperate need of supplies and was in of supplies and was in danger of withdrawing: danger of withdrawing: unable to get supplies unable to get supplies from Allies: German from Allies: German naval blockade in N. & naval blockade in N. & Ottomans blocked S.Ottomans blocked S.

The map above shows the geographical location of the Eastern front stretching from Riga in the north to Czernowitz in the south. The orange line shows the position of the Eastern Front in 1915. Each colored square represents 50,000 men. Red represents the Russian army, yellow, German soldiers and blue Austro-Hungarian.

E. The Gallipoli E. The Gallipoli CampaignCampaign

1.1. The Allies The Allies launched the launched the Gallipoli Gallipoli campaign in 1915 campaign in 1915 in an attempt to in an attempt to defeat the defeat the Ottomans and Ottomans and thereby open up a thereby open up a supply-line to supply-line to Russia, as well as Russia, as well as a route to attack a route to attack A-H via the A-H via the Danube.Danube.

2.2. It failed, but It failed, but Russia stayed in Russia stayed in war until 1917 & war until 1917 & tied up German tied up German army for 3 yearsarmy for 3 years

F. A Global ConflictF. A Global Conflict1.1. SW Asia / Middle SW Asia / Middle

EastEast Allies determined Allies determined

to defeat Ottoman to defeat Ottoman Turks:Turks:

British soldier, T.E. British soldier, T.E. Lawrence Lawrence (Lawrence of (Lawrence of Arabia) helped Arabia) helped Arab nationalists Arab nationalists rise up against rise up against Turkish rulersTurkish rulers

Successful guerilla Successful guerilla raids allowed Allied raids allowed Allied to gain control of to gain control of Baghdad, Baghdad, Jerusalem, & Jerusalem, & DamascusDamascus

2.2. AsiaAsia The Japanese took The Japanese took

over German outposts over German outposts in China & colonial in China & colonial possessions in the possessions in the PacificPacific

3.3. Africa:Africa: British & French took British & French took

control of 3 (of 4) control of 3 (of 4) German possessionsGerman possessions

4.4. Troops & laborers Troops & laborers were recruited from were recruited from European colonies in European colonies in India, S. Africa, India, S. Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria & IndochinaAlgeria & Indochina

Colonial subjects Colonial subjects fought & supported fought & supported war effort in the war effort in the hopes it would lead to hopes it would lead to independence.independence.

II. Entry of the United II. Entry of the United StatesStatesA. German policy of “A. German policy of “unrestricted submarine unrestricted submarine

warfarewarfare””1.1. By 1917 Germany suffering due to crop failures By 1917 Germany suffering due to crop failures

(potatoes 1916) & GB blockade(potatoes 1916) & GB blockade2.2. Germany establishes own blockade: German Germany establishes own blockade: German

subs would sink any ship in British waters w/o subs would sink any ship in British waters w/o warningwarning

3.3. Re-instatement of earlier policy abandoned Re-instatement of earlier policy abandoned after the 1915 sinking of the British passenger after the 1915 sinking of the British passenger ship: ship: LusitaniaLusitania (128 US citizens killed; 1198 (128 US citizens killed; 1198 total dead)total dead)

4.4. Germans hoped strategy would lead to British Germans hoped strategy would lead to British defeat before US could mobilize after sinking of defeat before US could mobilize after sinking of 3 U.S. ships3 U.S. ships

5.5. In 1917, Germany sank 3,000 ships w/ Allied In 1917, Germany sank 3,000 ships w/ Allied suppliessupplies

US Enters WWI: 1917US Enters WWI: 1917

Propaganda after the Propaganda after the LusitaniaLusitania

Sun Tzu, Sun Tzu, The Art of WarThe Art of War, , 500BC500BC

All warfare is based on deception. All warfare is based on deception.

Attack him where he is Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you unprepared, appear where you are not expected. are not expected.

These military devices, leading to These military devices, leading to victory, victory, must not be divulged must not be divulged beforehandbeforehand. .

B. The Zimmermann B. The Zimmermann TelegramTelegram 1.1. The British The British

intercepted & intercepted & decoded a decoded a telegram from the telegram from the German foreign German foreign secretary to the secretary to the German German ambassador in ambassador in Mexico.Mexico.

