Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa
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Transcript of Ch. 8 Diverse Societies in Africa
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Ch. 8 Diverse
Societies in Africa
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• Ch. 8 section 1 Objectives:
• 1. Identify the different geographic regions of Africa
• 2. Explain how early Africans adapted to their environments
• 3. Summarize the achievements of early West
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Early Humans Adapt to Their
Environments• Nomadic Lifestyle• •hunter-gatherers/herders
Transition to a Settled Lifestyle• •Agriculture develops- 6000 B.C.
• •permanent settlement, governments to develop, with a village chief or council
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Early Societies in Africa
• Societies Organized by Family Groups• •Extended families and clans
• Local Religions• •Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in
spirits
• Keeping a History• •Few African societies have written languages• •History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called
griots• •Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders
arrive
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West African Iron Age• Learning About the Past• •Artifacts • Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made smelted iron
tools, weapons, and excelled at farming
• Djenné-Djeno
• From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases
• Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977
• Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes
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Achievements of Djenne-Djenno-1400
C.E.• *50,000 residents• Mud Brick homes
-Fished, cultivated rice, herded cattle-Traded goods for copper, gold and salt
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Section 2-The Kingdom of Aksum
• Objectives:• 1. Explain how maritime trade led to
Aksum’s growth• 2. Give examples of Aksum’s
achievements• 3. Explain the effects of the Muslim
invasion of Aksum
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The Rise…• Aksum’s Geography• •Horn of Africa-Ethiopia and Eritrea• •surrounded by bodies of water
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The Rise…cont.• Aksum Controls International Trade
through water and caravan routes• Adulis-main port city
• Leadership-King Ezana,strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to360
• conquers part of Arabian peninsula
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International Culture…
• Aksum Culture• •Blends -Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian • •Greek-language
• Written language: Ge’ez
• Aksumite Religion• •Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended
from him• •animist• Ezana declares Christianity official religion
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International Culture…
• Aksumite Innovations• Written language, minted coins, irrigation
canals and dams• Aksumites invent terrace farming
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The Fall…• Islam-introduced by invaders
• Attack Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline
• Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power
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Section 3• Objectives:
• 1.Summarize the causes and effects of Human Migration
• 2.Describe the Bantu migrations into the southern half of Africa
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Migration of Bantu-speaking Peoples
• Causes of Migration• Push-pull factors
• Effects of Migration• Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes
life in the new land
• Tracing Migration Through Language
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• Bantu -speaking Peoples• Migration Begins• Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic
herding• Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to
environment
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• Causes of Migration• to find farmland, flee growing Sahara• Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests
• Effects of the Migration• Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants;
intermix with others • Language helps unify the continent