2.2. Germany offered to Germany offered to help Mexico help Mexico “reconquer” land “reconquer” land lost to the U.S. if lost to the U.S. if Mexico would align Mexico would align w/ Germany (TX, w/ Germany (TX, AZ, NM)AZ, NM)

3.3. British turned over British turned over telegram to U.Stelegram to U.S

4.4. President Wilson President Wilson asked Congress to asked Congress to declare war on declare war on April 6, 1917April 6, 1917

III. The Home Front: III. The Home Front: Total WarTotal War1.1. Countries at war Countries at war

were engaged in a were engaged in a total war.total war.

2.2. All resources were All resources were devoted to the war devoted to the war effort: factories effort: factories shifted production shifted production from consumer from consumer goods to war goods to war materials; materials; goods/food was goods/food was rationedrationed

3.3. Women went to Women went to work to fill in work to fill in during the war & during the war & got the vote by the got the vote by the end of the war in end of the war in Germany, Austria, Germany, Austria, the US & GBthe US & GB

4. Propaganda4. Propaganda Propaganda is the Propaganda is the

spreading of ideas, spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for information, or rumor for the purpose of helping a the purpose of helping a purpose, a cause, or a purpose, a cause, or a country. country.

Each of the nations Each of the nations which participated in which participated in World War One from World War One from 1914-18 used 1914-18 used propaganda posters not propaganda posters not only as a means of only as a means of justifying involvement to justifying involvement to their own populace, but their own populace, but also as a means of also as a means of procuring men, money procuring men, money and resources to sustain and resources to sustain the military campaign.the military campaign.

Poster #1: Calling for Poster #1: Calling for WarWar

Published in 1915 in London Published in 1915 in London by the Parliamentary by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee. Recruiting Committee. Partridge Barnard was the Partridge Barnard was the artist.artist.

Subject: Sinking of the Subject: Sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-Lusitania by a German U-Boat, May 7, 1915, in which Boat, May 7, 1915, in which 1,153 lives (128 US citizens) 1,153 lives (128 US citizens) lost.lost.

Germany claimed that Germany claimed that munitions bound for the Allies munitions bound for the Allies were in the ship’s hidden were in the ship’s hidden cargo, which, years later, cargo, which, years later, were proven true.were proven true.

The 1864 Geneva Convention The 1864 Geneva Convention laid the foundation for laid the foundation for contemporary humanitarian contemporary humanitarian law. It called for protecting law. It called for protecting the victims of conflicts, the victims of conflicts, respect for medical personnel, respect for medical personnel, & care of wounded soldiers of & care of wounded soldiers of any side. This includes direct any side. This includes direct attacks on civilians.attacks on civilians.

Source: Propaganda Slides 34-38 Tom Carty, Middle Level Learning 30, pp. M9-M15, NCSS 2008.

Poster #2: Enticement-Poster #2: Enticement-Recruiting & the DraftRecruiting & the Draft

Published in 1917 by Published in 1917 by the US. Artist: Howard the US. Artist: Howard Chandler Christy.Chandler Christy.

Pres. Wilson created Pres. Wilson created the Committee on the Committee on Public Information to Public Information to win popular support win popular support for the war & for the war & encourage men to join encourage men to join the military.the military.

The CPI hired artists & The CPI hired artists & cartoonists to paint cartoonists to paint patriotic posters & patriotic posters & murals.murals.

Poster #3: Loyalty on the Poster #3: Loyalty on the Home FrontHome Front Published in 1918 by the US. Published in 1918 by the US.

Walter Whitehead was the Walter Whitehead was the artist.artist.

The war brought a huge The war brought a huge change to the US economy & change to the US economy & to everyday civilian life. to everyday civilian life. Factories that had turned Factories that had turned out sewing machines or cars out sewing machines or cars began making machine guns began making machine guns & airplanes. Materials such & airplanes. Materials such as steel, cloth, rubber, & as steel, cloth, rubber, & leather were diverted to the leather were diverted to the war effort.war effort.

The gov even asked citizens The gov even asked citizens to change their eating habits to change their eating habits as the country began to ship as the country began to ship much of its food to Europe much of its food to Europe for the Allied armies & for the Allied armies & civilians, whose own civilians, whose own farmlands had become farmlands had become battlefields.battlefields.

Poster #4: Imagining the Poster #4: Imagining the EnemyEnemy

Published around 1918 by Published around 1918 by the US. Artist: F. the US. Artist: F. Strothmann.Strothmann.

The US gov sold Liberty The US gov sold Liberty Bonds as a way to finance Bonds as a way to finance the war. The US emerged the war. The US emerged after the war as the after the war as the world’s leading economic world’s leading economic power, but the main power, but the main legacy of the war in legacy of the war in Europe was economic Europe was economic instability.instability.

In all combatant countries, In all combatant countries, some 70mn. men served in some 70mn. men served in the military. Of these, the military. Of these, about 9mn died (13%).about 9mn died (13%).

About 116,000 US soldiers About 116,000 US soldiers were killed.were killed.

U.S. Propaganda Posters: U.S. Propaganda Posters: Total WarTotal War

U.S. PropagandaU.S. Propaganda

CanadaCanada

Canada

German PropagandaGerman Propaganda

Ch. 8.4: End of Ch. 8.4: End of the Warthe War

U.S. In – Russia Out: U.S. In – Russia Out: 19171917

By 1917, Russia By 1917, Russia had lost millions of had lost millions of soldiers and were soldiers and were short of food, fuel short of food, fuel and supplies.and supplies.

Lenin returns to Lenin returns to Russia with Russia with German aid with German aid with the promise of the promise of “peace, land, and “peace, land, and bread.”bread.”

I. Allies Win the WarI. Allies Win the War

A.A. Eastern Front:Eastern Front:1.1. By March 1917, Czar By March 1917, Czar

Nicholas II forced to Nicholas II forced to abdicate throne due to abdicate throne due to civil unrest as a result civil unrest as a result of food shortages, fuel of food shortages, fuel shortages & loss of shortages & loss of 5.5 mn. Soldiers5.5 mn. Soldiers

2.2. Nov. 1917, 2Nov. 1917, 2ndnd Russian Russian Revolution led by Revolution led by Bolshevik Bolshevik (Communist) leader, (Communist) leader, Lenin, aided by Lenin, aided by Germany (b/c Lenin Germany (b/c Lenin promised to end war)promised to end war)

B. Treaty of B. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918Brest-Litovsk, 1918

1.1. The Treaty of Brest-The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in Litovsk, signed in 1918, ended the war 1918, ended the war between Russia and between Russia and Germany.Germany.

2.2. Russia gave up lands Russia gave up lands in the Baltic area; in the Baltic area; Finland, Lithuania, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.Latvia, and Estonia.

3.3. The treaty was never The treaty was never enforced because of enforced because of Germany’s defeat. Germany’s defeat. Those countries Those countries became became independent.independent.

C. Western FrontC. Western Front

1.1. Russia’s withdrawal allowed Germany to Russia’s withdrawal allowed Germany to focus on 1 frontfocus on 1 front

2.2. Second Battle of the Marne, July 1918:Second Battle of the Marne, July 1918: Final German offensive stopped by combined Final German offensive stopped by combined

French, Moroccan, & American soldiersFrench, Moroccan, & American soldiers

3.3. Central Powers crumbleCentral Powers crumble Bulgarians & Turks surrenderBulgarians & Turks surrender A-H revolution collapses empireA-H revolution collapses empire Germany: soldiers mutiny & Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany: soldiers mutiny & Kaiser Wilhelm II

forced to resign & the WEIMAR REPUBLIC is forced to resign & the WEIMAR REPUBLIC is declareddeclared

D. Armistice! 1918D. Armistice! 1918

1.1. With the US entry to With the US entry to the war in 1917, the the war in 1917, the Central Powers were Central Powers were quickly defeated.quickly defeated.

2.2. After 4 years of After 4 years of fighting, an armistice fighting, an armistice was signed in was signed in November, 1918 November, 1918 after Kaiser Wilhelm after Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step II was forced to step down.down.

3.3. A revolution in A revolution in Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary ended their war.ended their war.

4.4. The Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria and Bulgaria surrendered.surrendered.

E. The Paris Peace E. The Paris Peace ConferenceConference

1.1. The Big 4: The Big 4: Delegates from Delegates from France, Britain, France, Britain, Italy, and the U.S. Italy, and the U.S. were present for were present for the treaty the treaty negotiations at negotiations at Versailles in Versailles in 1919.1919.

2.2. None of the None of the Central Powers Central Powers were invited, nor were invited, nor was Russia, who was Russia, who withdrew early withdrew early from the war.from the war.

F. Treaty of Versailles, F. Treaty of Versailles, June, 1919June, 1919

1.1. U.S. President U.S. President Wilson and Wilson and Clemenceau of Clemenceau of France did not France did not get along at the get along at the peace talks.peace talks.

2.2. Wilson was trying Wilson was trying to establish a to establish a lasting peace in lasting peace in contrast to contrast to France and France and Britain, who Britain, who wanted revenge wanted revenge against Germany. against Germany. Italy wants land Italy wants land promised out of promised out of the A-H Empire.the A-H Empire.

G. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 G. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 PointsPoints

1.1. U.S. President U.S. President Wilson proposed a Wilson proposed a plan for a lasting plan for a lasting peace that peace that incorporated 14 incorporated 14 points.points.

2.2. Points 1 – 5: goals Points 1 – 5: goals for the postwar for the postwar world: ending secret world: ending secret treaties, freedom of treaties, freedom of seas, free tradeseas, free trade

3.3. Points 6 – 13: Points 6 – 13: specifics for specifics for changing national changing national borders & creating borders & creating new nations under new nations under self-determinationself-determination

4. Point 14: The League of NationsAn organization of nations to solve problems

by negotiation

H. U.S. IsolationismH. U.S. Isolationism

1.1. Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate refused to approve of the Treaty of Versailles.refused to approve of the Treaty of Versailles.

2.2. Congress opposed to the League of Nations Congress opposed to the League of Nations because they believed it undermined their because they believed it undermined their authority to declare war. The absence of the authority to declare war. The absence of the United States, as well as other great powers United States, as well as other great powers left the League of Nations powerless.left the League of Nations powerless.

3.3. The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over the next 20 years until WWII broke out; even the next 20 years until WWII broke out; even then, the U.S. did not enter the war until the then, the U.S. did not enter the war until the bombing of Pearl Harbor in late 1941, 2 years bombing of Pearl Harbor in late 1941, 2 years after WWII began.after WWII began.

Celebrating in Paris: the Celebrating in Paris: the signing of the Treaty of signing of the Treaty of

Versailles, 1919Versailles, 1919

I. The Treaty of Versailles I. The Treaty of Versailles left a bitter legacy.left a bitter legacy.

1.1. Germany was Germany was assigned sole assigned sole responsibility for the responsibility for the war, the War Guilt war, the War Guilt Clause - Article 231 – Clause - Article 231 – required Germany required Germany pay $33 billion in pay $33 billion in reparations to the reparations to the Allies over 30 years.Allies over 30 years.

2.2. Germany lost land in Germany lost land in Europe as well as its Europe as well as its colonies.colonies.

3.3. The size of the The size of the German military was German military was restricted & not restricted & not allowed to have an Air allowed to have an Air Force.Force.

4.4. Russia felt betrayed Russia felt betrayed because they were because they were excluded.excluded.

5.5. Italy and Japan felt Italy and Japan felt cheated because they cheated because they did not get land did not get land promised to them.promised to them.

6.6. Without several great Without several great powers, including the powers, including the US, Germany, and US, Germany, and Russia, the League of Russia, the League of Nations was Nations was powerless. It also powerless. It also lacked the authority lacked the authority of a peace-keeping of a peace-keeping force.force.

Hence, when able to attack, we must seem Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe when far away, we must make him believe we are near. we are near.

Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. disorder, and crush him.

There is no instance of a country having There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. benefited from prolonged warfare.